楸螟行为观察及性信息素粗提物生物活性测定

本文报道了楸螟Omphisa plagialis Wileman的羽化昼夜规律和（25±1）℃、光周期L∶D=14∶10条件下的雌蛾求偶节律,用Y形管法测定了雄蛾对雌蛾性信息素粗提物的行为反应。结果表明：楸螟的羽化发生在10：00到23：00之间;雌蛾在羽化当天即开始求偶,求偶行为集中在暗周期的23：30到01：30之间。采用正己烷提取的雌蛾性信息素粗提物存在性信息素成分,对雄蛾具有一定的引诱活性。     

Moth sex pheromone adsorption to leaf surface: bridge in time for chemical spies

Abstract When brussels sprouts leaves were exposed to air passed over a single calling Mamestra brassicae moth, sex pheromone was adsorbed onto the leaf surface to such an extent that it subsequently elicited behavioural responses in conspecific male moths, as well as in female Trichogramma evanescens , egg parasitoids of M. brassicae. Male moths responded to odour-treated leaves over a short distance (c. 5 cm) in a wind tunnel, but were not attracted at a distance of 1 m. In contrast, sex pheromone adsorbed to and re-released from the glass wall of a wind tunnel compartment attracted male moths from 1 m. Trichogramma's locomotory behaviour on leaves is described. On leaves previously exposed to air passed over a calling female moth, Trichogramma wasps stayed significantly longer on leaves treated with clean air or air passed over a non-calling female moth. In addition, wasps spent relatively more time along the margin and on the leaf underside on treated leaves compared with control leaves. All effects persisted for at least 4 h, and after 24 h treated leaves still increased wasp residence times. These results are the first example of responses of male moths to adsorbed airborne sex pheromone originating from a single female moth. They further suggest how sex pheromone released by nocturnal moths may function as a kairomone for diurnally foraging parasitoids.     

Sex pheromone titre in the glands of Spodoptera litura females: circadian rhythm and the effects of age and mating

The present study investigates the effects of age and mating status on the circadian variations of gland sex pheromone titre in female Spodoptera litura Fabricius. Similar to other nocturnal moths, S. litura females exhibit circadian variations of gland sex pheromone contents, with higher levels during scotophase and lower levels during photophase. The sex pheromone titre in the glands peaks during the first scotophase after eclosion and sharply declines afterwards. Higher pheromone contents during scotophase may facilitate female reproductive activities, and the negative relationship between pheromone titre and female calling is likely the result of pheromone release during female calling. Interestingly, the present study demonstrates that mated S. litura females have significantly higher sex pheromone titre in their pheromone glands (PGs) than virgin females. This finding contrasts with all previous studies of other insect species, in which mating generally reduces the sex pheromone titre in female PGs. In S. litura, mating and male accessory gland fluids can suppress female calling behaviours and re‐matings. These results suggest that the suppression of female calling behaviours by mating and male accessory gland fluids may significantly reduce the release of sex pheromones and thus result in higher sex pheromone titre in the PGs of mated females.     

Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Female Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) to the Conspecific Female Sex Pheromone

Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings showed that female Spodoptera exigua can detect their own sex pheromones (two single components and their mixture), displaying a similar dose–response pattern to that of males, although intensities of female responses were much less at all doses compared with males. Furthermore, the female calling behavior was inhibited and late-shifted by the presence of the female sex pheromone. When the pheromone components were presented, the calling female proportion in the peak calling period was significantly reduced and the calling peak time and calling termination time postponed, compared with controls. Although the calling behavior was inhibited, the pheromone titer of treated females was not different to the control, implying a reduced pheromone biosynthesis in the pheromone glands of treated moths. However, observations during the olfactometer experiments revealed that there were no obvious behavioral responses of females exposed to sex pheromone stimuli including whole gland extracts, 0.1, 1 or 10 μg binary pheromone mixtures.     

Sex pheromone-releasing behaviour in females of the dermestid beetle,Trogoderma glabrum

Adult Trogoderma glabrum females assume stationary postures characterized by abdominal elevation and partial exposure of the ovipositor segments. The postural activity was studied in relation to sex pheromone production and was designated calling, or sex pheromone-releasing behaviour because it was accompanied by an increase in the rate of release of sex pheromone(s). Calling was largely restricted to an 8 hr interval centered toward the middle of a 16 hr photophase. Mating frequency and female pheromone content increased during the same interval. Because females extracted during the calling period yielded at least 10 times more pheromone than extracts prepared at other times, and because pheromone activity released during one calling period was estimated to be at least 10-fold higher than that which could be extracted from whole females several hours prior to the start of calling, heightened production of active pheromone(s) was postulated to occur during calling. Functional significance of the calling posture is discussed in relation to sex pheromone gland location.     

Calling behaviour in arctiid moths: The effects of temperature and wind speed on the rhythmic exposure of the sex attractant gland

Female arctiid moths rhythmically extrude their ovipositors and thereby rhythmically expose their sex pheromone glands while calling. In Utetheisa ornatrix this behaviour results in concentration-modulated or pulsed pheromone release. The ovipositor protrusion frequencies were determined for 15 arctiid species: U. ornatrix, Haploa clymene, H. colona, H. lecontei, Pyrrarctia isabella, Estigmene acrea, Spilosoma congrua, S. virginica, Ecpantheria scribonia, Phragmatobia fuliginosa, Apantesis nais, A. arge, Pareuchaetes insulata, Cycnia tenera, and Euchaetes egle. Moth species that call early in the scotophase extrude their ovipositors at high frequencies (up to 170.9 ± 24.9 extrusions/min at 25°C) while moth species that call late in scotophase extrude their ovipositors at low frequencies (down to 68.3 ± 5.4 extrusions/min at 25°C). In all species tested, the ovipositor extrusion frequencies were shown to be temperature sensitive with a mean Q₁₀ of 2.0 ± 0.1. In one species, U. ornatrix, the ovipositor extrusion frequency varies with wind speed. In still air the ovipositor extrusion frequency is 70.1 ± 8.4 extrusions/min and at a wind speed of 120 cm/s the ovipositor extrusion frequency is 142.1 ± 8.3 extrusions/min. Suggested functions for rhythmic ovipositor extrusion during calling are discussed.     

旋花蛾性信息素成分的鉴定

提取和鉴定了杂草田旋花Convolvulus arvensis的天敌旋花蛾Tyta luctuosa的性信息素主要成分,并应用风洞实验对雄蛾进行了测试。结果表明,腺体提取物和雌蛾求偶时所释放的主要性信息素成分均为2种化合物：顺-9-十四碳烯醛（Z9-14∶Ald）和顺-11-十六碳烯醛（Z11-16∶Ald）。腺体提取物中2种化合物的总量在个体间差异很大（22～167 ng）,但二者的比率相对稳定（Z9-14∶Ald/Z11-16∶Ald=0.3±0.15）。雌蛾所释放的性信息素量及比率在个体间也存在差异。每只雌蛾求偶时平均每小时释放94 ng Z9-14∶Ald和45 ng Z11-16∶Ald,平均比率为2.2。风洞实验结果显示,48%的雄蛾可被合成的性信息素混合物（0.4 μg Z9-14∶Ald, 2 μg Z11-16∶Ald）引诱完成逆风飞行并最终触及刺激源,而2种对照组（以求偶期雌蛾或性信息素腺体提取物为刺激源）的引诱率则分别为62%和44%。     

褛裳夜蛾的交配行为及雄蛾对性腺提取物的反应节律

详细观察了褛裳夜蛾成虫的交配行为,利用风洞、触角电位技术研究了雄蛾对性腺提取物的反应节律,通过林间诱蛾试验进行了验证,旨在为褛裳夜蛾性信息素的精确提取及性信息素组份分离、鉴定提供依据。研究结果表明:成虫的求偶、交配行为均发生在暗期,有一定的节律性:雌蛾在羽化3d以后开始求偶,1周左右表现最为强烈,3-4日龄雌蛾在暗期4-6h开始求偶,最大求偶率在暗期6-8h;5-9日龄在进入暗期就开始求偶,最大求偶率出现在暗期4-6h。风洞试验表明,3-7日龄的雄蛾对性腺提取物均有明显的性行为反应,5日龄雄蛾在暗期4-6h对性腺提取物的反应最为强烈。3-6日龄的成虫在暗期4-6h开始交配,而7-8日龄的成虫于暗期2-4h开始交配,6日龄的成虫交配率最高,交配高峰在暗期4-8h。雄蛾对性腺提取物的触角电位反应也有一定的节律性:雄蛾对4日龄雌蛾性腺提取物开始有电生理反应,对6-7日龄暗期5h性腺提取物反应最为强烈。林间诱蛾试验测定了性腺提取物的引诱活性,7日龄雌蛾性腺提取物林间诱蛾量最高,引诱高峰在暗期4-6h,该结果也验证了褛裳夜蛾雄蛾对性腺提取物的反应节律。     

Does PBAN play an alternative role of controlling pheromone emission in the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)?

There is an active process by which sex pheromone reserves of female cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni, are transported to the gland's surface during the nocturnal period of calling. We hypothesized that this mobilization was controlled by a head factor, possibly related to the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptides (PBAN) that in other species stimulate pheromone synthesis. We evaluated the impact of head extracts of T. ni on pheromone emission and glandular content of pheromone. During the photophase injected head extracts stimulated an increased pheromone emission rate in females, but glandular content of pheromone was not affected. Head extracts of H. virescens, a species with known PBAN activity, and synthetic PBAN stimulated an increased pheromone emission rate in T. ni. There was some specificity of the response of female T. ni to PBAN, in that several other unrelated polypeptides did not stimulate this type of response. Previously it had been determined that brain factors do not play a role in stimulating pheromone biosynthesis in T. ni. Our results indicate that there may be additional avenues by which PBAN or related neuropeptides control pheromone emission, including transport of pheromone reserves to the surface of the sex pheromone gland.     

Release mechanism of sex pheromone in the female gypsy moth <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lymantria dispar</Emphasis>: a morpho-functional approach

A morpho-functional investigation of the sex pheromone-producing area was correlated with the pheromone release mechanism in the female gypsy moth Lymantria dispar. As assessed by male electroantennograms (EAG) and morphological observations, the pheromone gland consists of a single-layered epithelium both in the dorsal and ventral halves of the intersegmental membrane between the 8th and 9th abdominal segments. By using the male EAG as a biosensor of real-time release of sex pheromone from whole calling females, we found this process time coupled with extension movements of the ovipositor. Nevertheless, in females in which normal calling behavior was prevented, pheromone release was detected neither in absence nor in presence of electrical stimulation of the ventral nerve cord/terminal abdominal ganglion (TAG) complex. Tetramethylrhodamine-conjugated dextran amine stainings also confirm the lack of any innervation of the gland from nerves IV to VI emerging from the TAG. These findings indicate that the release of sex pheromone from the glands in female gypsy moths is independent of any neural control exerted by the TAG on the glands, at least by way of its three most caudally located pairs of nerves, and appears as a consequence of a squeezing mechanism in the pheromone-producing area.     

Investigations of Mechanisms of Pheromone Communication Disruption of Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) in a Wind Tunnel

Although atmospheric treatment with synthetic pheromone is used commercially to control several lepidopteran pests, little is known about how mate-finding behavior is altered by this procedure. Mechanisms of disruption of the mate-finding behavior of Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were examined in wind tunnel bioassays. Male moths were exposed to synthetic sex pheromone or pheromone components prior to or during upwind flight to a calling virgin female. The proportion of males successfully contacting a calling female was reduced only when the synthetic pheromone treatment was presented simultaneously. A synthetic source of the attractive four-component pheromone placed upwind of a calling female was more effective than a less attractive two-component blend in achieving disorientation. Habituation of the central nervous system does not appear to be a significant factor in disruption of mate-finding behavior of male C. rosaceana, as exposure to pheromone prior to the bioassay did not alter the proportion of males that achieved subsequent upwind flight. Disruption of mate-finding behavior of C. rosaceana in a wind tunnel is probably the result of a combination of mechanisms including adaptation of antennal receptors, camouflage of the female-produced plume, and false-trail following which contributed to the additive disruption effect observed with the most attractive four-component pheromone.     

棉铃虫成虫对高浓度性信息素的行为反应

室内行为实验表明,在高浓度性信息素环境中棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) 雌蛾更加活跃、觅偶行为更加积极主动、求偶时间显著延长,而雄蛾主动求偶时间显著缩短、静止时间显著延长。高浓度性信息素并未引起成虫在取食活动和产卵行为的明显改变,也未能有效阻断其交配行为,而是推迟了它们的交配日期、夜间初始交配时间,缩短了交配蛾的交配持续时间。因此,高浓度性信息素主要影响其交配质量,而不是交配率。     

小木蠹蛾性信息素分泌腺的位置及组织学

对小木蠹蛾Holcocerus insularis雌蛾性信息素分泌腺提取物的触角电位(EAG)、毛细管气相色谱 (GC) 的测定以及对腺体位置和形态结构的扫描电镜、透视电镜观察。结果表明,小木蠹蛾性信息素分泌腺是一个由节间膜特化而成的上皮结构,位于腹部末端8～9节之间,为一个可外翻的腹褶,表面分布着饱满的锥形体。羽化后2天未交尾的雌蛾腺体细胞呈单层排列,腹面中央由密集的柱形细胞组成,向两侧延伸至背部,细胞由柱形逐渐变为扁平形,细胞核为椭圆形。细胞基底膜基褶较多,质膜上分布着微绒毛,并与内表皮连接,内表皮上有多层几丁质,细胞质中含有空泡、线粒体、脂质粒及光面内质网。     

DIEL RHYTHMS OF CALLING BEHAVIOR AND SEX PHEROMONE PRODUCTION OF BEET ARMYWORM,SPODOPTERA EXIGUA (LEPIDOPTERA:NOCTUIDAE)*

Abstract Beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua, is becoming one of more and more serious pests in China in recent years. As a part of research program of sex pheromone and its application of BAW in China, the hourly and daily variation of calling behavior and pheromone production of BAW females were investigated. Both calling behavior and titers of 4 sex pheromone components showed distinct diel rhythms, and the two peak periods were synchronous. In comparison, the calling activity lasted shorter period of time with a longer peak time, whereas the production of the sex pheromone lasted throughout the whole scotophase and part of the photophase with a very short peak time. The calling behavior began at the middle scotophase, reached the maximum at the middle‐later scotophase, and continued the maximal calling activity until the end of the scotophase. When the light was on, the calling percentage reduced sharply, and all females stopped calling 1 hour later. The variation patterns of the 4 pheromone components in the glands of the 3 day old moths were similar from one to another. From 0.5 h before to 4.5 h into scotophase, the titers increased slightly, but at 6.5 h they showed a significant increase up to the peak values of the scotophase. Soon at 8.5 h into the scotophase, they decreased significantly and thereafter gradually to undetectable level at 4.5 h into the next photophase. The daily change experiment showed that BAW females began calling at 0 scotophase, became fully active in calling at 3rd scotophase, and maintained the calling activity to 7th scotophase. There was no significant difference in pheromone titers among different day‐old moths.     

甜菜夜蛾雌蛾求偶行为及性信息素产生的时间节律(英文)

研究了甜菜夜蛾雌蛾求偶行为和腺体中性信息素滴度时日变化的规律。结果表明 ,雌蛾求偶行为和性信息素滴度均呈明显的昼夜节律 ,且均在暗期的中后期达到高峰。比较而言 ,雌蛾的求偶活动期较短 ,在暗期中期开始 ,暗期结束后很快停止 ;但峰期较长 ,从中后期达到高峰后一直保持到暗期结束。而腺体内 4种性信息素组份从暗期前 0 .5h到下一个光期 4.5h均有产生 ;但峰期很短 ,暗期 6.5h显著增加达到高峰后 ,在 8.5h又迅速回落。日变化研究表明 ,甜菜夜蛾当日龄即可求偶 ,3日龄起进入求偶盛期 ,至 7日龄末有明显减退。 0～ 3日龄雌蛾的平均初始求偶时间逐日显著提前 ,以后则稳定在暗期 5h左右。不同日龄间性信息素滴度的变化较小     

豆荚螟中国种群性信息素鉴定

利用气相色谱一质谱联用技术（GC—MS）和气相色谱与风洞技术对交配期的豆荚螟（Etiella zinckenella）处女雌蛾的腺体提取物进行定性分析并侦测其中的活性组分,最终确定豆荚螟性信息素的有效组分为顺9一十四碳烯醇乙酸酯（z9—14AC）、顺11一十四碳烯醇乙酸酯（Z11—14AC）、十四碳烯醇乙酸酯（14AC）,三种成分在腺体中的比例分别1：3：1的存在。     

Modulation of the temporal pattern of calling behavior of female Spodoptera littoralis by exposure to sex pheromone

We have examined the timing of calling behavior in the female Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis and its modification by exposure to sex pheromone. The calling rhythm of the female moth was found to be circadian, persistent for at least 4 days once it has been entrained, and could be phase shifted by altering the light:dark regime. We also found that female exposure to pheromone affected the rate and duration of calling. A brief exposure to pheromone gland extract increased the proportion of females calling in a constant dim light and this effect persisted for at least 2 days. In response to pheromone exposure, significantly more females also called late into scotophase when most unexposed control females had ceased calling. The adaptive significance of responding to conspecific sex pheromone is discussed.     

光强度对棉铃虫交配行为的影响

【目的】为阐明光强度对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)交配行为的影响。【方法】本实验设置4个光照强度(0,0.5,5.0和50.0 lx),观察记录不同光照强度下棉铃虫雌蛾的求偶行为;分别通过单个腺体性信息素提取法和解剖雌虫受精囊的方式,检测不同光照强度下棉铃虫的雌蛾性信息素滴度和交配率。【结果】在强光(50.0 lx)下,棉铃虫雌蛾求偶起始时间最长,求偶持续时间最短,求偶次数最少,雌蛾性信息素滴度始终处于较低水平,交配率也属于最低。在微光(0.5 lx)下,雌蛾求偶起始时间最短,求偶持续时间最长,求偶次数最多;雌蛾性信息素始终处于较低水平,但暗期后段求偶率高达40%。【结论】强光(50.0 lx)可以抑制棉铃虫雌蛾的求偶行为、性信息素的合成及交配;微光(0.5 lx)可以促进棉铃虫雌蛾的求偶行为;相对黑暗环境(0 lx),微光(0.5 lx)还可以促进棉铃虫快速(1 h)完成交配,微光(0.5 lx)对棉铃虫的交配行为具有重要意义;求偶和性信息素的合成没有必然联系。本研究可为探讨光对夜蛾交配行为的影响提供一定的理论基础,也可为利用物理、化学通讯信息调控夜蛾行为提供一定的参考。     

Cowpea weevil flights to a point source of female sex pheromone: analyses of flight tracks at three wind speeds

Abstract.  Two-day-old male cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus, fly upwind to a point source of female sex pheromone at three wind speeds. All beetles initiating flight along the pheromone plume make contact with the pheromone source. Analysis of digitized flight tracks indicates that C. maculatus males respond similarly to moths tested at several wind speeds. Beetles' mean net upwind speeds and speeds along their track are similar ( P  > 0.05) across wind speeds, whereas airspeeds increase ( P <  0.01) with increasing wind speed. Beetles adjust their course angles to fly more directly upwind in higher wind speeds, whereas track angles are almost identical at each wind speed. The zigzag flight paths are generally narrow compared with most moth flight tracks and interturn distances are similar ( P  > 0.05) at the wind speeds employed. The frequency of these counterturns across the wind line is almost constant regardless of wind speed, and there is little variation between individuals. The upwind flight tracks are more directly upwind than those typically seen for male moths flying upwind toward sex pheromone sources. Male moths typically produce a bimodal distribution of track angles to the left and right of the windline, whereas C. maculatus males' track angles are centred about 0°. Preliminary examination of two other beetle species indicates that they fly upwind in a similar fashion.     

Sex pheromone levels in pheromone glands and identification of the pheromone and hydrocarbons in the hemolymph of the moth Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The hydrocarbon sex pheromone (13-methyl-Z6-heneicosene) of Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was found to reach its highest levels on pheromone glands of 3-day-old females. Pheromone levels were not different between the time of maximum calling (end of scotophase) and at the middle of photophase. Overwintering females collected in October had sex pheromone present. Decapitation did not lower the amount of pheromone present, indicating that a head factor is not involved in maintaining pheromone titers. Hemolymph also contained the pheromone, indicating that it is made by oenocytes and transported to the sex pheromone gland. Longer chain length hydrocarbons were also identified from the hemolymph and on the cuticular surface. Quantitative differences in hydrocarbon profiles were found with more methyl-branched hydrocarbons found in the hemolymph than on the cuticular surface. Arch.