西双版纳橡胶-萝芙木-大叶千斤拔复合生态系统的生物量及年生长量

为探明3个不同年龄橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)林下萝芙木(Rauvolfia vomitoria)、大叶千斤拔(Flemingia macrophylla)及复合系统与橡胶纯林的年生长量及生物量,根据3个林龄(8、11和20 a)两种不同种植模式各样地的调查数据,计算了不同种植模式中橡胶、大叶千斤拔及萝芙木的年生长量。同时利用49和29株不同大小的大叶千斤拔和萝芙木样木个体建立了以基径平方乘以高度(BD2H)为自变量的生物量回归模型,根据所建立的生物量回归模型估算了不同种植模式各林分的生物量及生物量增量,并对其组成和分配特征进行了分析。结果表明:8、11和20 a生复合模式中的橡胶、大叶千斤拔和萝芙木的胸径或基径的年生长量和生物量增量均随着橡胶年龄的增大而减少,其橡胶的年胸径生长量分别是同龄橡胶纯林的1.16、1.01和1.17倍,年生物量增量分别是同龄橡胶纯林的1.13、1.08和1.49倍;3个林龄复合模式和橡胶纯林的总生物量均随林龄的增大而增长,而生物量增量随林龄而下降;复合模式的总生物量分别是其同龄橡胶纯林的2.35、1.60和1.17倍,生物量增量(53.20、33.64和11.18 t·hm-2)分别是同龄橡胶纯林的5.13、4.48和2.63倍;不论是复合模式还是橡胶纯林,其生物量器官分配均呈现出茎和枝所占的比例随林龄而增长,叶和根所占的比例随林龄而下降的规律。在橡胶林下种植其他植物种类,能显著提高生物量积累。     

井冈山自然保护区12种常见灌木生物量的估测模型

灌木生物量模型是估测灌木生物量的重要方法之一。以井冈山自然保护区林下12种常见灌木为研究对象,根据树高（H）和地径（D）两个形态因子作为变量,进行回归分析构建模型。通过对比判别系数R 2的大小,筛选最佳生物量估测模型。方程W=a＋b X12 X2、W=a＋b X＋c X 2和W=a X b在模拟生物量时相关指数均较高,为0.904-0.991,达到极显著水平,可用于实际生物量估测,而方程W=a＋b X、W=a＋b X1＋c X2和W=a＋b ln X在模拟灌木生物量时结果较差。利用此类方法建立的生物量模型,精度高,简便易行,对以后估算井冈山自然保护区灌木生物量和碳储量具有十分重要的意义。     

长白落叶松林生物量的模拟估测

利用样木收获法收集了34个样地中长白落叶松林分地上部分生物量信息,选取其中29个样地生物量信息分别与样地林分因子信息和TM遥感影像信息拟合建立生物量模型,利用其余5个样地的生物量信息进行模型精度检验和误差分析.结果表明：长白落叶松地上部分生物量均可用林分因子和遥感因子进行线性拟合;林分因子线性模型对长白落叶松中幼林地上生物量的估测精度较高（林分P=94.33%,遥感P=92.32%）,且检验误差较小（林分MRE=6%,遥感MRE=31%）,模型模拟效果较好;若只考虑长白落叶松中龄林,这2种模型的估测效果相当（林分模型和遥感模型的误差分别为329.9和313.6 t）.整体而言,林分因子模型估测长白落叶松树皮、干材和总生物量的效果优于遥感因子模型,对于中龄林来说,遥感模型估测叶花果、树枝和树冠生物量的效果较好.     

萝芙木的保育研究

萝芙木属(Rauvolfia Linn.)植物富含的单萜吲哚类生物碱在降压、抗心律失常、抗肿瘤等方面都有重要的药用价值.为缓解野生萝芙木资源濒危的状况,萝芙木的保育需要同时满足资源量和药用质量两种需求.对萝芙木保育的种子繁殖、扦插繁殖、组织培养、栽培管理、收获部位及药用质量评价进行了综述,着重梳理了建立萝芙木离体再生体系的最优组培条件和毛状根诱导及生产利血平等生物碱的研究进展,指出了目前萝芙木保育中存在的问题和未来的研究方向.     

萝芙木的保育研究

萝芙木属(Rauvolfia Linn.)植物富含的单萜吲哚类生物碱在降压、抗心律失常、抗肿瘤等方面都有重要的药用价值。为缓解野生萝芙木资源濒危的状况,萝芙木的保育需要同时满足资源量和药用质量两种需求。对萝芙木保育的种子繁殖、扦插繁殖、组织培养、栽培管理、收获部位及药用质量评价进行了综述,着重梳理了建立萝芙木离体再生体系的最优组培条件和毛状根诱导及生产利血平等生物碱的研究进展,指出了目前萝芙木保育中存在的问题和未来的研究方向。     

光强和施氮量对催吐萝芙木叶片生长及光合作用的影响

通过不同光强（15%、40%和70%自然光强）和施氮量（15、30和60g/株）的盆栽试验,研究了不同光照强度和施氮量对催吐萝芙木（Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel.）叶片生长和光合特性的影响。结果表明：光强和施氮量显著影响了催吐萝芙木叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、水分利用效率（WUE）、叶绿素含量（Chl）、比叶面积（SLA）和叶生物量比（LMR）（p〈0.01）,Pn和Gs均随光强、施氮量的增加而增大,70%自然光强下叶片Pn和Gs显著高于15%和40%自然光强处理。总体而言,低光条件下,更有利于其叶绿素的合成,且施氮量对叶绿素含量的影响不大。低光处理和重度施氮量均有利于催吐萝芙木叶片SLA增大和叶生物量的分配,但实验中光强和施氮量处理并未引起催吐萝芙木叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm发生显著变化。光强和施氮量对催吐萝芙木叶片净光合速率（P）、气孔导度（G）、水分利用效率（WUE）等光合生理指标具有显著的交互作用（p〈0.05）。     

珍稀药用植物云南萝芙木种子休眠与萌发特性

研究了云南萝芙木（Rauvolfia yunnanensis）种子吸水及内源萌发抑制物特性,探讨了赤霉素浓度、温度和光照对种子萌发的影响。结果表明：云南萝芙木新鲜饱满种子28℃和31℃／22℃光照或黑暗下1个月内不萌发,种子胚已分化发育完全,种皮透水,种仁含有萌发抑制物,GA可促进种子萌发,说明云南萝芙木种子具有浅度生理休眠。400-1800mg·L-1是打破云南萝芙木种子休眠的适宜GA处理浓度范围。云南萝芙木种子的适宜萌发温度范围为22～2822和31℃／22℃变温,28％发芽指数最高,1023种子不萌发。云南萝芙木种子在周期性光照和全黑暗下均可萌发,但31℃和31℃／22℃下周期性光照促进种子萌发。     

萝芙木生物学特性的研究

<正> 萝芙木属(Rauvolfia)植物中的许多种类,是国内外用以治疗高血压症的特效药。广西产的萝芙木(Rauvolfia verticillata(Lour.)Baill.)是我国制作“降压灵”药物的主要原料。 野生的萝芙木分布零散,储存量有限,仅靠野生资源不能满足需要。国内外对萝芙木属进行大量的研究,但有关广西产萝芙木生物学特性的研究尚末见报导。为此,我们将多年来进行萝芙木生物学特性研究的结果进行报导,为萝芙木的人工栽培提供科学依据。     

不同年龄柏木混交林下主要灌木黄荆生物量及分配格局

灌木是森林生态中一个重要组成部分,以柏木林下主要灌木种-黄荆为研究对象,研究其在不同年龄柏木林下的生物量以及分配格局,同时利用简单指标对其生物量建立估测模型。研究表明:①随着林分年龄的增加,林下黄荆单丛生物量以及各器官生物量也随之增加,其中枝生物量相差值最大,差距达24.3倍,而生物量最小的叶片,其差距也达6.9倍。②黄荆地上各器官生物量分配大小表现为干生物量枝生物量叶生物量皮生物量;根系生物量的分配以粗根和中根生物量为主,其中根桩和粗根生物量所占比重随着林分年龄的增加而增加,中根、小根和细根生物量所占比重则随着林分年龄的增加而减小;地上生物量所占比例较大,并随着林分年龄的增加逐渐降低,并最后趋于稳定。③建立生物量模型的简单指标以基径(D)作为自变量优于利用株高(H)和HD2模型的建立;最优预测模型多为二次或三次次曲线模型。其中干、枝和粗根生物量、地上生物量、地下生物量、单丛生物量建立的预测模型较好,其模型的相关系数在0.8107—0.9293,达到极显著水平;皮生物量和根桩生物量的次之,模型相关系数分别为0.7689和0.7926;中根和小根的生物量预测模型相对最差,模型的最大相关系数仅在0.4410—0.4830。     

海南岛热带山地雨林林分生物量估测方法比较分析

本文通过对海南岛热带山地雨林林分生物量估测方法的比较分析,表明材积转换法不适宜估算海南岛热带山地雨林林分生物量,其结果与皆伐法相比较一般偏高20％—40％;而用实测资料建立的生物量回归模型,对原始林林分有较好的估测结果,除树枝和树叶生物量外,树干、树皮及地上部分生物量的回归模型值,与皆伐法的结果比较,相对误差一般在±10％以内,为允许误差范围,而对热带山地雨林的更新林生物量的估测则效果较差,应建立相应的估测模型。平均木法有工作量小的优点,且误差也在16％以下,但要注意取样的树种多样性和取样强度,在实际中应当慎用。另外本文对测定热带山地雨林生物量(原始林)的所需面积大小问题作了研究,提出了生物量-面积曲线的概念,确定其最小调查面积为2500m~2以上。     

Growth and Alkaloid Patterns of Roots of Tabernaemontana pachysiphon and Rauvolfia mombasiana as Influenced by Environmental Factors

The influence of environmental factors on the indole alkaloid content and biomass of the roots of Tabernaemontana pachysiphon and Rauvolfia mombasiana, two species of considerable local medicinal use in tropical East Africa, was investigated. Both species, belonging to the Apocynaceae, are frequent constituents of the residual tropical forests, prefering sites of different ecological conditions. Experimental plants, raised from seeds, were grown for 16 months in a temperature- and humidity-controlled greenhouse. Environmental factors at variance were water and nutrient supply, and light intensity. At sufficient water and nutrient supply, the more drought and nutrient shortage-tolerating heliophilous Rauvolfia mombasiana showed increased alkaloid accumulation, concurrently with reduced root biomass. Under the same conditions, the drought-sensitive and higher levels of nutrient-requiring ombrophilous Tabernaemontana pachysiphon produced more root biomass but accumulated less alkaloids in the roots. The results indicate that the accumulation of indole alkaloids in the roots, as well as biomass allocation to the roots, is influenced in an opposite manner by the nutrient and water supply to the heliophilous and the ombrophilous species.     

松嫩平原朝鲜碱茅无性系种群构件生物量结构及相关模型分析

从构件水平对松嫩平原碱化草甸朝鲜碱茅无性系种群各功能构件的生物量结构,各功能构件生物量与丛径之间的关系,以及各功能构件生物量之间的关系均建立相应的模型进行了定量分析。结果表明,在孕穗和果后营养两个生育期,朝鲜碱茅无性系种群各功能构件生物量及所占总生物量的比率具有相同的规律;各功能构件生物量与丛径之间的定量关系在孕穗期以直线函数模型相关性最大,在果后营养期以幂函数模型相关性最大;各功能构件生物量之间的定量关系除光合构件与支持构件在孕穗期以直线函数模型相关性最大外,其他各构件生物量之间在两个生长期均以幂函数模型相关性最大。     

Biomass estimation using satellite remote sensing data—An investigation on possible approaches for natural forest

Vegetation type and its biomass are considered important components affecting biosphere-atmosphere interactions. The measurements of biomass per unit area and productivity have been set as one of the goals for International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Ground assessment of biomass, however, has been found insufficient to present spatial extent of the biomass. The present study suggests approaches for using satellite remote sensing data for regional biomass mapping in Madhav National Park (MP). The stratified random sampling in the homogeneous vegetation strata mapped using satellite remote sensing has been effectively utilized to extrapolate the sample point biomass observations in the first approach. In the second approach attempt has been to develop empirical models with satellite measured spectral response and biomass. The results indicate that there is significant relationships with spectral responses. These relationships have seasonal dependency in varying phonological conditions. The relationships are strongest in visible bands and middle infrared bands. However, spectral biomass models developed using middle infrared bands would be more reliable as compared to the visible bands as the later spectral regions are less sensitive to atmospheric changes It was observed that brightness and wetness parameters show very strong relationship with the biomass values. Multiple regression equations using brightness and wetness isolates have been used to predict biomass values. The model used has correlation coefficient of 0.77. Per cent error between observed and predicted biomass was 10.5%. The biomass estimated for the entire national park using stratified and spectral response modelling approaches were compared and showed similarity with the difference of only 4.69%. The results indicate that satellite remote sensing data provide capability of biomass estimation     

The Effects of Certain Environmental Factors on Alkaloid Contents of Rauvolfia

The effects of light intensity, mineral nutrients and seasonal climatic changes on the alkaloid contents of Rauvolfia yunnanensis Tsiang were studied and the experimental results were summarized as follows: The alkaloid contents of Rauvolfia roots increased with the light intensity decreased, and a maximum was reached at about 28% of the normal day light. The supply of the mineral nutrients of P, K especially N would raise the root production and alkaloid contents respectively. Determinations were carried out about the variations of alkaloid contents of the roots, stems and leaves on the samples collected every month of the year from both the wild and the cultivated Rauvolfia. The alkaloid contents in the roots of both wild and cultivated Rauvolfia appeared with only one high peak-August to September (end of the raining season), and a period with low contents appeared from March to May (dry season). The alkaloid contents in stems appeared with two high peaks, one was in coincidence with that of the roots, the other appeared between March and May (dry season) just as the period with low alkaloid contents in root. The alkaloid contents of leaves of wild Rauvolfia appeared with two high peaks, both were the same as those of the stems, but in the cultivated Rauvolfia, only one peak with high contents from July to August (raining season) was observed.     

Biomass accumulation and control strategies in gas biofiltration

Uneven distribution and excess accumulation of biomass within gas phase biofilters often result in operational problems such as clogging, channeling, and excessive head loss within biofilter beds, and consequently, the deterioration of performance. In this paper, the characteristics, mechanisms, and patterns of biomass accumulation in gas biofiltration were reviewed, and models for biomass accumulation were also summarized. Strategies for excess biomass control in gas biofiltration, categorized into either physical, chemical, or biological methods were also discussed, with improvements in design and operation of biofilters. Combinations of these approaches are usually necessary in order to maintain a reasonably even distribution and to minimize the accumulation of biomass in gas biofilters.     

天然更新的檫木林的生物量和生产力

通过对标准木的测定,建立相对生长方程,了福建省建阳书坊林场天然更新的檫木（Sassafras tzumu）林分的生物量和生产力,结果表明：20年生檫木林分平均现存生物量为58693kghm^-2,平均年生产力为4259kghm^-2,檫木生物量与胸径间存在极显著回归关系,大部分生物量集中于树体中下部,生物量的径级分布以20cm径级积累值最大。这些结果对阔叶林的营造及其生态系统结构与功能的研究具有现实意义。