No "Rip Van Winkles" Here: Amish Education Since Wisconsin v. Yoder

This study examines the educational implications of the shift in economic livelihood in a Ohio Amish community since a landmark 1972 Supreme Court decision paved the way for control of their schools. The clash between tradition and economic pragmatism, and their multiple interpretations, has led to diverse educational pathways, including public schools, charter schools, homeschooling, GED programs, and vocational courses. The diverse ways in which the Amish continue to renegotiate social boundaries with their English neighbors suggests the need for more attention to internal diversity in the anthropological study of schooling in so called "folk societies."     

Biodiversity under rocks: the role of microhabitats in structuring invertebrate communities in Brazilian outcrops

There is little knowledge on the factors that can structure communities of tropical arthropods that live under rocks (lapidicolous communities). Using 28 rock shelters in a small granitic outcrop, we examined the relations among area, inclination, organic matter content, substrate moisture and distance from the border of the outcrop and richness and diversity of the communities. In total, we collected 1216 individuals from 106 morphospecies of Araneida, Acarina, Polyxenida, Spirostreptida, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Psocoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Embioptera, Homoptera, Isoptera, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera, Collembola, Nematoda and Oligochaeta. The richness and diversity of the lapidicolous communities were significantly correlated with area, inclination and distance from the edge of the outcrop in the dry season. The richness and diversity of lapidicolous communities were significantly correlated with organic matter, substrate moisture and area in the rainy season. Space availability seemed to be an important structuring factor for lapidicolous communities in the present study, the most significant variables (substrate moisture and organic matter) were related to shelter area.     

Different subjects: the health care system's participation in the differential construction of the cultural citizenship of Cuban refugees and Mexican immigrants

This paper explores the public health system's differential construction of Mexican and Cuban immigrants' "deservingness" of citizenship benefits and its preparation of them for different roles in U.S. society. Civic institutions such as the public health care system are charged with inculcating normative behavior in immigrants and instilling in them different conceptions about their rights and responsibilities. Faced with limited resources under the implementation of Medicaid managed care, hospital administrators created new categories of "deserving" and "undeserving" immigrants based on neoliberal standards of individual responsibility and self-discipline. As a result, hospital policies construct different types of "cultural citizenship" for Cuban and Mexican immigrants, preparing the former to be active citizens and discouraging the latter from pressing demands on American civil institutions. I show that this negative construction of Mexican immigrants' moral worth leads to unmet health needs and poor health outcomes.     

Promoting RRI and active citizenship in an inquiry-based controversial socio-scientific issue: the case of cholesterol regulation with statins

ABSTRACT

Science education is an important dimension of the European Commission’s Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) objectives; however, RRI is not an explicit focus of biology teaching and few biology teachers have experience in integrating RRI in classroom practice. This study examines the impact of a three 80-minute RRI and active citizenship module on 11th grade biology students, based on the SSIBL pedagogical framework. A representative national sample of 11th grade biology students in Cyprus (n = 398) participated. A pre-post research design examined impact in relation to students’ conceptual understanding regarding cholesterol and its regulation, their understanding of the controversy about cholesterol regulation, awareness of RRI components, feeling of responsibility and willingness to act. Analyses indicated statistically significant gains in conceptual understanding and the understanding of the controversy about cholesterol regulation and awareness of RRI components, as well as in students’ socio-scientific accountability (feeling of responsibility and willingness to act). Conceptual understanding showed increased correlations with Controversy understanding and RRI understanding forming the three of them the cognitive elements of individuals understanding. All of the examined variables are deemed, as of great importance for the design, implementation and evaluation of innovative biology RRI and active citizenship modules.     

Cultural consonance and psychological distress: examining the associations in multiple cultural domains

Cultural consonance is the degree to which individuals, in their own beliefs and behaviors, approximate widely shared cultural models. In previous research in Brazil and the United States we found that higher cultural consonance in the cultural domains of lifestyle and social support was associated with lower psychological distress. The aim of this paper is to expand on these results in two ways. First, the measurement of cultural consonance has been improved through a closer link of cultural domain analyses and survey research. Second, the number of domains in which cultural consonance has been examined has been expanded to include—along with lifestyle and social support—family life, national identity, and food. We found that cultural consonance in these five domains can be conceptualized as two latent variables of generalized cultural consonance, and that this generalized cultural consonance is associated with lower psychological distress. These results continue to support the usefulness of cultural consonance as a theoretical construct in the explanation of human social suffering.     

"It Was Fine, if You Wanted to Leave": Educational Ambivalence in a Nova Scotian Coastal Community 1963–1998

This article reports on a study of schooling in southwest Nova Scotia. Using Bourdieu's concepts of cultural capital and habitus, I analyze rural men's relationships involving identity, work, place, and schooling to explain continuing high male dropout rates and local traditions of ambivalence and resistance to schooling. I conclude that the tension between formal schooling and place is endemic in many rural communities and that qualitative migration analysis can reveal the complexity of relationships between learning and leaving.     

Multiplication of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysanthemum</Emphasis> shoots in bioreactors as affected by culture method and inoculation density of single node stems

Single node cuttings (1 cm in length) of Chrysanthemum were cultured on gelled and liquid media to compare shoot multiplication efficiency. Liquid culture resulted in greater fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length and leaf area compared to gelled culture. Shoots from liquid culture grew vigorously without hyperhydricity, showing 100% ex vitro survival. To determine optimal inoculation density of single nodes in a bioreactor, different numbers of single nodes (20 or 40 or 60 or 80) were placed into a 10-l column-type bioreactor. Shoot length was greatest at the 80-node inoculation, with the least number of branches, indicating the best inoculation density tested for shoot multiplication in bioreactors. In the final experiment, single-node cuttings in bioreactors were treated with three different culture systems: ebb and flood, deep flow technique (DFT) culture and immersion. Results indicated that the DFT culture led to the greatest fresh weight, shoot length and leaf area, followed by the ebb and flood culture, while the immersion culture suppressed shoot multiplication due to the lack of oxygen and the high water potential. Our results suggested the possibility of large-scale production of Chrysanthemum shoots in bioreactors.     

Re/Making La Negrita: Culture as an Aesthetic System in Costa Rica

In this article, I examine the production of meaning in the veneration of La Negrita, the black Madonna and patroness of Costa Rica. Both an apparition and an icon, La Negrita is a 20-centimeter, dark-colored statue of the Virgin Mary that appeared to a mulata girl on the outskirts of the colonial city of Cartago in 1635. Throughout the ensuing 400 years, La Negrita has been remade in the image of hegemony, even as the experience of her perceived power has challenged that ideological and coercive project. Through an analysis of this historical progression, I argue for a theory of culture as an aesthetic system, where the egalitarianism of experience is always in conflict with the authoritarianism of meaning.     

Corticolous lichens as potential bioindicators of fire history: a study in the cerrado of the Distrito Federal, central Brazil

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of epiphytic corticolous lichens as indicators of fire history in the cerrado (savannas) of central Brazil. Work was carried out at the Reserva Ecológica do IBGE and the Jardim Botânico de Brasilia, 33 km outside Brasilia D.F., in ten plots of cerrado denso within the ‘Fire Project’ area. Each plot was subjected to a specific prescribed burning regime, with study sites varying from a plot protected from fire for over 20 years to a plot burned every 2 years. Research was carried out in two stages: (1) a preliminary survey of plots with different fire histories, measuring variables about the lichen habitat and the lichen communities present in the habitats; (2) lichen sampling in plots with different fire histories, where collection and identification of lichen species took place. Field techniques used included plotless sampling, and identification of lichens was carried out using taxonomic keys, both in the field and in the laboratory. The results show that fire is a major determinant of epiphytic corticolous lichen communities in cerrado denso vegetation. The abundance, distribution and recolonization of lichen communities can clearly be correlated with the frequency and behaviour, in terms of homogeneity and flame heights, of the fires that have occurred in each of the plots surveyed. Particular lichen species also show differential sensitivities to fire frequency and behaviour. This study shows that responses of corticolous lichens, at both the community and species level, can be used as bioindicators of fire history in areas of cerrado denso vegetation in central Brazil.     

Globalization and Migration: Post-Colonial Dutch Antillean and Aruban Immigrant Political Incorporation in the Netherlands

For much of its colonial history, the Netherlands experienced little contact with its island possessions in the Caribbean. Subsequent Dutch policy was formulated in the shadow of the Netherlands primary concern with its prosperous colony of Indonesia. The 1985 closing of the oil refineries in Aruba and Curacao, Netherlands Antilles and Aruba’s “status aparte” in 1986 triggered a mass migration from those Dutch “overseas countries” to the Netherlands. These recent migrations of thousands of Dutch post-colonial citizens have added to the Dutch reevaluation of its colonial past and debates about its multicultural democratic future.     

"And This Is How You Shall Ask": Linguistics, Anthropology, and Education in the Work of David Smith

This article celebrates the life and work of David M. Smith, former Council on Anthropology and Education president and founder of the University of Pennsylania Ethnography in Education Research Forum, tracing his contributions to the fields of linguistics, anthropology, and education through the dual lens of his ten research principles and Walt Whitman's life advice. David Smith's pioneering efforts helped push disciplinary boundaries and generate innovations in sociolinguistics, pidgin and creole linguistics, ethnography and education, sociocultural studies of literacy, and Indigenous studies.     

Detection of the B"-GWGR variant in the southernmost region of Brazil: unveiling the complexity of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtype B epidemic

Typical human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) sequences present a GPGR signature at the tip of the variable region 3 (V3) loop; however, unusual motifs harbouring a GWGR signature have also been isolated. Although epidemiological studies have detected this variant in approximately 17-50% of the total infections in Brazil, the prevalence of B"-GWGR in the southernmost region of Brazil is not yet clear. This study aimed to investigate the C2-V3 molecular diversity of the HIV-1B epidemic in southernmost Brazil. HIV-1 seropositive patients were ana-lysed at two distinct time points in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS98 and RS08) and at one time point in the state of Santa Catarina (SC08). Phylogenetic analysis classified 46 individuals in the RS98 group as HIV-1B and their molecular signatures were as follows: 26% B"-GWGR, 54% B-GPGR and 20% other motifs. In the RS08 group, HIV-1B was present in 32 samples: 22% B"-GWGR, 59% B-GPGR and 19% other motifs. In the SC08 group, 32 HIV-1B samples were found: 28% B"-GWGR, 59% B-GPGR and 13% other motifs. No association could be established between the HIV-1B V3 signatures and exposure categories in the HIV-1B epidemic in RS. However, B-GPGR seemed to be related to heterosexual individuals in the SC08 group. Our results suggest that the established B"-GWGR epidemics in both cities have similar patterns, which is likely due to their geographical proximity and cultural relationship.     

从民族生态学的角度探讨金平分水岭自然保护区周边民族对生物多样性的保护和利用

民族生态学是研究不同民族和社会如何与其自然环境中各个方面包括植物、动物、土地、森林和土壤等相互作用关系的一门科学。在云南东南部中越国境的金平分水岭国家级自然保护区周边各个民族包括拉祜族(苦聪人)、哈尼族、瑶族和苗族在长期与自然环境的相互作用中积累了认识、利用和保护自然环境及其资源的丰富的传统知识,也与自然环境建立了密切地相互依存的关系,并在其民族文化中具体反映。这些朴素的民族生态学的实践经验是生物多样性和文化多样性保护的一个不可分割有机整体。     

Expanding the Dialogue: A Response to Bird and Godwin's "Film in the Undergraduate Anthropology Classroom"

This article is a response to S. Elizabeth Bird and Jonathan P. Godwin's article "Film in the Undergraduate Anthropology Classroom: Applying Audience Response Research in Pedagogical Practice." The intention of my response is to expand the dialogue on film use to promote cultural understanding in university classes and campus-wide. Through participant-observation and the use of surveys over a two-year period, I examine the transformation of participant viewers in various contexts, noting that by limiting our understanding of film to merely the transfer of information, we not only have a limited understanding of our viewers but also have ignored possible avenues for learning. My findings indicate that the "context" for film screening is dependent on the film, the instructor, the post-screening discussant, and the viewers, can yield dramatic results in learning, depending on the ways in which each is engaged.     

Research in Turbulent Environments: Slums in Chennai,India and the Impact of the December 2004 Tsunami on an Ecohealth Project

On December 26, 2004, a tsunami struck coastal areas in the Bay of Bengal. Among the communities affected were Pallavan Nagar and Anju Kudasai slums in Chennai India. These communities have been collaborating, with some success, on a project to manage the urban environment for human health that employs an adaptive ecosystem approach framework, and is heavily influenced by participatory action research methodology. The tsunami resulted in loss of life, shelter, property and livelihoods in these communities. This profile presents an overview of the project, the two settlements, and the impact of the tsunami on the communities. This article also discusses the impact of the disaster on the direction and nature of the ecohealth project.     

Towards an understanding of sex determination in Equisetum: an analysis of regeneration in gametophytes of the subgenus Equisetum

Equisetum gametophytes possess extensive powers of regeneration without showing any signs of diminished vigour or abnormal development. Isolated lamellae, pieces of antheridial and archegonial branches were used to analyse gametophyte morphogenesis and sex determination. Intact individuals and subcultured sexual branches never revert to a vegetative state. Transplantation of apical pieces of archegonial branches on to fresh medium delays the onset of antheridium formation indicating phenotypic control. On the other hand, male branches invariably continue producing antheridia. Experimentally induced adventitious branches on lamellae are interpreted as the result of physiological isolation from inhibitors. In intact individuals these adventitious branches are always antheridial: after subculturing, archegonial branches are also produced, demonstrating that the gametophytes of Equisetum are all potentially bisexual. Isolated lamellae regenerate secondary gametophytes, the sexual ratios between which vary between species, but lamellae from archegonial tissues invariably produce more female individuals, probably reflecting the different sizes of the respective lamellae. The view that mixtures of intact male and bisexual Equisetum gametophytes result from inherent physiological differences between the spores is not supported.     

The "Other" Story of Model Minorities: Korean American High School Dropouts in an Urban Context

This article analyzes how socioeconomic backgrounds, social capital, and school resources affect Korean American youths' educational attainment and aspirations. In the context of limited social and economic support, students delineate differences within coethnic communities along class lines and adopt an oppositional cultural frame of reference to endure and resist institutional barriers. This study demonstrates the significance of distinguishing socioeconomic differences within Korean American communities and for whom the enclaves may be more beneficial.