领春木枝叶化学成分的研究

为了研究领春木(Euptelea pleiospermum Hook.f.et Thoms)的化学成分,利用各种柱色谱及高压液相色谱等方法进行分离和纯化,根据理化性质和光谱数据分析鉴定了9个化合物。他们分别为:白桦脂酸(1);齐墩果酸(2);N-反式对羟基肉桂酰基-对羟基苯乙胺(3);N-反式阿魏酰酪胺(4);N-顺式阿魏酰酪胺(5);丁香脂素(6);N-顺式阿魏酰-3-甲氧基酪胺(7);N-反式阿魏酰-3-甲氧基酪胺(8);3-羟基-30-去甲基-20-酮基-28-羽扇豆酸(9)。所有化合物均为首次从领春木中分离得到。     

土牛膝抗炎成分分离、鉴定与含量测定研究

本研究建立脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞炎症模型,结合层析法对土牛膝抗炎活性成分进行分离,并用NMR、MS以及与对照品比较,对得到的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果表明粗毛牛膝醇提取物抗炎效果最佳,其反相层析50%、70%及100%甲醇洗脱物抗炎活性高和细胞毒性低,从50%～70%甲醇洗脱物分离鉴定出9种单体化合物:β-蜕皮甾酮(1)、牛膝甾酮(2)、水龙骨甾酮B(3)、N-反式阿魏酰酪胺(4)、N-顺式阿魏酰酪胺(5)、N-顺式阿魏酰-3-甲氧基酪胺(6)、N-反式阿魏酰-3-甲氧基酪胺(7)、竹节参皂苷Ⅳa(8)、5,2′-二甲氧基-6-甲氧甲基-7-羟基-异黄酮(10);100%甲醇洗脱物鉴定出主要成分竹节参皂苷Ⅰ(9)。在LPS+25μM单体浓度下,化合物抗炎活性由强到弱为41526910378。反相液相色谱测定结果表明,野生牛膝和柳叶牛膝(两年生)地下根茎β-蜕皮甾酮含量在温度高季节含量高,8月份达到最高,分别为0.914±0.016和1.412±0.038 mg/g;两年生粗毛牛膝随季节变化规律不明显。具有抗炎活性的阿魏酰酪胺类生物碱首次从土牛膝中分离鉴定。     

小花清风藤叶的化学成分研究

对于小花清风藤的化学成分和药理作用的研究目前较少报道,为了阐明小花清风藤的物质基础,该研究对小花清风藤(Sabia parviflora)的干燥叶,采用反复硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、制备薄层色谱及重结晶等手段进行分离纯化,运用化学分析和波谱学方法鉴定化合物的结构。结果表明:从小花清风藤干燥叶的甲醇超声提取物中进行分离共得到12个化合物,分别为N-反式阿魏酰酪胺(1)、N-顺式阿魏酰酪胺(2)、N-反式-对-香豆酰酪胺(3)、N-顺式-对-香豆酰酪胺(4)、N-反式-对-香豆酰章鱼胺(5)、N-顺式-对-香豆酰章鱼胺(6)、阿魏酸(7)、芹菜素(8)、木犀草素(9)、咖啡酸(10)、5-氧阿朴菲碱(11)、齐墩果酸(12)。其中,化合物2、4-9为首次从清风藤属植物中分离得到,化合物1、3、10为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

云南枸杞根中酰胺类化学成分及其抗炎活性研究北大核心CSCD

研究云南枸杞(Lycium yunnanense Kuang)根部的酰胺类化学成分。通过硅胶和Sephadex LH-20柱层析,以及高效液相制备层析等分离纯化手段,从云南枸杞根部醇提物中共分离得到15个酰胺类化合物,运用现代波谱技术鉴定了它们的结构,分别为反式-N-阿魏酰酪胺(1)、N-顺式-对羟基苯乙基阿魏酰胺(2)、dihydro-feruloyltyramine(3)、3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methoxyethyl]acrylamide(4)、N-反式桂皮酸酰对羟基苯乙胺(5)、反式-N-对羟基香豆酰酪胺(6)、反式-N-对羟基苯乙基咖啡酰胺(7)、二氢咖啡酰酪胺(8)、N-trans-coumaroyloctopamine(9)、N-[2-(3,4-dih-ydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enamide(10)、N-trans-feruloyl-3'-O-methyldopamine(11)、dihydro-feruloyl-5-methoxytyramine(12)、N-trans-sinapoyltyramine(13)、N-acetyl-N'-trans-feruloylputrescine(14)、N-acetyltyramine(15)。其中,化合物3~5,9~15为首次从该植物中分离得到。对分离得到的15个酰胺类化合物进行抗炎活性筛选,其中,化合物4、6、7和12具有显著的抗炎活性,其IC50值均小于17.21±0.50μM。     

桂火绳中化学成分的研究

从梧桐科火绳属桂火绳中提取分离到22个化合物,经结构鉴定为:羽扇豆醇(1),白桦脂酸(2),齐墩果酸(3),丁香脂素(4),(+)-异落叶松树脂醇(5),东莨菪内酯(6),对羟基肉桂酸(7),二十七碳酸单甘油酯(8),2-十八烯酸单甘油酯(9),sitoindosideⅡ(10),儿茶素(11),表儿茶素(12),表儿茶素3-O-β-D-吡喃木糖甙(13),山奈酚3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙(14),5,7,4'-三羟基异黄酮(15),4'-O-methylgallocatechin(16),反式-二氢槲皮素-3-O-α-阿拉伯糖甙(17),顺式-二氢槲皮素-3-O-α-阿拉伯糖甙(18),反式-二氢槲皮素-3-O-β-吡喃葡萄糖甙(19),3,5,7,3',5'-五羟基-4'-甲氧基异黄酮(20),山奈酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(6→1)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖甙(21),以及槲皮素3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(6→1)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙(22),这些化学成分首次从该属植物中分离出来。     

云南枸杞根中酰胺类化学成分及其抗炎活性研究

研究云南枸杞(Lycium yunnanense Kuang)根部的酰胺类化学成分。通过硅胶和Sephadex LH-20柱层析,以及高效液相制备层析等分离纯化手段,从云南枸杞根部醇提物中共分离得到15个酰胺类化合物,运用现代波谱技术鉴定了它们的结构,分别为反式-N-阿魏酰酪胺(1)、N-顺式-对羟基苯乙基阿魏酰胺(2)、dihydro-feruloyltyramine(3)、3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methoxyethyl]acrylamide(4)、N-反式桂皮酸酰对羟基苯乙胺(5)、反式-N-对羟基香豆酰酪胺(6)、反式-N-对羟基苯乙基咖啡酰胺(7)、二氢咖啡酰酪胺(8)、N-trans-coumaroyloctopamine(9)、N-[2-(3,4-dih-ydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enamide(10)、N-trans-feruloyl-3'-O-methyldopamine(11)、dihydro-feruloyl-5-methoxytyramine(12)、N-trans-sinapoyltyramine(13)、N-acetyl-N'-trans-feruloylputrescine(14)、N-acetyltyramine(15)。其中,化合物3~5,9~15为首次从该植物中分离得到。对分离得到的15个酰胺类化合物进行抗炎活性筛选,其中,化合物4、6、7和12具有显著的抗炎活性,其IC50值均小于17.21±0.50μM。     

白花银背藤中的生物碱及其细胞毒活性研究

为研究白花银背藤(Argyreia seguinii)的生物碱类成分及其细胞毒活性，该研究采用硅胶、ODS、Sephadex LH-20及半制备HPLC等柱色谱法对白花银背藤的75%乙醇提取物进行分离纯化，根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构，并通过MTS法检测化合物对5种肿瘤细胞的增殖抑制活性。结果表明：从白花银背藤中分离得到9个生物碱类化合物，分别鉴定为N-反式桂皮酰对羟基苯乙胺(1)、N-反式对香豆酰基酪胺(2)、N-反式阿魏酰酪胺(3)、N-顺式阿魏酰酪胺(4)、1H-吲哚-3-甲醇(5)、金色酰胺醇酯(6)、8-氧-四氢巴马亭(7)、8-oxypalmatine(8)和12,13-dihydro-8-oxoberberine(9)。其中，化合物1、4-9均为首次从该植物中分离得到，化合物7和化合物8对肝癌SMMC-7721细胞显示细胞毒活性，半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)值分别为(15.50±0.76)、(14.24±0.72)μmol·L^-1。该研究结果为进一步探讨白花银背藤的化学成分和药理活性奠定了基础，为厘清壮药“一匹绸”的药材基原...     

牛膝种子化学成分研究

从牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata Blume.)种子中分离得到8个化合物。通过波谱分析,分别鉴定为N-反式-阿魏酰酪胺(1)、亚油酸甘油酯(2)、β-蜕皮甾酮(3)、水龙骨甾酮B(4)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(5)、竹节参皂苷-1(6)、齐墩果酸-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)和胡萝卜甙(8)。化合物1、2、5和7为首次从牛膝中分离。     

超临界CO_2萃取黄绿卷毛菇脂肪酸成分的GC-MS分析

超临界CO2萃取黄绿卷毛菇所得产物进行了GC-MS分析,分离和鉴定了25种脂肪酸的成分和含量,其中亚油酸相对含量为10.6%,单不饱和脂肪酸相对含量占31.5%,包括反式油酸、顺式油酸、反式-10-羟基-6-甲氧基-十八烯(10)酸、顺式-10-羟基-6-甲氧基-十八烯(10)酸、反式-11-羟基-5-甲氧基-十八烯(11)酸、顺式-11-羟基-5-甲氧基-十八烯(11)酸、7-甲氧基-11-羟基-二十烯(11)酸和6-甲氧基-12-羟基-二十烯(12)酸等,饱和脂肪酸相对含量占56.9%。     

法兰地草莓的芳香类和黄酮类成分

为了解草莓(Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)法兰地品种的化学成分,采用色谱分离方法,从新鲜果实的乙醇提取物中获得19个化合物。通过波谱数据分析鉴定了它们的结构,分别为对羟基苯甲酸(1)、没食子酸乙酯(2)、鞣花酸3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(3)、苄基β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、淫羊藿次苷F2(5)、苄基6-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、苯乙基6-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)、反式肉桂酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、顺式肉桂酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(9)、反式对香豆酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、顺式对香豆酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(11)、反式阿魏酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(12)、山柰酚(13)、反式椴树苷(14)、山柰酚3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(15)、槲皮素(16)、槲皮素3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(17)、槲皮素3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(18)和根皮苷(19),化合物1~12为芳香类,其余为黄酮类。所有化合物均为首次从法兰地品种中报道,化合物4~9为首次从草莓中获得。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.