鸡骨骼肌发育过程生肌素的表达

ＭｙｏＤ家族生肌因子ＭｙｏＤ,生肌素（ｍｙｏｇｅｎｉｎ）ｍｙｆ－５和ｍｙｆ－６／ｈｅｒｃｕｌｉｎ对脊椎动物肌细胞分化和骨骼肌系统的发育成熟具有重要意义,其中生肌素的作用尤为突出,是肌细胞终末分化的关键因素,采用Ｎｏｒｈｔｅｒｎ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹技术检测鸡胚骨骼肌发育过程中生肌素在转录水平的表达动力学,发现在胚胎发育第９ｄ已有鸡肢体骨骼肌生肌素ｍＲＮＡ表达,第１３ｄ达到高峰,第１５ｄ开始下降,第１     

生肌蛋白的功能与调节

生肌蛋白（ｍｙｏｇｅｎｉｎ）是ＭｙｏＤ家族的成员之一。胚胎发育过程中生肌蛋白在肌肉形成区持续表达,决定骨骼肌的特异表型,在骨骼肌分化过程担当着独一无二的角色,是其它Ｍ蛋白不能替代的。同时,生肌蛋白还是控制烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体（ｎＡＣｈＲ）基因表达必不可少的转录调节因子。生肌蛋白的上述调节功能受蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）催化的磷酸化反应调节,参与质膜－ＰＫＣ－受体基因级联反应。     

鸡胚骨骼肌组织M-CAT结合因子的初步鉴定

采用偶联ＣＡＴＴＧＣＴ寡核苷酸的ＤＮＡ亲和层析柱从发育１３ｄ鸡胚骨骼肌核抽提物中分离到两种核蛋白．ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ结果表明,被ＤＮＡ亲和柱滞留的两种核蛋白分子量分别为３０ｋＤ和３２ｋＤ．凝胶阻滞结合竞争分析显示,纯化的核蛋白可与Ｍ－ＣＡＴ共有序列ＣＡＴＴＣＣＴ特异结合．Ｓｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹技术确定仅３０ｋＤ分子可直接识别、结合ＣＡＴＴＣＣＴ元件,但３２ｋＤ分子却不能．结果提示,３０ｋＤ分子为依赖ＤＮＡ的Ｍ－ＣＡＴ结合因子,３２ｋＤ分子属性有待进一步研究证实     

鸡发育过程肌组织核提抽物结合活性与AChRγ亚基基因持续表达的关系

烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体 ( n ACh R)是由 4种亚基组成的五聚体 .哺乳类动物出生后γ亚基由ε亚基取代 ,迄今为止鸡 n ACh Rγ基因是否存在上述置换规律尚无定论 .为探索发育过程鸡骨骼肌n ACh R基因表达是否存在γ/ε亚基的置换及其机制 ,采用 RT- PCR技术和凝胶阻滞试验检测了鸡胚发育 9d至出生后 6周小鸡 γ基因表达的动力学及骨骼肌核抽提物的 DNA结合活性 .RT-PCR检测结果显示 ,在鸡胚发育 9d至出生后 6周的雏鸡骨骼肌组织均检出有 γ亚基 m RNA转录 .提示与哺乳类不同 ,出生前后鸡骨骼肌组织 ACh Rγ亚基基因持续表达 ,不存在 γ/ε亚基的置换表达规律 .以 γ基因 - 2 60 /- 2 4 0 (含 E盒与 M- CAT盒重叠序列 )和 - 2 39/- 50 (含 M- CAT盒及 GC富含区 )片段为探针 ,分别与鸡胚发育 9d至出生后 2周小鸡骨骼肌的核抽提物进行凝胶阻滞试验 .在发育各阶段的骨骼肌核抽提物中均有识别 - 2 39/- 50片段的结合活性存在 ,但在出生后 2周小鸡骨骼肌的核抽提物中未检出 - 2 60 /- 2 4 0结合活性 .结果提示 ,在出生后第 1 4d的肌核抽提物中存在的、识别并结合 - 2 39/- 50片段的活性物质与鸡 ACh Rγ基因在出生后持续表达有关 .     

克服早胚发育阻断的兔输卵管因子“DPF—1”的初步研究

兔６４ｋＤａ输卵管蛋白（ＤＰＦ－１）具克服小鼠早胚发育阻断的作用。进一步分析的结果表明ＤＰＦ－１等电点介于７．２－８．１;其合成与分泌对雌激素或孕激素无明显依赖性,能穿越透明带,紧密附着在早胚细胞膜周围。借助于Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ分析法,发现ＤＰＦ－１的分布具组织专一性,仅存在于输卵管,而新西兰白兔子宫、卵巢、肝脏、心脏、肺、脾脏、骨骼肌、小肠和脑等组织中皆未发现;在所检测的小鼠和金黄     

菜豆下胚轴中的细胞分裂素结合蛋白

用植物体内天然存在并具有很高活性的玉米素（ｔ－Ｚ）和异戊烯基腺苷（ｉＰＡ）作为配基,分别与Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ－４Ｂ偶联,制成亲和吸附介质,分离、纯化菜豆（Ｐｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓ ｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ）黄化幼苗下胚轴中的细胞分裂素结合蛋白。一种分子量为１５．５ ｋＤ（简称ＺＢＰ）,只含一个多肽链;另一种分子量为１６５ ｋＤ（简称ＩＢＰ）,含有两种亚基,分子量分别为４３ ｋＤ和４０ ｋＤ。对ＺＢＰ的结合活性进行了研究,发现ＺＢＰ与ｔ－Ｚ结合时的解离常数（Ｋｄ）为３．２×１０－ ７ ｍ ｏｌ／Ｌ。经计算,每个ＺＢＰ分子只有一个ｔ－Ｚ结合位点     

迷路损伤增强大鼠前庭内侧核生长相关蛋白mRNA水平

前庭代偿是研究神经可塑性的一个理想模型。生长相关蛋白（ＧＡＰ－４３）在神经再生和突触重组中起重要作用。用ＤＩＧ标记的ＧＡＰ－４３ ｃＤＮＡ片段作探针进行原位杂交,检测了大鼠迷路损伤５、１２、２０和３０ｄ后前庭内侧核ＧＡＰ－ｍＲＮＡ表达的变化。结果表明,迷路损毁后两侧前庭内侧核ＧＡＰ－４３ｍＲＮＡ的水平以不同的幅度和时程明显升高。这一结果表示,ＧＡＰ－４３ｍＲＮＡ水平的提高可能与前庭代偿中突触重组和     

优质蛋白玉米胚乳贮存蛋白积累的电泳分析

玉米胚乳的２２ ｋＤ和２０ ｋＤ醇溶蛋白在授粉后１５ 天开始积累,编码２２ ｋＤ 和２０ ｋＤ醇溶蛋白的结构基因在胚乳发育过程中同时表达。优质蛋白玉米和ｏ２ 玉米的胚乳中,２２ ｋＤ和２０ ｋＤ醇溶蛋白的合成受到抑制,即ｏ２ 基因对２２ ｋＤ和２０ ｋＤ醇溶蛋白的合成有负的调节作用。Ｍｏ１７／ｏ２ 和Ｍｏ１７ 胚乳醇溶蛋白的双向电泳结果表明,Ｍｏ１７／ｏ２ 的２７ ｋＤ、２２ ｋＤ、２０ ＫＤ和１５ ｋＤ醇溶蛋白的合成均受到强烈的抑制。遗系０４１／ｏ２ 和遗系０４０／ｏ２ 胚乳醇溶蛋白的双向电泳结果表明,二者只在高分子量的蛋白质斑点区域有一些细微的差别。可溶性蛋白的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明,Ｍｏ１７／ｏ２ 胚乳的可溶性蛋白比其同型系Ｍｏ１７ 少３８．７ ｋＤ 和２６．７ ｋＤ两条谱带,多２７．２ ｋＤ和２６．１ ｋＤ两条谱带。二者出现的可溶性蛋白的差异是ｏ２ 基因调控的结果。遗系０４１／ｏ２ 胚乳的可溶性蛋白比其同型系０４０／ｏ２ 多１８．６ ｋＤ和１７．６ ｋＤ两条谱带,少４０．２ ｋＤ 一条谱带,这与ｏ２ 基因修饰因子的作用密切关联     

mRNA差异显示技术在动物早期胚胎发育相关基因研究中的应用

动物从卵裂开始的早期胚胎发育始终伴随着ｍＲＮＡ不断的合成与降解。最初受着受精卵内母体ｍＲＮＡ的控制。当这些ｍＲＮＡ在发育过程中逐渐被降解时,有些动物（如小鼠）在比较早的时期已有新基因的转录;而有些动物（如鱼类、两栖类）迟到囊胚中期以后,合子核的基因才开始转录新的ｍＲＮＡ。ｍＲＮＡ这种有规律的代谢活动控制着细胞的分化、胚层的形成以及模式形成（ｐａｔｅｒｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ）。所有这些ｍＲＮＡ水平上的变化都可以用ｍＲＮＡ差异显示法（ｍＲＮＡｄｉｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｄｉｓｐｌａｙ）检测出来并进而获得与早期胚胎发育有关的基因。ｍＲＮＡ差异显示法是由Ｌｉａｎｇ和Ｐａｒｄｅｅ于１９９２年建立起来的,用于显示两种不同组织之间ｍＲＮＡ差异的方法。基于绝大多数ｍＲＮＡ有一个ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）尾巴,选用一个较特殊的３’端引物─５’Ｔ１１ＭＮ３’,其中Ｍ可以是ｄＡＴＰ,ｄＣＴＰ,ｄＧＴＰ之一,而Ｎ可以是ｄＡＴＰ,ｄＴＴＰ,ｄＣＴＰ,ｄＧＴＰ之一,进行逆转录时,１／１２的ｍＲＮＡ可被逆转录为ｃＤＮＡ。这种ｃＤＮＡ第一链被用来ＰＣＲ扩增,所使用的３’端引物与逆转录引物相同,而５’端引物为１０个碱基的一段寡核苷酸,这类任意（ａｒｂｉｔｒａｒ     

新型表达载体 pEC34 试用于人 γ 干扰素基因的高表达

构建了一个新的双顺反子表达载体ｐＥＣ３４,它的第一个顺反子是已高表达的ｅｒａ基因的部分序列,并带有原核翻译增强子。当检测ｐＥＣ３４的可用性时,获得了人γ－干扰素的极高表达。目的蛋白占菌体总蛋白的８５．５％,诱导后经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析,出现分子量为１５．５ｋＤａ左右的蛋白表达带。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ结果证实为人γ－干扰素。无压力传代３０次表达质粒仍然稳定,表明ｐＥＣ３４可能用作真核蛋白质高表达     

Expression of myogenic factors in denervated chicken breast muscle: isolation of the chicken Myf5 gene.

In this study, we have isolated and characterized the chicken Myf5 gene, and cDNA clones encoding chicken MyoD1 and myogenin. The chicken Myf5 and MRF4 genes are tandemly located on a single genomic DNA fragment, and the chicken Myf5 gene is organized into at least three exons. Using genomic and cDNA probes, we further analyzed the mRNA levels of four myogenic factors during chicken breast muscle development. This analysis revealed that myogenin expression is restricted to in ovo stages in breast muscle, and is not detectable in neonatal and adult stages. On the other hand, Myf5 expression is detectable until day 7 post-hatching, and is not found in adult muscle, whereas high levels of MyoD1 and MRF4 are detectable at all stages. To further understand the roles of innervation on muscle maturation, we analyzed the expression of the four myogenic factors in denervated adult breast muscle. We found that MyoD1, myogenin, and MRF4 are induced at high levels in denervated muscle, whereas no change occurs in the level of Myf5. These studies suggest that innervation controls the relative abundance and type of myogenic factors that are expressed in adult muscle, and that when nerve control is removed, the muscle reverts to a neonatal phenotype, with the enhanced expression of three myogenic factors (MyoD1, myogenin, and MRF4).     

In ovo exposure to monochromatic green light promotes skeletal muscle cell proliferation and affects myofiber growth in posthatch chicks

Our previous studies demonstrated that illumination of chicken embryos with monochromatic green light results in enhanced body and muscle weight at later posthatch stages. In the present study, we investigated the cellular and molecular basis of this phenomenon. First, we showed that on day 6 posthatch, myofibers were more uniform in the in ovo illuminated group than in the control group incubated in the dark, with respect to the number of myofibers displaying diameter values within the range of the mean value. Second, we tested the hypothesis that in ovo illumination causes an increase in the number of myoblasts; this in turn can promote posthatch muscle growth. Indeed, a significant increase in the number of skeletal muscle cells isolated from pectoralis muscle was observed in the in ovo illuminated group on days 1 and 3 posthatch relative to the control group. This increased cell number was accompanied by higher expression levels of Pax7 and myogenin proteins on posthatch days 1 and 3, respectively. A parallel analysis of proliferating cells in the intact muscle further demonstrated a significant increase in the number of cells positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen in muscle from the in ovo illuminated group. Third, we demonstrated that the transition from fetal- to adult-type myoblasts, normally occurring in late stages of chicken embryogenesis, is initiated earlier in embryos subjected to in ovo green-light illumination. We suggest that the stimulatory effect of in ovo illumination on posthatch muscle growth is the result of enhanced proliferation and differentiation of adult myoblasts and myofiber synchronization.     

鸡烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体γ亚基启动子中的M-CAT结合特性(英文)

鸡骨骼肌烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体 ( ACh R)γ亚基基因启动子含有几个 M- CAT元件 ,为γ亚基基因表达其全能活性所必需 .为探索 M- CAT元件结合功能特性 ,分析了 γ亚基启动子近转录起始点 - 67/ - 61位的 M- CAT元件与核因子的相互作用 .突变及结合试验证明 ,M- CAT核心序列结合几种测试组织中的核蛋白产生高迁移的 DNA-蛋白质复合物 ;侧翼序列结合肝以外的几种组织不同的核蛋白质 ,产生低迁移的 DNA-蛋白质复合物 .Southwestern印迹 ( DNA印迹 )技术在 1 3d鸡胚所有被检测的组织核抽提物中只检出了 30 k D的核蛋白 .结果提示 ,30 k D因子在多种组织普遍表达 ,可直接以单体或同质二聚体形式结合 M- CAT元件 ;而结合侧翼序列的不同组织因子结合DNA时可能需依赖普遍表达的 30 k D因子的存在 .     

不同发育时期小鼠胚泡表面Lewis寡糖抗原的表达

在胚泡表面表达的Lewis寡糖抗原 (LewisX ,LewisY)在胚胎发育以及着床过程中起重要作用 .应用免疫印迹和免疫荧光等方法对着床前小鼠胚泡表面的Lewis寡糖抗原进行分析 .结果发现 :小鼠胚泡LewisX寡糖蛋白有 2 7kD、2 9kD、6 8kD和 80kD 4种 ,LewisY寡糖蛋白有 70kD和 90kD 2种 ;2种寡糖抗原均在 8细胞时期开始表达 ,其中 ,LewisY寡糖抗原在胚泡表面的表达持续升高 ,直至胚泡着床 ;而LewisX寡糖抗原的表达则在桑椹期后逐渐降低 ,但仍在胚胎期的囊胚腔侧的顶端可见有部分表达 ;应用RT PCR的分析结果显示 ,LewisX合成的关键糖基转移酶FUT9基因在 4细胞及桑椹期高表达 ,到胚泡期虽然强度明显减弱 ,但仍有表达 ;而LewisY合成关键酶FUT1基因在 4细胞未见表达 ,在桑椹和胚泡阶段均有表达并逐渐升高 ,表达趋势与相应寡糖的表达趋势基本一致 .结果说明 ,在小鼠胚泡表面表达的Lewis寡糖抗原的表达受到相应糖基转移酶基因转录的调控     

Myomesin and M-protein: expression of two M-band proteins in pectoral muscle and heart during development

The expression of the myofibrillar M-band proteins myomesin and M-protein was studied in chicken pectoral muscle and heart during differentiation using monoclonal antibodies in a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. In presumptive pectoral muscle, myomesin accumulated first, increasing from 2% of the adult concentration at day 7 to 70% by day 16 in ovo. M-protein accumulation lagged 6-7 d behind that of myomesin attaining only 40% of the adult concentration in ovo. The molecular masses of myomesin (185 kD) and M-protein (165 kD) remained constant during embryogenesis. In cultured myogenic cells the accumulation and M-band localization of myomesin preceded that of M-protein by 1.5 d. Chicken heart was shown, in addition to M-protein, to contain unique isoforms of myomesin. In hearts of 6 d embryos, a 195-kD myomesin isoform was the major species; throughout development, however, a transition to a mixture of 195 and 190 kD was observed, the latter being the major species in the adult tissue. During heart differentiation the initial accumulation of myomesin again preceded that of M-protein, albeit on an earlier time scale than in pectoral muscle with M-protein reaching adult proportions first.     

Postnatal Development and Possible Ligand Function of the CNS-Specific Membrane Glycoprotein CNSgp 130

CNSgp 130 is a CNS-specific membrane glycoprotein present in large amounts in the adult mammalian CNS. Using immunohistological techniques, we demonstrated that CNSgp130 is not detectable in the rat cerebellum at birth, and does not appear in the cerebellum until the tenth day of postnatal life. It is expressed first in the white matter of the cerebellar folia, and subsequently (by day 14) it is expressed also in the molecular layer. Expression in the granular layer is not seen until the 18th day of postnatal life, by which time the adult pattern of expression is established. CNSgp130 is also not detectable in the cerebrum at birth. However, it is expressed weakly but diffusely in the cerebrum by the fourth day of life. By the 10th day, there is strong expression in the cerebrum, in marked contrast to its virtual absence from the cerebellum at this stage. By quantitative absorption analysis, CNSgp 130 was undetectable on the day of birth, and increased steadily to 80% of adult values by the 22nd day of postnatal life. Binding studies with pure CNSgp130 demonstrated a Pronase-sensitive ligand in adult chicken brain. This ligand was absent from neonatal rat brain and non-CNS tissues.     

Possible involvement of hic-5, a focal adhesion protein, in the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts

Hic-5, a focal adhesion protein, has been implicated in cellular senescence and differentiation. In this study, we examined its involvement in myogenic differentiation. The hic-5 expression level in growing C2C12 myoblasts increased slightly on the first day and then gradually decreased until no hic-5 was detectable after 7 days of differentiation. In vivo, its expression level declined in the thigh and the calf skeletal muscle of mouse embryos after birth. The introduction of an antisense expression vector of hic-5 into C2C12 cells decreased the number of clones expressing the myosin heavy chain (MHC) upon exposure to the differentiation medium. In the cloned cells with low levels of hic-5, the efficiency of myotube formation was significantly reduced. The expression levels of MyoD, myogenin, MHC and p21 were also reduced in these clones. The results suggested that hic-5 plays a role in the initial stage of myogenic differentiation.     

人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞系凋亡过程中bcl-2基因的结合蛋白

 Ｍ Ｃ Ｆ ７ 是 ｐ５３ 为野生型的人乳腺癌细胞系．为探讨该细胞系凋亡过程中 ｂｃｌ ２ 基因的下调机制,以 ５ 氟尿嘧啶（５ Ｆｕ）诱导凋亡,用 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 技术扩增出人 ｂｃｌ ２（ｈｂｃｌ ２）基因调控区长度为 ５５８ｂｐ 的片段,经亚克隆后的序列分析证实其准确性．用此 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 产物作为探针与 ５ Ｆｕ 刺激 １２ ｈ 后的 Ｍ Ｃ Ｆ ７ 核内蛋白质粗提物进行 Ｓｏｕｔｈｗ ｅｓｔｅｒｎ 印迹及凝胶阻滞（ Ｅ Ｍ Ｓ Ａ）分析．以未用 ５ Ｆｕ 刺激者为对照．结果显示,细胞核内一分子量为 ５３ ｋ Ｄ 的结合蛋白与 ｂｃｌ ２ 调控区的结合信号明显增强,而一种２０ ｋ Ｄ 的 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 结合蛋白与该区的结合信号明显减弱．这些结果提示ｐ５３ 蛋白有可能是ｂｃｌ ２ 的负转录因子,２０ ｋ Ｄ 的 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 结合蛋白有可能是ｂｃｌ ２ 的正转录因子．