沙冬青几种光合特性的季节性变化的研究

研究了沙冬青几种光合特性的季节性变化,在气温升高时,沙冬青净光合速率、气孔导度和气孔限制值均呈下现降趋势,而胞间ＣＯ２浓度（Ｃｉ）却呈上升趋势。根据Ｆａｒｑｕｈａｒ和Ｓｈａｒｋｅｙ提出的关于区分气孔限制的两个标准,结果表明Ｐｎ的下降可能是非气孔限制因素导致。研究还证明,Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ大亚基的相对含量以及光化学活性与Ｐｎ的季节性变化相关,表明ＣＯ２同化的季节性变化主要取决于上述两种因素的变化。     

NaCl胁迫对菠菜叶片中水分和光合气体交换的影响(简报)

NaCl胁迫下,菠菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）下降。短期处理的叶片中CO2浓度（Ci）降低,气孔限制值（Is）升高,水分利用效率（WUE）增大,而长期处理的叶片中Ci升高,Is下降,WUE降低。NaCl短期处理下,菠菜光合降低以气孔限制为主,而在长期处理下光合的非气孔限制因素增大。     

土壤水分对温室盆栽番茄叶片生理特性的影响及光合下降因子动态

以温室盆栽番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill．)为试验材料,研究了土壤水分对叶水势(LWP)、细胞液浓度(CSC)、气孔导度(Gs)、气孔限制值(Ls)和叶片光合特性的影响,以及引起光合下降的因子动态。结果表明,随着土壤水分胁迫程度的增加,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、LWP明显下降．Gs具有相同的趋势,而CSC显著升高。土壤水分胁迫和高水分处理的Pn与Tr日变化呈双峰曲线,但在适宜土壤水分下为单峰曲线。随着土壤含水量的增加,光合下降的非气孔限制出现的时间具有滞后现象。本文对非气孔限制出现的临界点动态作了进一步的探讨。     

水分胁迫对牛心朴子光合生理特性影响的研究

采用PVC管种植模拟土壤干旱的方法,研究了牛心朴子(Cynanchum komarovii)在水分胁迫下光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶绿素荧光的变化规律及不同生育期适应性表现。结果表明：土壤水分胁迫对牛心朴子叶片光合生理的影响与其胁迫时间及其胁迫程度都有关系,胁迫前中期Pn下降的原因主要是气孔限制,而到后期则以非气孔因素限制为主。中度土壤水分胁迫在短期内对牛心朴子叶片光合作用具有促进作用,而且有利于WUE的提高。而重度胁迫对牛心朴子Pn的影响较显著,而且非气孔因素的出现早于中度胁迫的处理。牛心朴子的光合生理对土壤水分胁迫具有一定的适应时期和适应范围。     

NaCl胁迫对大米草光合·蒸腾等生理特性的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫下大米草净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）,叶片气孔导度（Gs）、细胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、株高、叶长、叶宽、茎粗、叶绿素含量、气孔限制值和水分利用效率。结果表明：当NaCl浓度高于300mmol／L时,大米草Pn、Tr、Gs、株高、叶长以及叶绿素含量受到显著抑制（P〈0．05）,叶宽及茎粗则无显著性差异。NaCl胁迫下,大米草光合速率的降低是气孔因素和非气孔因素综合导致的结果,Pn、Tr、Gs、株高以及叶绿素含量的降低可作为大米草受NaCl胁迫的症状．而WUE则保持在较高的水平．因此在防治大米草荨延时．排水处理不是最佳选择。     

NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗植株生长和光合特性的影响

采用营养液水培法,选用耐盐性不同的2个黄瓜品种,研究了不同浓度N aC l处理对黄瓜幼苗植株生长及叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,净光合速率(Pn)呈下降趋势,气孔导度(G s)变化趋势与Pn相一致;气孔限制值(L s)在处理的前4 d显著升高,随处理时间延长而下降;细胞间隙CO2浓度(C i)的变化趋势与L s相反;光合碳同化的量子效率(Φc)明显下降。耐盐性较弱的‘津春2号’各项光合参数变化幅度明显大于耐盐性较强的‘长春密刺’。短期N aC l处理,Pn下降以气孔限制因素为主,较长期N aC l处理,Pn下降转向非气孔限制因素。     

土壤水分胁迫下沙漠葳的光合生理特征

以从美国西部引进的沙生灌木——沙漠葳（Chilopsis linearis）的2年生实生苗为材料,通过盆栽试验于7-9份进行轻度、中度和重度土壤水分胁迫处理并分析其光合生理响应特征.结果显示：（1）60 d中度或重度土壤水分胁迫使沙漠葳的净光合速率（Pn）、水分利用效率（WUE）和光补偿点（LCP）显著降低,暗呼吸速率（DRR）减弱,而气孔导度（Cs）增大,气孔限制值（Ls）变小.（2）Pn日变化在7月份的轻度和中度土壤水分胁迫下表现为双峰曲线,其余月份的胁迫处理均为单峰曲线,同期内各胁迫处理Pn峰值出现的时间基本相同,而且8月份各水分胁迫的Pn值显著高于其它月份;WUE的日变化趋势和Pn日变化相似,而且土壤水分胁迫越严重,其水分利用效率越低;各水分胁迫处理的Pn和Tr光响应拟合曲线均基本呈抛物线形或倒抛物线形.（3）在轻度和中度土壤水分胁迫的初期,Pn降低主要受气孔限制因素的影响,随着胁迫期的延长和胁迫的加重,Pn降低由气孔限制为主逐步转向以非气孔限制为主.研究表明,沙漠葳对干旱胁迫具有一定的适应能力,但长期中度或重度干旱胁迫都会影响沙漠葳的正常生长发育,使其光合生产力大大降低.     

田间大豆叶片光合作用与活性氧清除酶的日变化

开花期大豆叶片光合速率（Pn）在晴天中午伴随气孔导度（Gs）下降而降低,而叶温（TL）、光呼吸速率（Pr）以及Pr／Pn比值在中午前后明显上升。胞间CO2浓度（Ci）在上午下降,之后则逐渐增加。在最高光量子通量密度（PFD）低于1．2mmol·m-2·s-1的多云天气,大豆叶片Pn与Pr的日变化依赖于PFD、Ci与Pr／Pn比值在一天中基本恒定。晴天与多云天气大豆叶片细胞活性氧清除系统的超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氨酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）与抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ASA－POD）活性均出现明显的日变化,中午前后酶活性明显增加。文中讨论了大豆叶片细胞活性氧清除酶系统日变化的适应性意义。     

盐胁迫对枸杞光合作用的气孔与非气孔限制

NaCl胁迫后,枸杞叶片的Pn,gs,Tr随盐浓度的增加呈现下降趋势。在0．08％－0．6％的NaCl胁迫范围内,枸杞叶片的Ci降低,Ls升高,gs下降主要受气孔限制,这可能由于盐刺激根系产生的某些物理或化学信号运输到地上部所致;而在盐分浓度大于0．6％的胁迫条件下,枸杞叶片的Ci则升高,Ls降低,gs下降的原因是由于Na^ ,Cl^-的大量积累对光合酶活性产生直接的毒害作用,从而使非气孔限制因素成为主要限制因子。     

关于净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度关系的思考

胞间CO2浓度（G）是光合生理生态研究中经常用到的一个参数。特别是在光合作用的气孔限制分析中,Ci的变化方向是确定光合速率变化的主要原因和是否为气孔因素的必不可少的判断依据（Farquhar和Sharkey1982;许大全1997）。     

Seasonal Changes in Photosynthetic Characteristics of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus

Seasonal changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Chen f. were studied. When the net photosynthetic rate decreased with the elevation of air temperature, the stomata conductance and stomatal limitation value tended to decline simultaneously, while the intercellular CO2 concentration was increased. According to the two criteria discriminating the stomatal limitation of photosynthesis suggested by Farquhar and Sharkey, the seasonal changes in these parameters indicated that the decrease in Pn, may not be due to stomatal factor. These studies proved that the relative contents of the large subunit of Rubisco and the photochemical activities correlated with the seasonal changes in the net photosynthetic rate, which may show that these two factors contribute primarily to the seasonal changes in CO2 assimilation.     

6种热带雨林木本植物幼苗光合诱导的研究

 在晴天上午适宜条件下,测定了生长在模拟林下光环境中的6种热带雨林木本植物幼苗的光合特性和光合诱导特征。6种植物分别为先锋树种大穗野桐(Mallotus macrostachys),冠层树种绒毛番龙眼(Pometia tomentosa)、玉蕊(Barringtonia pendala)、望天树(Shorea chinensis)、滇南插柚紫(Linociera insignis)和林下灌木睫毛粗叶木(Lasianthus hookeri)。研究结果表明：暗处理3 h的叶片经连续饱和强光照射后,6种植物的净光合速率呈s形到双曲线形。6种植物达到90%最大净光合速率的时间为4.4～12.5 min,这与所报道的其它热带雨林中一些阴生植物的诱导速率相近。大穗野桐和睫毛粗叶木的诱导速率最快,达到50%和90%最大净光合速率的时间为其它4种冠层植物幼苗的1/2至1/3。诱导过程中,最大气孔导度对强光的响应明显滞后于净光合速率。充分诱导的叶片在黑暗中20 min后,6种植物的诱导状态都较高。其中,大穗野桐的诱导状态消失相对较快,这可能与其气孔导度和羧化能力的快速降低有关。玉蕊诱导状态的消失主要与生化限制有关,因为此时它的气孔导度仍维持相对较高的值。而睫毛粗叶木较高的气孔导度和羧化能力的维持导致了很高的诱导状态。林下植物这种对强光的快速反应和黑暗中高的维持状态对有效利用光斑具有重要的意义,这与其一生中在林下生长和更新的特点是一致的。     

Seasonal changes in photosynthetic characteristics of Anemone raddeana,a spring-active geophyte,in the temperate region of Japan

Summary Seasonal changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of intact involucral leaves of Anemone raddeana were investigated under laboratory conditions. Net photosynthesis and constant water vapor pressure deficit showed almost the same seasonal trend. They increased rapidly from mid-April immediately after unfolding of the leaves and reached the maximum in late-April, before the maximum expansion of the leaves. They retained the maximum values until early-May and then decreased toward late-May with a progress of leaf senescence. The calculated values of intercellular CO₂ concentration and relative stomatal limitation of photosynthesis showed no significant change throughout the season. The carboxylation efficiency as assessed by the initial slope of Ci-photosynthesis curve and the net photosynthesis under a high Ci regime varied seasonally in parallel with the change of the light-saturated photosynthesis. The results indicate that the seasonal changes in light-saturated net photosynthesis are not due to a change of stomatal conductance, but to a change in the photosynthetic capacity of mesophyll. Nevertheless, leaf conductance changed concomitantly with photosynthetic capacity, indicating that the seasonal change in stomatal conductance is modulated by the mesophyll photosynthetic capacity such that the intercellular CO₂ concentrations is maintained constant. The shape of light-photosynthesis curve was similar to that of sun-leaf type. The quantum yield also changed simultaneously with the photosynthetic capacity throughout the season.Contribution No. 2965 from the Institute of Low Temperature Science     

Differences in stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics of five diploidy wheat species

Five diploidy wheat species were chosen as research materials to determine the differences in stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics. The results of the study showed that species with S genomes (Ae. Sect. Sitopsis) had the largest values in stomatal length, girth and area, and the lowest values in stomatal width, density and index. On the contrary, the species with D genomes (Ae. Tauschii) had the highest values in stomatal width, density and index, and the lowest values in stomatal length, girth and area. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were higher in species with D genomes (Ae. Tauschii) and lower in species with S genomes (Ae. Sect. Sitopsis), respectively. The net photosynthetic rate showed significant correlation with stomatal conductivity, and the changes in intercellular CO₂ content showed the opposite trend to the changes in stomatal limitation, indicating that the stomatal conductivity is the main factor limiting the photosynthetic rate. T. urartu with higher net photosynthetic ability showed higher values in stomatal conductivity and stomatal limitation, and lower values in intercellular CO₂ content. However, T. boeoticum showed the opposite trend. T. urartu had higher values of chlorophyll content in flag leaf area, while T. boeoticum had lower values, indicating that there might be higher chlorophyll content.     

黄土高原森林草原区6种植物光合特性研究

 对黄土高原森林草原区6种不同植物的生理生态学特性进行了一个生长季的野外观测。测定了2002年生长季早、中、晚期植物叶片的光合、蒸腾速率及相应的微气象因子和土壤水分的含量。在此基础上,采用机理性生理生态学模型对黄土高原森林草原区6种植物净光合速率和气孔导度与环境因子的关系进行了分析,净光合速率模型和气孔导度模型分别能够解释57%～79% 和40%～59% 生长季中净光合速率和气孔导度的日变化。在此基础上根据拟合得到的参数计算了典型7月份天气的净光合速率的日变化。模拟的结果表明：沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. sinensis Rousi)的生物化学光合能力最强,茵陈蒿（Artemisia capillaris）的光呼吸速率最低,这两种植物的净光合速率高于其它植物种。刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）、铁杆蒿 (Artemisia gmelinii)、茵陈蒿和沙棘在午后出现的净光合速率下降主要是由气孔导度减小引起的,而苹果 (Malus pumila) 和柠条 (Caragana korshinskii)午后净光合速率的降低与叶肉细胞酶的活性降低有关。这些结论为未来的实验室测定提供了野外观测佐证。     

二倍体小麦种间气孔与光合特征差异

选取5个二倍体小麦种为实验材料,利用数码图像显微镜处理系统、气体交换参数测定系统和叶绿素荧光动力学参数测定系统,研究了二倍体小麦种间气孔特征与光合特性的差异.结果表明,二倍体小麦种间气孔和光合特征存在较大的差异:其中S基因型(Ae.Sect.Sitopsis)的气孔长度、周长和面积最大,而其宽度、密度和气孔指数却是最小的;D基因型(Ae.Tauschii)的气孔宽度、密度和气孔指数最大,而其长度、周长和面积却是最小的;D基因型(Ae.Tauschii)的净光合速率最大,而S基因型(Ae.Sect.Sitopsis)的净光合速率最小.气孔周长与气孔面积呈显著正相关关系,而气孔密度与气孔面积呈显著负相关关系.二倍体小麦的净光合速率与气孔导度呈显著正相关关系,同时气孔限制值的变化趋势与细胞间隙CO2浓度的变化趋势相反,说明二倍体小麦的光合能力主要受气孔限制.在几个种中,乌拉尔图小麦(T.urartu)具有较高的净光合速率和气孔导度,同时细胞间隙CO2浓度最低,气孔限制值最大,在光合能力和耐光抑制方面有较明显的优势;而野生一粒小麦(T.boeoticum)则在光合能力和耐光抑制方面不存在优势.同时,乌拉尔图小麦(T.urartu)的叶绿素含量最高,而野生一粒小麦(T.boeoticum)最低,叶绿素含量可能也是造成二倍体种间光合能力差异的原因之一.     

The Electrical Analogy Analysis and Simulation Testing of the Relationship Between Net Photosynthetic Rate and Stomatal Conductance

The hypothesis about the linear relationship between net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, which had formed the basis of the empirical model proposed by Ball et al, was analyzed by analogy with electrical resistance and simulation testing. The results showed that the relationship between stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate was non-linear, but approaches a linear one when there was a large the boundary layer conductance of leaf. In addition, the way in which the ratio of CO2 concentrations in and out of the stomata changes with light and the influence of boundary layer conductance on the ratio had also been simulated.     

净光合速率与气孔导度相互关系的电学类比分析和模拟研究

对Ｂａｌｌ等的气孔模型所依据的实验事实之一（净光合速率与气孔导度呈线性关系）作了只考虑各阻力与总通量之间关系的电学类比分析和模拟检验。从电学类比分析得到的关系式可以看出,净光合速率与气孔导度的关系是非线性的,只有当叶片的边界层导度比较大时,两者的关系才接近线性。模拟得到的结论也是一样的。另外还模拟了气孔内外ＣＯ２ 浓度之比随光强的变化以及边界层导度的影响,模拟结果可以解释已有的实验结果     

Rapid field determination of photosynthetic capacity of cut spruce twigs (Picea abies) at saturating ambient CO2

Summary Routine field determination of the parameters characterizing the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus is often difficult when attached branches of tall trees have to be used for gas exchange measurement. If severed twigs could be used, determining these parameters would be greatly facilitated. Because stomatal conductance changes when twigs or leaves are detached, CO₂ assimilation is usually altered. Thus, measurements made at ambient CO₂ concentration fail to accurately assess the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus because photosynthetic rates greatly depend on the supply of carbon dioxide. However, when photosynthetic carboxylation reactions are saturated by increased CO₂ partial pressure in the mesophyll, CO₂ assimilation rates no longer depend on instantaneous stomatal conductance, as shown by gas exchange measurements of spruce (Picea abies) twigs prior to and following detachment. Because net photosynthesis following detachment at saturating CO₂ remains constant for a minimum of 15 min, photosynthetic measurements of severed twigs may be reliable. This length of time is sufficient for detaching and recutting the twig, assembling a portable minicuvette system, re-establishing steady-state conditions with the gas analyser system, and reading the data over a reasonable period of time. The method described measures the maximal photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation of spruce needles of a single age-class from detached spruce twigs under the following conditions: saturating light, saturating external CO₂-partial pressure, standardized temperature and air humidity in the field. The method is applicable as a routine procedure to characterize the status of the photosynthetic apparatus of spruce trees that may be damaged in the process of forest decline.