Aquatic ecology in The Netherlands: What is being done by whom?

Summary About one third of the Dutch environmental research is concentrated on aquatic problems. The largest number of these projects is physicochemical (65%) and 47% of the aquatic projects contains an ecological component. The aquatic research projects are executed in a large number of different research institutes. Many institutes just formulated one project (43.2%) and about 10% of the institutes formulated 10 projects. The institutes with 10 or more projects account for almost 50% of the total number of projects. However, the size of the research projects with respect to the average total personnel per year may differ considerably. The largest number of aquatic research projects is carried out in governmental institutes. This relative high share of governmental institutes has proportionally increased during the period of 1975–1982. During this period the relative shares of all the aquatic research projects with an ecological component, of the strictly ecological projects and of the ecological/physicochemical projects have also proportionally inclined. However, in absolute numbers there seems to be a decline of both ecological and non-ecological projects on aquatic problems.     

A review of bioinformatics education in Germany

We describe the establishment of bioinformatics in Germany andgive an overview of current bioinformatics education in thiscountry, from the perspective of the practitioner. The aim ofthis study is to demonstrate development of a strong bioinformaticseducation at German universities and research institutes duringthe last years. Beginning with a definition of the multi-disciplinaryfield bioinformatics, we give a survey of government initiativesin Germany in support of this field, which resulted in a widespectrum of courses. To the best of our knowledge, we compileall ongoing courses at universities and research institutes.Five case studies featuring university courses with differenteducational focus illustrate the variety of efforts. In thiscontext we also discuss the main components of German bioinformaticscurricula. These components can be considered as the basic knowledgeof German bioinformaticians. We conclude by giving perspectivesfor further development of bioinformatics education.      

三单位保存的艾氏腹水癌细胞株及克隆细胞蛋白质表达

目的　比较三个单位保存的艾氏腹水癌 (EAC)细胞株及克隆细胞的蛋白质表达。方法　对北京市肿瘤研究所 (北京 )保存的EAC进行克隆培养 ,从中选出 5株克隆 ;对武汉大学保种中心 (武汉 )、山东省医学科学院药物研究所 (山东 )及北京保存的EAC细胞株及 5株克隆细胞的SDS PAGE电泳图谱及免疫组化蛋白质分布进行了对比。结果　武汉、山东及北京保存的EAC的电泳条带数分别为 2 2、2 5及 2 8条 ,而克隆细胞E2G8为 2 6条带。三单位EAC瘤细胞对 5种抗体做免疫组化染色 ,与 1株抗体反应的阳性细胞比例均较高 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,与另 4种抗体反应的阳性细胞率差异有显著性 ;5株克隆细胞对 10种抗体作免疫组化染色 ,其中克隆细胞E2G8、E2F4与 7种抗体反应阳性 ,E2C6与 8种抗体反应阳性 ,E1G5、E2B5与 6种抗体反应阳性。克隆细胞一旦与某种抗体反应阳性 ,阳性细胞的比例即在 85 %以上。结论　不同单位保存的EAC细胞株及克隆细胞株蛋白质表达有差异     

肾内科进修生临床带教体会

进修教育是继续医学教育的重要组成部分,是基层医院医生深造的一条重要途径,是基层培养业务技术骨干的重要手段,也是大型综合性医院临床工作的重要组成部分。总结我科进修医生临床教学中的经验包括:分析构成,因材施教;理论知识与临床技能双管齐下;注重医德医风、职业道德的培养,强化法制观念,从多方面着手,培养高素质的肾内科进修医生,收到了满意的效果。     

Who is publishing in Theriogenology and on what subjects?

An analysis of 503 articles published in the journal Theriogenology in 1984, 1987 and 1990 was conducted to identify research trends and researchers publishing in the journal. A 30.5% increase in the number of papers published was found for 1990. During the 3yr period studied, the United States and Canada accounted for 63.1% of the total number of articles published, followed by European countries with 14.3%, and by Asia with 12.0%. At least 1 paper was published from 41 countries. The United States, at the top of the list, increased its share from 16% in 1984 to 21% in 1990. The number of papers from Japan increased significantly while the percentage of participation from Europe declined. The female animal was the sole subject of 63.2% of the articles, and cattle were the most researched species, appearing in 44.3% of the studies. Although the estrous cycle was the most studied reproductive event in all 3 yr, there was also a trend for the popularity of this topic to decrease in favor of the subject fertilization. The number of authors per paper increased significantly over the years analyzed, as did the number of studies carried out in international cooperation. Institutes of higher education were represented in almost 70% of the papers, followed by research institutes (12.8%). The present analysis confirms the central role that the journal Theriogenology plays in the world-wide communication of research results in animal reproduction.     

The status of medical physics in radiotherapy in China

PurposeTo present an overview of the status of medical physics in radiotherapy in China, including facilities and devices, occupation, education, research, etc.Materials and methodsThe information about medical physics in clinics was obtained from the 9-th nationwide survey conducted by the China Society for Radiation Oncology in 2019. The data of medical physics in education and research was collected from the publications of the official and professional organizations.ResultsBy 2019, there were 1463 hospitals or institutes registered to practice radiotherapy and the number of accelerators per million population was 1.5. There were 4172 medical physicists working in clinics of radiation oncology. The ratio between the numbers of radiation oncologists and medical physicists is 3.51. Approximately, 95% of medical physicists have an undergraduate or graduate degrees in nuclear physics and biomedical engineering. 86% of medical physicists have certificates issued by the Chinese Society of Medical Physics. There has been a fast growth of publications by authors from mainland of China in the top international medical physics and radiotherapy journals since 2018.ConclusionsDemand for medical physicists in radiotherapy increased quickly in the past decade. The distribution of radiotherapy facilities in China became more balanced. High quality continuing education and training programs for medical physicists are deficient in most areas. The role of medical physicists in the clinic has not been clearly defined and their contributions have not been fully recognized by the community.     

全球北极底栖生物研究文献计量分析

以Thomson Reuters的Web of Science信息平台提供的SCI-E数据库为数据源,检索到从1991年至2012年期间全球北极底栖生物研究论文2127篇,利用Note Express软件,分析22年间论文发表的年度、国家、机构、作者、期刊和学科等方面的分布特征,结果表明:1)全球北极底栖生物研究论文数量、篇均作者数和篇均参考文献数都在逐年增加;2)研究论文涉及58个国家或地区,位于前7位的国家依次是美国、德国、加拿大、挪威、俄罗斯、英国和丹麦;美国、加拿大、挪威和丹麦是该领域国际合作研究最主要的国家;3)论文涉及1364个机构,前20名的研究机构中,美国有6家,德国、加拿大和挪威各有3家,俄罗斯和丹麦各有2家,波兰有1家。俄罗斯、丹麦、波兰、德国和挪威超过60%的研究力量集中在位列前20位的相关机构中。俄罗斯科学院论文总量排列首位,德国阿尔弗雷德魏格纳极地与海洋研究中心和基尔大学论文的h指数最高为32;4)论文涉及最多的4个学科是海洋与淡水生物学、生态学、海洋学和多学科地球科学。Polar Biology和Marine Ecology Progress Series是发表该领域最核心的期刊。还对中国在该领域的研究现状进行了简要的分析。从文献计量学角度揭示了全球北极底栖生物研究现状,为提升我国该领域研究的国际竞争力提供科学参考。     

Learning to lead

A successful research career requires not only an aptitude for science but also the mastering of other skills including communication, management, and grant writing. A growing number of programs at universities and research institutes aim to teach these crucial skills to graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and junior faculty.     

Proposition by an exobiologist]

The study and education of Exobiology in Japan has several problems. First, there are no laboratories nor departments named "Exobiology" or "Astrobiology" in Japan. Most of exobiological studies are performed without official supports. Second, many youths are interested in exobiology, but they do not know how to take part in research of exobiology. In order to solve the problems, not only each researcher but also the society (JSBSS) should advertise the activities in exobiological researches in Japan by using such media as symposia and publications. It is also essential to have official divisions named "exobiology" in national institutes or universities.     

Relative h-index to compare the scientific performance of researchers

I propose the Relative h-index of a scientist, which is based on his or her Hirsch's h-index divided by the total number of published papers recorded in the database. The Relative index h allows for a comparison of the scientific output among researchers and can be very useful for research support institutions, universities, and institutes to rank researchers for the purposes of recruitment, promotions, awards, and grant funding for projects.     

Evolutionary physiology by data of publications for 1965–2005

Evolutionary physiology as independent direction of physiology was formed in the XX century and was rapidly developing in its second half. To evaluate some tendencies of this process, we analyzed publications in Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, one of the leading specialized periodicals on this problem. Analysis of works published for 4 decades has shown that the majority of papers deals with study of evolution of function of the nervous system (40–60 papers per year), less papers concern study of functions of sensory and visceral systems (20–30 per year). Among the used method, the most widely spread is the comparative-physiological method. By the end of the 1990s the number of works with use of methods of embryophysiology decreased. In the performed studies, predominant are physiological methods. Use of biochemical methods decreased, while of methods of molecular biology increased. The most often used objects of studies were mammals. By the end of the XX—beginning of the XXI century, in the greater number of papers the object of study has become human, while the number of publications in which experiments were performed on amphibians, reptiles, and birds decreased. More than a half of all works were carried out in St. Petersburg (Leningrad); the number of papers submitted from Moscow institutions gradually decreased, but the number of works from regions of Russia rose. Most studies were performed at institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences and universities, while the number of papers from institutes of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences decreased. For the last few years, several generalizations on evolution of functions and functional evolution have been formulated; handbooks and monographs on problems of evolutional physiology have been published.     

Computational Biology and Bioinformatics in Nigeria

Over the past few decades, major advances in the field of molecular biology, coupled with advances in genomic technologies, have led to an explosive growth in the biological data generated by the scientific community. The critical need to process and analyze such a deluge of data and turn it into useful knowledge has caused bioinformatics to gain prominence and importance. Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary research area that applies techniques, methodologies, and tools in computer and information science to solve biological problems. In Nigeria, bioinformatics has recently played a vital role in the advancement of biological sciences. As a developing country, the importance of bioinformatics is rapidly gaining acceptance, and bioinformatics groups comprised of biologists, computer scientists, and computer engineers are being constituted at Nigerian universities and research institutes. In this article, we present an overview of bioinformatics education and research in Nigeria. We also discuss professional societies and academic and research institutions that play central roles in advancing the discipline in Nigeria. Finally, we propose strategies that can bolster bioinformatics education and support from policy makers in Nigeria, with potential positive implications for other developing countries.     

Biotechnology SME's,start-ups,spin-offs or microenterprises are they molecules coming from the research results? If so,what place do they hold in the global industrial tissue?

In recent years, the number of biotech enterprises in Europe has grown spectacularly, largely fueled by the increasing number of entrepreneurial initiatives from Europe's leading research institutes. The place held on the economic market by these enterprises, is a question that market analysts have been asking themselves since their rapid growth and, more particularly, their over valuation which, at times, has led to the crash of their shares on the stock markets. To be sure, this article does not claim to go into an in-depth financial analysis to explain the details of certain "shipwrecks". Rather, it just would like to provide some useful indications for all those having embarked, or desirous of doing so, in the creation of biomedical enterprises.     

1999～2008年中国应用生理学杂志载文统计分析

目的:对近十年中国应用生理学杂志刊载的基金论文进行统计与分析,评价该杂志的学术地位和社会影响力。方法:运用文献计量学方法,对中国应用生理学杂志1999～2008年的载文、基金论文率、基金资助级别、作者所在区域等进行定量分析。结果:载文及基金论文数量不断增加;地方机构的基金数目在后五年所占比例明显提高;北京、浙江、天津地区为杂志重要来源。结论:中国应用生理学杂志已形成了自己独特的学术风格,具有较好的学术地位和社会影响力。     

国内期刊生态学文献计量特征

从文献计量学角度描述学科的发展动态,揭示学科发展规律是新学科发展进程的必要补充.论文以生态学37个分支学科的名称作为关键词,检索和统计了《维普科技期刊数据库》近15年文献.分析认为,国内期刊生态学文献符合指数增长规律,其中六个分支学科的文献所占比例较大,而生态经济、农业生态文献所占比例明显呈逐年下降趋势;文献量较小但增加迅速的学科有五个分支学科;发表文献的作者人数分布呈幂函数关系,发表10篇论文可为高产作者的分界点;发表生态学论文较多的主要机构集中于农林高校、综合性大学和中科院研究所;生态学文献在各种期刊中的分布符合布拉德福定律科学文献的分散与集中的规律.     

Assessment of risk management and control measures against coronavirus disease

This article presents the COVID-19 situation and control measures taken by the Government of Pakistan. Two waves of pandemic are faced globally and similar in the study area. We have investigated the risk management decision in two phases. Primarily, strict lockdown was observed from March 2020 to July 2020 and smart lockdown was enforced from August 2020 to December 2020. It has been studied that during strict lockdown, COVID cases reduced gradually but reopening of institutes and smart lockdown strategy resulted gradual increase in confirmed cases and death rates. During first wave of COVID-19 in Pakistan, a total confirmed number of patients of COVID-19 were 263,496 till 18th of July 2020 with total deaths of 5,568 people and 204,276 recoveries, while total number of COVID-19 patients reached 555,511 till 9th of February 2021 with total deaths of 12,026 people. Province of Sindh was affected badly with total number of 251,434 COVID-19 cases followed by Punjab Province with total number of 161,347 COVID-19 till 9th of February 2020.     

Developing and implementing a multi-modality imaging optimization study in paediatric radiology: Experience and recommendations from an IAEA coordinated research project

Optimization of imaging examinations is a key requirement of both the International and European Basic Safety Standards, and the focus of much international activity. Although methodologies are well established in principle, there continues to be a variety of practical issues both in collecting and interpreting dose and image quality data and in making successful interventions to optimize exposures.A Coordinated Research Project, involving institutes from ten different countries, was established by the IAEA to assess the efficacy of recommended optimization methodologies in the field of paediatric radiology and to derive practical guidance on their implementation. The steps followed in this process were identification of the imaging process to be investigated (abdomen and chest x-rays, micturating cysto-urethrograms, and brain & thorax CT scans); collection of dose and image quality data; evaluation and comparison of the data between institutes and to standards; identification and implementation of interventions for optimization; and re-evaluation of dose and image quality parameters.The project succeeded both in achieving effective interventions for optimization of specific imaging tasks in individual institutes and in identifying key issues with potential to handicap this process. The main area in which problems were encountered was in the collation of reliable dose and image quality data. The reasons for this were explored and a series of recommendations have been made, summarized into ‘ten practical tips’ for optimization to assist institutes, particularly those in the early stages of addressing optimization issues.     

Protocol for X-ray dosimetry and exposure arrangements employed in studies of late somatic effects in mammals

A number of European laboratories studying the late effects of ionizing radiation in animals have established an effective cooperation within the European Late Effects Project Group (EULEP) since 1970. To facilitate the exchange of biological results several techniques, including quality control of the experimental animals, pathology and dosimetry, have to be standardized. The most important aspects of the procedures for X-irradiation and dosimetry of small animals are summarized. These include recommendations on irradiation conditions, dosimetry methods, characteristics of phantoms and factors affecting X-ray dosimetry. X-irradiation procedures employed by the participating institutes are described and the results of five X-ray dosimetry intercomparisons are reported. The introduction of a common dosimetry protocol has resulted in improvements in exposure arrangements and absolute dosimetry.     

水稻分子育种技术专利分析

通过Thomson Innovation（TI）专利平台数据库中相关专利的检索,利用专利计量学的方法,从专利申请数量、受理国家、申请机构、技术生命周期以及研发热点等方面对水稻分子育种技术国际发展态势进行分析。结果表明,水稻分子育种技术目前整体呈快速发展趋势,并已趋于成熟。其中,美国的申请量最多,是全球最受重视的技术市场。大型跨国公司不仅是全球最主要的专利申请主体,而且在我国的专利申请活动也较为活跃。我国在水稻分子育种技术领域专利数量较多,并且具有一定优势,相关专利申请主体为科研机构和大学。对专利文献内容的深入分析表明,重要农艺性状的基因挖掘和转基因技术是分子育种技术领域当前的研发热点。