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1.
Three components of the energy budget, consumption ( C ), production ( P ) and respiration ( R ) in juvenile roach and bleak kept under controlled food ( Anemia salina , 2400 ind. l−1 ) and temperature (20° C) conditions were measured in a study aimed at defining differences between the two species and elucidating the patterns of energy partitioning during ontogeny.
Daily food consumption rates (J day−1 fish−1 ) increased allometrically ( C =a W b ) with body size ( W , mg dry weight) in both species. Covariance analysis indicated no differences in slope or intercept for the two regression lines ( P ≤ 0.05, n = 82). However, the two species grew at significantly different rates, roach faster than bleak.
The dependence of the respiration rate (μmol h−1 fish −1 ) on body weight ( W ) can be described by an allometric function: R = a W b , where a ± 95% C.L. = 0.17 ± 0.15 for roach and 0.18 ± 0.20 for bleak. The slope for roach (b ± 95% C.L. = 0.78 ± 0.01) is slightly higher than that for bleak (0.69 ± 0.03).
Assimilation efficiency [AE = ( P + R ) C−1 ] was significantly higher in roach than in bleak. Different levels of AE correlated with differences in relative gut length (gut length as percentage of body length). Due to the shorter relative gut length above a weight of 5 mg, bleak has lower powers of digestion, which may explain lower production rates. These differences in energetic performance between the two species indicate mechanisms leading to niche differentiation in the early life history of the fishes. 相似文献
Daily food consumption rates (J day
The dependence of the respiration rate (μmol h
Assimilation efficiency [AE = ( P + R ) C
2.
Morphometric measurements were carried out on some of the structural parameters affecting oxygen diffusing capacity in red muscle of 15 specimens of O. niloticus body weight (b.w.) 0.65–812.3 g. Total capillary length and surface area and total morphometric oxygen diffusing capacity in body trunk red muscle had average values of 4792·7 (± 1740.7 s.e.) m, 415·4 (± 157·3 s.e.) cm2 and 0·0213 (± 0·0075 s.e.) ml−1 min−1 cm−2 mmHg respectively. When expressed as functions of b.w. these parameters had scaling values of 1·02, 1·07 and 0·993 respectively. These figures show a slight increase or almost no change in these structural parameters (which affect diffusion of oxygen to mitochondria in red muscle) per unit weight of fish. This should be important as the role of sustained swimming (by red muscle) becomes more important in larger tilapia. Oxygen diffusion distances were short [3·11 (±0·16 s.e.) μm] which facilitates diffusion of oxygen to mitochondria. The scaling value for oxygen diffusion distances of 0·067 (with respect to body weight) shows a slight increase in this parameter with development. This value is significantly different from zero. 相似文献
3.
C. M. Bishop P. J. Butler A. J. El Haj S. Egginton M. J. J. E. Loonen 《Journal of Zoology》1996,239(1):1-15
The masses of the locomotor and acardiac muscles of wild barncale goose gollings, from migratory population, were examined systematically during development and their values compared to those of pre-migratory geese. Pre-flight development was typified by approximately linear increases of body, leg, and heart ventricular mass with respect to age. Flight muscle showed an exponential increase in mass. Pectoralis muscle mass was 14.2 ± 0.3% of body mass (1297 ± 73g, n=7) in early flying goslings compared to 16.6 ± 0.3% of body mass (2318 ± 109g, n=8) in pre-migratory geese. Post-flight development was typified by stasis of leg muscle mass but hypertrophy of Ventricular and pectoralis muscle mass in proportion to body mass. Ventricular mass relative to body mass showed the lowest values at 5 weeks of age (0.62 ± 0.01%) with peak values at 1 week of age (10.4 ± 0.04%). The latter may be associated with both requirements of thermoregualation in these precocial, arctic breeding geese and the need to forage approximately 24 hours post-hatch. Peak values for leg muscle mass, relative to body mass, were found at 3 weeks of age (12.7 ± 0.36%), with lowest values in the pre-migratory geese (6.7 ± 0.21%), while peak values for pectoralis muscle mass were expressed in the premigratory geese with lowest values at 1 week of age (0.94 ± 0.07%). Ventricular mass was proportional to leg muscle mass up to 5 weeks of age (Mv = 0.38Mt 0.68 , r2 =0.95), but subsequent increase in ventricular mass was proportional to pectoralis muscle mass (Mv = 0.25Mp 0.73 , r2 = 0.81). 相似文献
4.
The ventricle of the burbot Lota lota heart comprised 0·148 ± 0·006% of the body mass which is nearly two-fold heavier than the relative ventricular mass ( M V ) of other similarly sized teleosts. The shape of the ventricle is pyramidal and the wall is exclusively composed of spongious muscle without a distinct compact layer. The atrium forms 0·017 ± 0·002% of the body mass. Length, width, sarcolemmal surface area and volume of enzymatically isolated myocytes from burbot ventricle were 147·2 ± 10·2 μm, 6·3 ± 0·4 μm, 2440·8 · 251·5 μm2 and 2356·8 ± 316·6 μm3 , respectively. The myofibrils were peripherally located and their volume density was remarkably high: 65 ± 2 and 68 ± 3% in ventricle and atrium, respectively ( P >0·05). Although not particularly conspicuous, some nonjunctional and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was present in both atrial and ventricular myocytes. The SR formed peripheral couplings with the sarcolemma and the junctional clefts were frequently occupied by foot processes. These findings suggest that cold-adaptation is achieved by cardiac enlargement, high volume density of myofibrils and well-developed peripheral couplings in the SR in the heart of stenothermal burbot. 相似文献
5.
Growth of captive juvenile Pacific halibut was linearly related to energy consumption (J g−1 day−1 ) at 4°C by the following equation: growth (% body weight (b.w.) day−1 )=0–007 (consumption J g−1 day−1 )– 0.192; r2 =0.81. Weight gain was independent of size for fish between 9 and 7000 g when growth was expressed as a function of consumption in J g−1 day−1 . Maintenance ration determined in feeding–growth experiments averaged 27.4 J g−1 day−1 at 4–0°C. Small halibut ate significantly more food than large fish. Single meals following 2 day fasts averaged 4.1% b.w. for halibut under 100 g, 1.72% b.w. for 1.2 kg fish and 1.1% B.W. for 6.8 kg fish. Both large and small size categories of halibut tended to evacuate their meal in about 3 days even though small fish ate relatively larger meals. Minimum estimates for daily ration to achieve growth rates observed in the Gulf of Alaska were approximately 0.5 to 2.4% b.w. day−1 depending on fish size and whether northern shrimp or yellowfin sole were their prey. 相似文献
6.
Polysiphonia paniculata Montagne is an intertidal red alga known to produce large amounts of the compound dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Conversion of this substrate into dimethylsulfide is accomplished in P, paniculata by an enzyme called DMSP lyase (dimethylpropiothetin dethiomethyla.se (4.4.1.3)). DMSP lyase has been purified and characterized from P. paniculata. Enzymie activity is found in two different proteins: the larger with a molecular weight of 9.26 ± 104 daltons and the smaller with a molecular weight of 3.65 ± 104 daltons. Specific activity of the enzyme is 526 μmols min−1 mg−1 for the smaller protein a nd 263 μmols min −1 mg−1 for the la rger protein. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km ) is 72.8 μM ± 17.15 and the vmax is 1.62 μmols min−1 ± 0.928 for the 92.6-kDa protein. The p1 of the larger protein is 5.8 and 5.9 for the smaller protein. Interaction with cysteine protease inhibitors L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido (4-guanidino)-butane, dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate), or N -ethylmaleimide inactivated enzyme activity. The presence of either magnesium or calcium with DMSP lyase enhanced activity al concentrations between 20 and 40 μM but had little effect above these levels. Addition of the divalent chelators ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo) tetraacetic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetate decreased activity of the enzyme, but activity was restored when either chelator was removed and magnesium or calcium was added to the enzyme . 相似文献
7.
Keitaro Kiyosawa 《Physiologia plantarum》1993,88(2):366-371
The permeability of internodal cells of Chara australis R. Brown for polyol molecules was determined by using a turgor balance to measure the increase in the osmotic pressure of an internodal cell incubated in artificial pond water containing one of the polyol compounds tested. The permeabilities for ethylene glycol, glycerol, meso -erythritol, xylitol and mannitol were (4. 39 ± 0. 52) × 10−9 , (1. 49 ± 0. 40) × 1010 , (4. 92 ± 0. 27) × 10−10 (9. 9 ± 3. 4) × 1011 and (7. 6 ± 4. 8) × 10−12 m s−3 , respectively. The permeability for glycerol was slightly smaller than that for meso -erythritol, whose molecular weight is larger than that of glycerol in this homologous series: but the reason for this is not clear. 相似文献
8.
The Cape golden mole, Chrysochloris asiatica is an insectivore which excavates superficial foraging burrows as it searches for its food. It has a mean (±S.D.) resting metabolic rate (RMR) when newly captured of 1–17±0.17 cm3 O2 g-1 h-1 ( n = 14), within the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) of 30–32°C.
The body temperature (Tb) of the mole in the TNZ is low 32.9 ± 0.36 ( n = 14) and remains stable at ambient temperatures (Tas) from 28–32°C. Above 32°C (range 34–37°C), Tb increases albeit slightly to 36 ± 1.75°C ( n = 14). The conductance is high 0.27 ± 006cm3 O2 g-1 h-l °C-1 ( n = 46) at the lower limit of thermoneutrality. The mean RMR at 9°C (the lowest Ta tested) was 4.82±11 cm3 O2 g-1 h-1 , which is 4.1 times that of the RMR in the TNZ.
At an ambient temperature of 9°C, three of the golden moles entered a state of torpor where the RMR was reduced from 5.9±0.56 to 10 1.0 ± 0.69cm3 O2 g-1 h-1 . 相似文献
The body temperature (Tb) of the mole in the TNZ is low 32.9 ± 0.36 ( n = 14) and remains stable at ambient temperatures (Tas) from 28–32°C. Above 32°C (range 34–37°C), Tb increases albeit slightly to 36 ± 1.75°C ( n = 14). The conductance is high 0.27 ± 006cm
At an ambient temperature of 9°C, three of the golden moles entered a state of torpor where the RMR was reduced from 5.9±0.56 to 10 1.0 ± 0.69cm
9.
The population structure, age, growth, mortality and harvest intensity of the oyster Crassostrea madrasensis were examined in the Moheskhali Channel, Bangladesh between June 2003 and May 2004. The channel is a representative habitat for the area. C. madrasensis monthly length frequency data were analyzed using FiSAT software for estimating population parameters, including asymptotic length ( L ∝ ), growth co-efficient ( K ) and recruitment pattern to assess the status of the stock. Asymptotic length ( L∝ ) and growth co-efficient ( K ) were 20.88 cm and 0.35 year−1 , respectively. The growth performance index (φ') was calculated with 2.18. The growth pattern showed negative allometric growth ( b < 3), with an asymptotic weight ( W ∝ ) of about 1124.6 g. The oyster attained an average length of 6.17 cm at the end of 1 year. Total mortality ( Z ) by length-converted catch curve was estimated at 1.78 year−1 , fishing mortality ( F ) at 0.77 year−1 , and natural mortality ( M ) at 1.01 year−1 . The exploitation level ( E ) of C. madrasensis was 0.43, while the maximum allowable limit of exploitation ( E max ) was 0.45 for the highest yield. The recruitment pattern was continuous, displaying a single major peak event per year. Habitat temperatures were 25.5–31.0°C (mean ± SD, 29 ± 1.62°C); salinity range was from 12.36 to 26.0 ppt (mean ± SD, 19.6 ± 4.7 ppt). The exploitation level (0.43) indicated that the oyster stock was exploited at almost maximum yield in this channel. 相似文献
10.
Aspects of energetics of adult walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas), from Alaska 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Body energy partitioning was examined for field-caught, adult walleye pollock; additional laboratory studies were conducted on fish held under controlled temperature conditions at Seward, Alaska.
Average consumption for pollock feeding daily was 0.5% of body weight (3100 cal) at 5°C, resulting in an average growth of 0.12% body weight day−1 . These results suggest that large pollock grow at similar rates and have similar food conversion efficiencies to those of Atlantic cod held at similar temperatures.
Resting metabolic rates measured on adult fish were combined with similar data from juveniles to calculate a regression of specific metabolic rate against wet weight: y = 173x−026 . Maintenance rations amounted to 4.8 cal g−1 day−1 at 5°C, very close to the 0.28% value for juveniles. Estimation of metabolic rate using maintenance ration data resulted in values that were 55% higher than those obtained from oxygen consumption data for unfed fish. Weight loss during starvation was 0.18% of body weight day−1 at 5°C, corresponding roughly to a starvation metabolic rate 50% lower than the resting metabolic rate we report.
We estimate that an adult pollock will lose about 37% of its prespawning body weight and about 46% of its body energy during spawning. These losses result, primarily, from changes in the weight of gonad, liver and somatic tissues as opposed to changes in specific energy content of those tissues. 相似文献
Average consumption for pollock feeding daily was 0.5% of body weight (3100 cal) at 5°C, resulting in an average growth of 0.12% body weight day
Resting metabolic rates measured on adult fish were combined with similar data from juveniles to calculate a regression of specific metabolic rate against wet weight: y = 173x
We estimate that an adult pollock will lose about 37% of its prespawning body weight and about 46% of its body energy during spawning. These losses result, primarily, from changes in the weight of gonad, liver and somatic tissues as opposed to changes in specific energy content of those tissues. 相似文献
11.
The energetics of an egg-laying mammal, the echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ), were studied in the wild by means of isotope turnover techniques. Water and sodium influx rates were highest in summer (47.7±15.3 ml kg-1 day-1 and 1.20±0.52 mmol kg-1 day-1 , respectively) and associated with high metabolic rates (0.509±0.048 ml CO2 g-1 h-1 ). Water and sodium influxes and metabolic rates were lowest in May and June (7.8±6.4 ml H2 O kg-1 day-1 , 0.21±0.12 mmol Na kg-1 day-1 and 0.205±0.129 ml CO2 g-1 h-1 , respectively). These low rates in late autumn/early winter are associated with reduced activity, the animals spending substantial periods of time in torpor. The comparatively low isotope turnover rates of echidnas are a consequence of their diet; ants and termites which have low mass-specific energy contents. 相似文献
12.
Two abalone species: green Haliotis fulgens and yellow Halioti corrugata represent nearly 97% of the total production in the Mexican abalone fishery. It has been assumed that abalone feed on the kelp algae Macrocystis pyrifera. Regional hatcheries use this species as a main source of natural food. M. pyrifera does not occur at the southern limit of the distribution of abalone species along the Baja California Peninsula. In this study, growth rates of juveniles H. fulgens , 17.3 ± 2.2 mm shell length and 0.4 ± 0.2 g body weight, were evaluated. Juveniles were fed with common species in the benthic environments inhabited by abalone along the western coast of Baja California during 191 days. Three diets were based on algae: palm kelp, Eisenia arborea , giant kelp, M. pyrifera and Gelidium robustum , and one on seagrass, Phyllospadix torreyi. Shell length and body growth rates varied between 21.5 μm day−1 and 2.2 mg day−1 for E. arborea and between 45.9 μm day−1 and 6.7 mg day−1 for M. pyrifera. Higher specific growth rates (SGR) in length and weight were determined for M. pyrifera : 0.2% and 0.7% day−1 . Significant differences between values of juveniles fed M. pyrifera with the rest of the diets were found. The highest mortality (21%) was in juveniles fed the red algae G. robustum. 相似文献
13.
When acclaimated for two months at 26 C the social Mashona mole-rat Cryptomys hottentotus darlingi (±S.D.) resting metabolic rate (RMR) of 0·98±0.·14cm2 O2 g -1 h-1 ( n =21), within a thermal neutral zone (TNZ) of 28 31·5 C ambient temperature (Ta). The body temperature (Tb) of the mole-rat is very low. 33·3±0·5 C, and remained stable between 25 31·5 C ( n =28). Above 33 C. Tb increased to a mean of 34·±0· C (n=28) (Ta range 33 39 C). Below Ta 25 C. Tb showed strong poikilothermic tendencies, with Tb dropping to a mean of 26·8±1·16 C. whereas above Ta25 C. Tb varied in a typically endothermic pattern. The conductance is high 0·19±0·03 cm2 O2g 1 C 1 (n=28) at the lower limit of thermoneutrality. The mean RMR at 18 C (the lowest Ta tested) was 2·63 ± 0·55 cm3 O2 g 1 h 1 (n=7) which is 2·6 times that of the resting metabolic rate in the TNZ. 相似文献
14.
C. M. C. Salles † J. B. Salles ‡ V. L. F. Cunha Bastos § R. A. Dias § J. Cunha Bastos § 《Journal of fish biology》2007,71(6):1858-1863
The values of Michaelis–Menten constant (KM ) and maximum velocity (VMAX ) for kidney and heart monoamine oxidase (MAO) from pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus were determined. The mean ± s . e . KM values were 17·28 ± 2·27 μM for kidney and 15·38 ± 1·86 μM for heart. MAO activities were 111·60 ± 3·25 and 15·12 ± 0·30 nmols min−1 g−1 of wet tissue for kidney and heart, respectively. In addition, MAO inhibitory studies in these two tissues indicate that this enzyme may be a different isoform of MAO. 相似文献
15.
The lungs of five female domestic Muscovy ducks, mean body weight 1.627 kg, total lung volume 48.07 cm3 , were analysed by standard morphometric methods. Principal results obtained are: lung volume per unit body weight, 30.17 cm3 /g; volume densities of exchange tissue relative to lung volume, 49.24%, blood capillaries relative to exchange tissue, 29.63%, tissue of the blood gas (tissue) barrier relative to exchange tissue, 5.88%; surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier per unit body weight, 30.04 cm2 /g; ratios of the surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier per unit volume of the lung and per unit volume of exchange area, 979 cm2 /cm3 and 200.06 mm2 /mm3 , respectively; harmonic and arithmetic mean thicknesses of the tissue barrier, 0.199 μm and 0.303 μm, respectively. The anatomical diffusing capacity of the tissue barrier for oxygen ( DtO2 ) and the total pulmonary diffusing capacity ( DLO2 ), 49.58 ml O2 /min/mmHg/kg and 4.55 ml O2 /min/mm Hg/kg, respectively. The lungs of the domestic Muscovy duck appear to be about as well adapted anatomically for gas exchange as the lungs of wild anatid species, and there is no clear evidence that domestication has been associated with any deterioration in the anatomical capacity for oxygen uptake. The weight-specific anatomical diffusing capacity of the lung for oxygen ( DLO2 /W ) was about 3.6 times greater than the weight-specific physiological value, a factor which falls within the expected range. 相似文献
16.
Growth of Pacific cod was related to energy consumption (cal g−1 day−1 ) and was well described by linear equations. Maintenance ration was 11 and 12 cal g−1 day−1 at 4.5 and 6.5° C, respectively. Cod between 200 and 5000 g had similar growth rates when growth was expressed as a function of consumption (cal g−1 day−1 ). Laboratory consumption of food averaged 0.9 and 1.3% body weight per day at 4.5 and 6.5° C, respectively. At these temperatures growth was 0.34–0.38% body weight day−1 .
Maximum stomach volumes equated to approximately 4.7% of body weight with shrimp as prey. At this meal size Pacific cod did not feed the next day. A multiple meal evacuation experiment was used to verify the consumption estimates. A return-to-hunger estimate of the meal size evacuated was 1.5% body weight day−1 at 6.5° C, similar to the 1.3% consumption estimate. For Pacific cod fed a single meal of 1% body weight the estimated instantaneous evacuation rate was 0.63 body weight day−1 at 6.5° C. Meal size markedly affected the evacuation rate.
Measured consumption and growth rates are similar to those of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua . 相似文献
Maximum stomach volumes equated to approximately 4.7% of body weight with shrimp as prey. At this meal size Pacific cod did not feed the next day. A multiple meal evacuation experiment was used to verify the consumption estimates. A return-to-hunger estimate of the meal size evacuated was 1.5% body weight day
Measured consumption and growth rates are similar to those of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua . 相似文献
17.
The relationship between metabolic rate of pike (Y, mgO2) and body weight (X, g) over the range 40–1291 gat 15° C is of the form: Y=aXb . For resting metabolic rate (Vo2 , rest), the scaling coefficient, b , is 0.80 and for maximum metabolic rate measured after exhaustive swimming (V02 , max), b is 0.99. Factorial metabolic scope (V02 , max/ V02 , rest) increases with body weight. Peak postprandial oxygen consumption (V02 , ASDA) is a constant multiple of V02 rest for any discrete meal (expressed as % of body weight) up to 10% body weight. V02 ASDA after a single meal can utilize the entire metabolic scope (V02 , max—V02 , rest) of juvenile but not adult pike. 相似文献
18.
19.
The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for common wolf–fish Anarhichas lupus in the North Sea were: male: L ∞=111·2 cm, t 0 =–0·43 and K =0·12; and female: L ∞=115·1 cm, t 0 =–0·39 and K =0·11, making this the fastest growing stock reported. Resting metabolic rates (RMR±S.E.) and maximum metabolic rates (MMR±S.E.) for six adult common wolf–fish (mean weight, 1·39 kg) at 5° C were 12·18±1·6 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 and 70·65±7·63 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 respectively, and at 10° C were 25·43±1·31 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 and 113·84±16·26 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 . Absolute metabolic scope was 53% greater at 10° C than at 5° C. The diet was dominated by Decapoda (39% overall by relative occurrence), Bivalvia (20%) and Gastropoda (12%). Sea urchins, typically of low energy value, occupied only 7% of the diet. The fast growth probably resulted from summer temperatures approximating to the optimum for food processing and growth, but may have been influenced by diet, and reduced competition following high fishing intensity. 相似文献
20.
Annual changes of bacterial mortality due to viruses and protists in an oligotrophic coastal environment (NW Mediterranean) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Julia A. Boras M. Montserrat Sala Evaristo Vázquez-Domínguez Markus G. Weinbauer Dolors Vaqué 《Environmental microbiology》2009,11(5):1181-1193
The impact of viruses and protists on bacterioplankton mortality was examined monthly during 2 years (May 2005–April 2007) in an oligotrophic coastal environment (NW Mediterranean Sea). We expected that in such type of system, (i) bacterial losses would be caused mainly by protists, and (ii) lysogeny would be an important type of virus–host interaction. During the study period, viruses and grazers together were responsible for 50.6 ± 40.1% day−1 of bacterial standing stock losses (BSS) and 59.7 ± 44.0% day−1 of bacterial production losses (BP). Over the first year (May 2005–April 2006), protists were the principal cause of bacterial mortality, removing 29.9 ± 20.4% day−1 of BSS and 33.9 ± 24.3% day−1 of BP, whereas viral lysis removed 13.5 ± 17.0% day−1 of BSS and 12.3 ± 12.3% day−1 of BP. During the second year (May 2006–April 2007), viruses caused comparable bacterial losses (29.2 ± 14.8% day−1 of BSS and 40.9 ± 20.7% day−1 of BP) to protists (28.6 ± 25.5% day−1 of BSS and 32.4 ± 20.0% day−1 of BP). In 37% of cases higher losses of BP due to viruses than due to protists were found. Lysogenic infection was detected in 11 of 24 samplings. Contrary to our expectations, lytic infections dominated over the two years, and viruses resulted to be a significant source of bacterial mortality in this oligotrophic site. 相似文献