神经退行性疾病中的TDP-43蛋白聚集和相变

随着全球老龄化人口的急剧增加,神经退行性变已经成为危害公共健康的主要疾病.在神经退行性疾病(肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)、额颞叶变性病(FTLD)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)等)患者脑组织中均能观察到蛋白质聚集形成的包涵体,其中TAR DNA结合蛋白43 (TDP-43)是主要成分之一.目前已发现多个TDP-43基因突变与家族...     

TDP-43在神经退行性疾病中的功能和作用

核蛋白TAR DNA/RNA结合蛋43(TDP-43)目前被认为是肌萎缩侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)、额颞叶变性(frontotemporal lobar degeneration,FTLD)等神经退行性疾病的病理学标记蛋白。在中枢神经系统中,TDP-43作为必要的转录调控因子,参与mRNA前体的剪接,维持RNA稳态和运输。在突变和过表达TDP-43的转基因啮齿类动物模型中,受损伤的神经元呈现出胞核和胞质中TDP-43泛素化、磷酸化聚集,以及细胞周期进程的改变。在此,着重阐述基于TDP-43突变或过表达建立神经退行性疾病动物模型的研究进展,探讨其发病机制、病理学改变及治疗方法。     

RNA结合蛋白与神经退行性疾病

神经退行性疾病是一类导致神经元细胞退化、功能丧失的疾病。随着RNA结合蛋白TDP-43和FUS被发现与神经退行性疾病渐冻人症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)密切相关,人们越来越多地关注RNA结合蛋白与神经退行性疾病的关系。大多数RNA结合蛋白都存在一个类似于prion的结构域,这个结构域使其容易发生积聚,并与神经毒性的产生相关。RNA结合蛋白参与应激颗粒的形成,应激颗粒的形成可能与神经退行性疾病相关,这进一步揭示了RNA结合蛋白在这类疾病中可能发挥作用。     

TDP-43在缺血性脑卒中的作用

TDP-43(Transactive response DNA binding protein 43, TDP-43)最初被认为是神经退行性疾病的病理学标记蛋白,研究发现其参与脑缺血损伤的发生发展。在现有研究的基础上,简要介绍TDP-43的结构与功能以及TDP-43在脑缺血后的表达变化及其在脑缺血后调节炎症反应、线粒体功能障碍、自噬等方面的作用。     

Hsp70在神经退行性疾病中的作用机制研究进展

热休克蛋白Hsp70 (heat shock protein 70, Hsp70)是一类广泛存在的分子伴侣。阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease)、帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease)等神经退行性疾病共同的病理特征是错误折叠的蛋白质(包括Tau、α-突触核蛋白、TDP-43、朊蛋白和多聚谷氨酰胺蛋白)形成有毒性的寡聚体或淀粉样纤维。大量的研究表明,Hsp70可以调控这些蛋白质的代谢进程,包括将错误折叠的蛋白质重折叠、抑制蛋白质聚集以及降解错误折叠的蛋白质。Hsp70在发挥功能时需要相对应的辅助分子伴侣的帮助。该文详细论述了Hsp70抑制Tau蛋白病、α-突触核蛋白病、TDP-43蛋白病、传染性海绵状脑病以及多聚谷氨酰胺疾病的作用机制,重点阐述了Hsp70对神经退行性疾病中错误折叠蛋白质聚集和毒性的抑制作用,并讨论和展望了Hsp70在神经退行性疾病的治疗中存在的挑战和机遇。     

Gem小体缺失与肌萎缩侧索硬化症

肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)是一种以运动神经元死亡为特征的神经退行性疾病,Gem小体缺失是ALS的细胞特征。研究表明m RNA前体剪接异常与ALS有关。剪接体负责m RNA前体的剪接,而Gem小体参与构成剪接体核心组件的富含尿苷的小核核糖核蛋白(U sn RNP)的生物合成。本文将综述ALS相关肉瘤融合蛋白(FUS)、TAR DNA结合蛋白-43(TDP43)以及铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(SOD1)突变体引起Gem小体缺失的机制,为探索ALS的发病机理和开发新的治疗手段提供启示。     

科研快讯

正PLOS Biology:ALS蛋白质动力学强调自缔合和聚合之间微妙的平衡发表于《PLOS Biology》期刊的一项新研究,ALS-相关蛋白质TDP-43部分由于其正常功能而迈出通向病理性聚合的最初步骤。这项研究由Liangzhong Lim、Jianxing Song和新加坡国立大学的同事们进行,支持新兴观点:神经系统疾病中的蛋白质聚合,可能是聚合蛋白质正常功能的夸大。正常TDP-43蛋白的细胞质聚合物存在于几乎所有形式的肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)和许多额颞叶痴呆(FTD)病例中。研究人员在约97%的ALS患者和约45%的FTD患者中观察到TDP-43聚合。它也涉及一系列其他神经退行性疾病,包括阿尔茨海默病。     

多聚谷氨酰胺延伸蛋白募集细胞内正常蛋白质或RNA的分子机制

多聚谷氨酰胺(PolyQ)疾病,是一类由编码蛋白质的基因中CAG三核苷酸重复序列的异常延伸所引发的神经退行性疾病.CAG三核苷酸重复序列导致所编码蛋白质的PolyQ序列的异常延伸,使蛋白质发生错误折叠和积聚,并在细胞内形成包涵体.包涵体的形成是神经退行性疾病的一个重要特征.PolyQ蛋白在积聚过程中,可以将细胞内与其特异相互作用的蛋白质或RNA募集到包涵体中.被募集的其他蛋白质或RNA不仅自身的可溶性组分减少,而且由于被"挟持"到包涵体中其在细胞内的有效组分也相应地减少,从而影响其正常的生物功能.根据特异相互作用的模式,我们将募集作用分为以下几种类型:蛋白质(含Poly Q蛋白)的共积聚;特定结构域或模体介导的募集作用(包括泛素等修饰介导的募集作用);RNA介导的募集作用;以及对分子伴侣蛋白的募集作用.PolyQ延伸蛋白的积聚和对其他组分的募集可能是引发细胞毒性和神经退行性病变的重要原因.     

液-液相分离与神经系统退行性疾病

细胞区室化(compartmentation)有助于分隔不同的生化反应，使其相互不产生干扰。有膜细胞器是通过生物膜把细胞内不同的空间分隔，进而实现细胞区室化。研究发现，细胞区室化也会通过细胞中无膜细胞器实现，但核仁等无膜区室的形成机制一直未得到明确。“液-液相分离”(liquid-liquid phase separation, LLPS)机制的发现，为解开无膜区室的谜题提供了全新的思路。现在认为，多种蛋白质和RNA也是通过LLPS机制形成局部的高浓度冷凝物，发挥更强或独特的基因表达调控、细胞信号转导等功能。LLPS的形成主要依赖于蛋白质和/或核酸之间的多价态非共价键相互作用，主要包括由低复杂序列区域介导的相分离及由多个重复结构域间特异性作用介导的相分离。组分浓度、pH和翻译后修饰等条件均能改变分子多价相互作用的强度，从而调节相分离和相变过程。蛋白质相分离的失调与肌萎缩性侧索硬化症、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿舞蹈症和帕金森病等多种神经退行性疾病的发生有关。在这些退行性疾病中，已发现TDP-43、FUS、Ataxin-2、Tau蛋白等致病基因的突变，以及修饰会导致LLPS异常而形成病理特征性的...     

肌萎缩侧索硬化症相关肉瘤融合蛋白与应激颗粒

肌萎缩侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)是一种以运动神经细胞死亡为特征的、致命性神经退行性疾病。作为一种RNA结合蛋白,肉瘤融合蛋白(fused in sarcoma,FUS)突变引起ALS。应激颗粒(stress granules,SG)是细胞在应激条件下产生的细胞质结构。FUS存在于SG中,SG标记物是FUS阳性聚集体的组分,提示FUS突变体可能干扰SG正常功能,并且SG可能作为病理性FUS聚集体的前体。该文探讨了SG募集FUS的机制与调控,分析了SG与FUS聚集体之间的关系,以期为了解SG在FUS突变引起的ALS发生中的作用提供参考。     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Chiral Separation of G‐type Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents via Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are extremely toxic organophosphorus compounds that contain a chiral phosphorus center. Undirected synthesis of G‐type CWNAs produces stereoisomers of tabun, sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (GA, GB, GD, and GF, respectively). Analytical‐scale methods were developed using a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) system in tandem with a mass spectrometer for the separation, quantitation, and isolation of individual stereoisomers of GA, GB, GD, and GF. Screening various chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the capacity to provide full baseline separation of the CWNAs revealed that a Regis WhelkO1 (SS) column was capable of separating the enantiomers of GA, GB, and GF, with elution of the P(+) enantiomer preceding elution of the corresponding P(–) enantiomer; two WhelkO1 (SS) columns had to be connected in series to achieve complete baseline resolution. The four diastereomers of GD were also resolved using two tandem WhelkO1 (SS) columns, with complete baseline separation of the two P(+) epimers. A single WhelkO1 (RR) column with inverse stereochemistry resulted in baseline separation of the GD P(–) epimers. The analytical methods described can be scaled to allow isolation of individual stereoisomers to assist in screening and development of countermeasures to organophosphorus nerve agents. Chirality 26:817–824, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Chirality published by John Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.     

八种脑-肠肽侧脑室内注射对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响

用乌拉坦麻醉大鼠作急性实验,采用连续灌流胃并收集流出液的方法,观察向侧脑室内注射微量脑-肠肽对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响。实验结果如下:(1)雨蛙肽、八肽胆囊收缩素、促甲状腺素释放激素及四肽胃泌素均使总酸排出量增加;(2)生长抑素、胰多肽、P 物质、胰高血糖素则使总酸排出量减少;(3)上述肽类用侧脑室注射的剂量作肌肉注射,除四肽胃泌素也产生明显的刺激胃酸分泌作用外,对胃酸分泌均无明显影响。以上结果提示,脑内的一些肽类可能以神经递质或调制物的方式,参与中枢对胃酸分泌的调节。     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

A chromium-tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land

In this paper, a kind of Typhaceae plant species, Typha angustifolia L, with a high tolerance to Cr is described. Experiments were carried out to examine its ability to tolerant Cr and its physiological response. The results showed that there was no difference in growth, plant height, and biomass response to external Cr (VI) between the plants exposed to 100 microM Cr (VI) and control (0 microM), while increasing Cr levels to 200-800 microM induced a significant decrease in plant height and biomass, but no significant injury was detected, even for the plants exposed to 800 microM Cr. Chromium induced significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Meanwhile, a significantly positive correlation was found between Cr and Mn or Cu in leaves and roots, respectively. The Cr tolerance of the plant appeared to be associated with the enhancement of SOD and POD activities and the improvement in uptake and translocation of the essential microelements.