不同植茶年限土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征

作为土壤结构的基本单元和土壤肥力的重要组成部分,土壤团聚体对土壤的物理、化学和生物特性均有重要影响。试验选取了雅安市名山区中峰乡生态茶园区12—15a、20—22a、30—33a和50a的茶园,研究其土壤团聚体及其有机碳总量、储量和活性组分的分布特征,探究植茶年限对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤以2 mm粒级团聚体为主,约为70%—80%,且在0—20 cm土层植茶20—22a土壤团聚体含量最高;(2)茶园土壤团聚体有机碳含量随团聚体粒级的减小而增加,最大值出现在0.25 mm粒级团聚体,且在植茶50a时达最高值,0—20 cm土层团聚体有机碳含量均高于20—40 cm,土壤团聚体水溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳随植茶年限的延长呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,植茶30—33a时含量最高,且小粒级团聚体水溶性有机碳含量较高而微生物量碳较低;(3)土壤团聚体对有机碳的贡献率约有70%来自2 mm粒级团聚体,团聚体有机碳储量随植茶年限延长呈增加的趋势,不同植茶年限0—20 cm土层各粒级团聚体有机碳储量均高于20—40 cm土层,且以0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳储量最高。研究结果在一定程度上揭示了不同植茶年限土壤团聚体及其有机碳的分布特征,可为改善区域土壤质量及实施退耕还茶工程提供理论指导。     

天山高寒草原土壤团聚体结构与养分含量对模拟氮磷沉降的响应

为更好地理解高寒草原土壤团聚体结构及其养分含量对氮(N)、磷(P)沉降增加的响应,于2018年开始依托全球营养网络(Nutrient Network)在巴音布鲁克草原生态系统研究站开展模拟氮磷沉降的短期(<5年)氮磷添加控制实验,设置对照(CK)、N添加、P添加、NP交互添加4个处理。N、P添加量均为10 g m^-2 a^-1。于2021年8月采集植物与土壤样品,采用湿筛法分析土壤水稳定性团聚体组成,测定全土和各粒级团聚体有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、速效氮(AN)和速效磷(AP)含量。研究结果表明：(1)巴音布鲁克高寒草原各粒级土壤团聚体比例从低到高依次为：0.053—0.25 mm、<0.053 mm、0.25—2 mm、和>2 mm,以>2 mm团聚体占主导,其比例在45.48%—71.81%之间。(2)N添加显著降低了0—10 cm土壤层>2 mm团聚体比例和团聚体稳定性,而P添加则显著降低了10—20 cm土壤层>2 mm团聚体比例和团聚体稳定性。(3)0—10 cm土壤层各粒级团聚...     

不同栽培管理模式对农田土壤团聚体组成及其碳、氮分布的影响

在两种肥力条件下设置超高产栽培模式(SH)、高产高效栽培模式(HH)、农民习惯处理(FP)和不施肥对照处理(CK)4种栽培管理模式的定位试验,研究了以肥料投入为主要影响因素的不同栽培管理模式对黄淮海区域不同肥力农田耕层土壤团聚体组成及其碳、氮分布的影响,为通过培肥土壤实现小麦-玉米周年可持续增产增效提供技术支持.结果表明: 与低肥力田块(LSF)相比,高肥力田块(HSF)耕层土壤团聚体的平均质量直径和几何平均直径高、分形维数低,有利于大团聚体的形成与稳定,各级团聚体的有机碳和全氮含量较高.优化施用氮磷钾肥、配施有机肥可增加耕层土壤团聚体的粒径、降低其分形维数,促进大团聚体的形成与稳定,对高肥力田块的影响大于低肥力田块;二者亦可提高有机碳和全氮在大团聚体中的含量与分布,其中,对＞5 mm团聚体的贡献率的影响在低肥力田块大于高肥力田块,对5～0.5 mm的各粒级团聚体的贡献率的影响在高肥力田块优于低肥力田块.     

宁南山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体水稳定及有机碳粒径分布的影响

土壤团聚作用和土壤有机碳固定之间密切相关.对宁南山区不同植被恢复措施和年限下土壤团聚体粒径分布及稳定性、土壤团聚体中有机碳及其组分分布进行了研究,探讨了有机碳及其组分对植被恢复的响应.结果表明,不同植被恢复措施下,土壤团聚体粒径分布表现为“V”字分布:＞5 mm和＜0.25 mm这两个粒径的团聚体含量最多,5-2 mm、1-0.25 mm团聚体的含量次之,2-1 mm粒径的团聚体含量最少.坡耕地的平均重量直径(MWD)最低,为1.4,其他植被恢复措施下土壤的平均重量直径MWD在1.9-3.1之间.不同的植被恢复措施下,0-20 cm土层和20-40 cm土层全土有机碳含量在7.4-17.7 g/kg之间、微生物碳含量分布在50.3-664.7 mg/kg之间、腐殖质碳含量在0.9-2.5g/kg之间.胡敏酸碳含量分布在0.2-0.6 g/kg,富里酸碳含量在0.6-1.9 g/kg之间.全土有机碳、微生物碳、腐殖质碳、富里酸碳均为坡耕地最低,其他植被恢复措施的有机碳、微生物碳、腐殖质碳、富里酸碳含量分别是坡耕地的1.1-2.3倍、2.0-8.4倍、1.0-2.0倍、1.2-2.4倍.不同粒径团聚体有机碳相比较,大多呈现中间高两边低的变化趋势,最大值出现在中间粒径,即5-2 mm、2-1 mm、1-0.25 mm这3个粒径.逐步回归表明,5-2 mm团聚体和1-0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量的提高有助于土壤水稳性团聚体的形成.研究结果表明,植被恢复提高了土壤团聚体有机碳含量,在碳形态上,富里酸碳和微生物生物量碳对不同植被恢复措施的敏感度较高,胡敏酸碳含量则相对稳定.     

In-Situ Bioremediation of DDTs and PAH Contaminated Aging Farmland Soil Using Blood Meal

The use of blood meal was studied for in-site bioremediation of contaminated farmland soil. The combination of blood meal and indigenous microorganisms helped to in-site remediate the combined contaminated aging farmland soil of DDTs and PAH in Shenyang, China. The concentration of DDTs and PAHs was 47.94 ± 0.63 μg/kg and 690.10 ± 5.16 μg/kg, respectively. Biostimulation using blood meal or glucose promoted the bioremediation rate of DDTs and PAHs. Compared to glucose, blood meal was a longer term repair additive of DDTs and PAHs, and the remediation result was more efficient and durable. In the blood meal treatment, plowing the soil once every 7 days could increase the soil enzyme activities and bacterial populations, and it could significantly promote the remediation rates of DDTs (P < 0.05) and more evidently promote the remediation rates of PAHs. The DDTs and PAHs remediation rates increased from 32.18% and 20.17% to 43.41% and 26.09%, respectively, in soil treated with blood meal and plowed weekly after the five month remediation. This study provides an highly efficient in-site farmland soil bioremediation technology that could have practical utility.     

Effects of humic substances and soya lecithin on the aerobic bioremediation of a soil historically contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

The high hydrophobicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) strongly reduces their bioavailability in aged contaminated soils, thus limiting their bioremediation. The biodegradation of PAHs in soils can be enhanced by employing surface-active agents. However, chemical surfactants are often recalcitrant and exert toxic effects in the amended soils. The effects of two biogenic materials as pollutant-mobilizing agents on the aerobic bioremediation of an aged-contaminated soil were investigated here. A soil historically contaminated by about 13 g kg(-1) of a large variety of PAHs, was amended with soya lecithin (SL) or humic substances (HS) at 1.5% w/w and incubated in aerobic solid-phase and slurry-phase reactors for 150 days. A slow and only partial biodegradation of low-molecular weight PAHs, along with a moderate depletion of the initial soil ecotoxicity, was observed in the control reactors. The overall removal of PAHs in the presence of SL or HS was faster and more extensive and accompanied by a larger soil detoxification, especially under slurry-phase conditions. The SL and HS could be metabolized by soil aerobic microorganisms and enhanced the occurrence of both soil PAHs and indigenous aerobic PAH-degrading bacteria in the reactor water phase. These results indicate that SL and HS are biodegradable and efficiently enhance PAH bioavailability in soil. These natural surfactants significantly intensified the aerobic bioremediation of a historically PAH-contaminated soil under treatment conditions similar to those commonly employed in large-scale soil bioremediation.     

Microbial community dynamics in soil aggregates shape biogeochemical gas fluxes from soil profiles – upscaling an aggregate biophysical model

Microbial communities inhabiting soil aggregates dynamically adjust their activity and composition in response to variations in hydration and other external conditions. These rapid dynamics shape signatures of biogeochemical activity and gas fluxes emitted from soil profiles. Recent mechanistic models of microbial processes in unsaturated aggregate‐like pore networks revealed a highly dynamic interplay between oxic and anoxic microsites jointly shaped by hydration conditions and by aerobic and anaerobic microbial community abundance and self‐organization. The spatial extent of anoxic niches (hotspots) flicker in time (hot moments) and support substantial anaerobic microbial activity even in aerated soil profiles. We employed an individual‐based model for microbial community life in soil aggregate assemblies represented by 3D angular pore networks. Model aggregates of different sizes were subjected to variable water, carbon and oxygen contents that varied with soil depth as boundary conditions. The study integrates microbial activity within aggregates of different sizes and soil depth to obtain estimates of biogeochemical fluxes from the soil profile. The results quantify impacts of dynamic shifts in microbial community composition on CO₂ and N₂O production rates in soil profiles in good agreement with experimental data. Aggregate size distribution and the shape of resource profiles in a soil determine how hydration dynamics shape denitrification and carbon utilization rates. Results from the mechanistic model for microbial activity in aggregates of different sizes were used to derive parameters for analytical representation of soil biogeochemical processes across large scales of practical interest for hydrological and climate models.     

不同年限旱砂田土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征

以长期定位试验5、10、15、20、30年旱砂田为研究对象,研究了不同年限旱砂田土壤团聚体及其有机碳的分布特征.结果表明:旱砂田土壤团聚体含量随粒级减小表现出“降-升-降”的变化趋势,10年以内旱砂田以>5 mm粒级团聚体为主,15年以上旱砂田以0.05～0.25 mm粒级团聚体为主,>0.25 mm团聚体含量(R_0.25)和团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)均随着覆砂年限的延长而减小.不同年限旱砂田土壤团聚体有机碳含量随团聚体粒级减小而增加,各粒级土壤团聚体有机碳含量、团聚体对有机碳的贡献率及团聚体有机碳储量均随着覆砂年限的延长和土层的加深而降低,>1 mm粒级团聚体有机碳对长期旱砂田有机碳变化响应敏感.10、15、20、30年较5 年旱砂田团聚体有机碳储量在0～10 cm土层分别降低了8.0%、24.4%、27.5%和31.4%,10～20 cm土层分别降低了1.4%、15.8%、19.4%和21.8%.综上所述,旱砂田土壤固碳能力随种植年限延长而降低,需加强15年以上旱砂田的土壤培肥工作.     

植被恢复对黄土区煤矿排土场土壤团聚体特征的影响

目前关于植被恢复对排土场土壤团聚性的影响还不清楚,以植被恢复下黄土区露天煤矿排土场为研究对象,采用湿筛法测定了排土场土壤水稳性团聚体组成,研究了植被恢复类型(草地、灌木)和排土场地形(平台、边坡)对土壤团聚体特征的影响。结果表明:植被恢复促进了排土场水稳性团聚体的形成,平台0—20 cm土层水稳性大团聚体数量(R_(0.25))、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)分别达到31.1%,0.70 mm和0.26 mm,边坡分别达到13.3%,0.37 mm和0.17 mm,均显著高于裸地,分形维数(D)在平台和边坡分别为2.91和2.96,均显著低于裸地;平台土壤团聚性要好于边坡,草地对于平台土壤团聚结构改良效果较好,而灌木对于边坡改良效果较好;排土场土壤有机碳和粘粒含量均与土壤团聚体指标有显著相关性。植被恢复提高了排土场土壤团聚性,植被恢复类型和地形对排土场土壤团聚体特征有显著影响。     

华北低丘山地不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征

土地利用变化影响土壤团聚性及有机碳分布,进而改变土壤碳循环过程。对太行山南部50年刺槐人工林（R50）、17年刺槐人工林（R17）、自然恢复林（NR）和农田（CL）等不同土地利用方式下的表层土壤（0-20 cm）进行了系统研究,利用湿筛法对土壤团聚体进行分级,并计算土壤结构稳定性参数（平均重量直径MWD,团聚体比例AR）及不同粒径团聚体有机碳贡献率,进而分析弃耕后土壤团聚体分布及团聚体有机碳含量变化。结果表明,土地利用方式对土壤团聚体粒径分布及团聚体有机碳含量有显著影响,自然恢复林与刺槐林的大团聚体（>0.25 mm）含量都高于农田,且自然恢复林的大团聚体增加更显著。MWD的计算结果表明：自然恢复林 > 刺槐人工林 > 农田,说明该区域的自然恢复方式更容易促进大团聚体的形成,并显著改良土壤结构及增强土壤团聚体稳定性。弃耕后,不同土地利用方式0-10 cm土层各粒径团聚体有机碳含量均高于农田,且团聚体有机碳含量与团聚体稳定性呈正相关。这些结果说明,研究区域的自然植被恢复和人工造林都可以显著提高土壤的固碳能力,且储存的有机碳主要存于大团聚体中,而农田的有机碳大都存于粘粒+粉粒团聚体中。自然植被恢复和人工造林均提高了土壤结构稳定性,是改善团粒结构、提高土壤质量的有效方式。     

杉木林分类型对表层土壤团聚体有机碳及养分变化的影响

探讨不同杉木林分表层土壤有机碳及养分在团聚体尺度下的微观表征,可为促进杉木人工林土壤资源可持续利用奠定理论基础,从而保障和提升土壤健康及肥力。本研究以杉木-火力楠混交林(Ⅰ)、杉木-米老排混交林(Ⅱ)和杉木纯林(Ⅲ)的土壤为对象,在0～10和10～20 cm土层采集土样,通过干筛法将土样分为>2、0.25～2和<0.25 mm粒径团聚体,测定各粒径团聚体的有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等养分的含量。结果表明: 不同林分表层土壤团聚体的有机碳和养分含量均随粒径减小而增加,不同粒径团聚体对有机碳和养分储量的贡献率在0～10 cm土层表现为: (>2 mm粒径)>(0.25～2 mm粒径)>(<0.25 mm粒径),在10～20 cm土层为(>2 mm粒径)>(<0.25 mm粒径)>(0.25～2 mm粒径)。不同林分类型表层土壤团聚体稳定性指标的平均重量直径,有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量及储量均为林型Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ(10～20 cm土层的有效磷除外),而速效钾含量和储量的排序为林型Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ。相较于杉木纯林,杉木与火力楠、米老排混交林的表层土壤具有更稳定的团聚体结构,而未受到人为因素干扰的杉木-火力楠混交林的表层土壤具有更多的大团聚体(>0.25 mm),土壤结构优于受到人为干扰的杉木-米老排混交林。杉木-火力楠混交林能够有效促进土壤团聚体的形成和稳定,缓解人工林土壤有机质分解及养分流失。     

Nutrient-limited biodegradation of PAH in various soil strata at a creosote contaminated site

The effects of nutrient addition on the in situ biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in creosote contaminated soil were studied in soil columns taken from various soil strata at a wood preserving plant in Norway. Three samples were used: one from the topsoil (0–0.5 m), one from an organic rich layer (2–2.5 m) and one from the sandy aquifer (4.5–5 m). The addition of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous stimulated the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the top soil and the aquifer sand. These two soils, which differed strongly in contamination levels, responded similarly to nutrient addition with the corresponding degradation of 4-ring PAHs. The ratio between available nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) might explain the degree of degradation observed for the 4-ring PAHs. However, the degree of degradation of 3-ring PAHs did not significantly increase after nutrient addition. An increase in the respiration rate, after nutrient addition, could only be observed in the topsoil. In the aquifer sand, 4-ring PAH degradation was not accompanied by an increase in the respiration rate or the number of heterotrophic micro-organisms. PAH degradation in the organic layer did not respond to nutrient addition. This was probably due to the low availability of the contaminants for micro-organisms, as a result of sorption to the soil organic matter. Our data illustrate the need for a better understanding of the role of nutrients in the degradation of high molecular weight hydrocarbons for the successful application of bioremediation at PAH contaminated sites.     

耕作方式对潮土土壤团聚体微生物群落结构的影响

为探究不同耕作方式对潮土土壤团聚体微生物群落结构和多样性的影响,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法测定了土壤团聚体中微生物群落。试验设置4个耕作处理,分别为旋耕+秸秆还田(RT)、深耕+秸秆还田(DP)、深松+秸秆还田(SS)和免耕+秸秆还田(NT)。结果表明:与RT相比,DP处理显著提高了原状土壤和>5 mm粒级土壤团聚体中真菌PLFAs量和真菌/细菌,为真菌的繁殖提供了有利条件,有助于土壤有机质的贮存,提高了土壤生态系统的缓冲能力;提高了5～2 mm粒级土壤团聚体中细菌PLFAs量,降低了土壤革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌,改善了土壤营养状况;提高了<0.25 mm粒级土壤团聚体中微生物丰富度指数。总的来说,深耕+秸秆还田(DP)对土壤团聚体细菌和真菌生物量有一定的提高作用,并且在一定程度上改善了土壤团聚体微生物群落结构,有利于增加土壤固碳能力和保持土壤微生物多样性。冗余分析结果表明,土壤团聚体总PLFAs量、细菌、革兰氏阴性菌和放线菌PLFAs量与土壤有机碳相关性较强,革兰氏阳性菌PLFAs量与总氮相关性较强。各处理较大粒级土壤团聚体微生物群落主要受碳氮比、含水量、pH值和团聚体质量分数的影响,较小粒级土壤团聚体微生物群落则主要受土壤有机碳和总氮的影响。     

黄土高原天然次生林植被演替过程中土壤团聚体有机碳动态变化

土壤团聚体物理保护是促进有机碳积累主要机制之一。以黄土高原子午岭林区天然次生林植被演替群落为对象,研究从农田、草地（白羊草,Bothriochloa ischaemum）、灌木林（沙棘,Hippophae rhamnoides）、先锋林（山杨,Populus davidiana）到顶级林（辽东栎,Quercus liaotungensis）5个植被演替阶段0-20 cm土壤团聚体稳定性和团聚体有机碳的动态变化,并分析团聚体有机碳的影响因素。结果表明：土壤团聚体稳定性随着植被演替显著提高（P<0.05）,顶级林的团聚体稳定性最高;土壤有机碳含量和各粒径土壤团聚体（> 2 mm、2-0.25 mm、0.25-0.053 mm、<0.053 mm）有机碳含量均随着植被演替而增加。除草地0.25-0.053 mm团聚体有机碳含量最高外,其他演替阶段均为0.25-2 mm粒径最高。根系生物量、凋落物生物量、微生物生物量碳、团聚体稳定性均与团聚体有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。总体而言,长期植被演替有助于团聚体稳定性和团聚体有机碳累积。     

Influence of Celery on the Remediation of PAHs-contaminated Farm Soil

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination has been considered as one of the major environmental concerns for farmland soil all over the world including China. Due to small per capita land area, to find crops or vegetable, which could not only degrade the PAHs contaminants but also would not concentrate PAHs, was particularly important. Celery was selected as the phytoremediator in this experiment, and the soil enzyme activity, PAHs-degrading microorganisms, and the speciation of PAHs in soil were studied. The results showed that celery could significantly enhance the remediation of PAHs compared with the controlled experiment after 90 days (p< 0.01), and the removal efficiency were 31.29%, 30.79%, and 50.21% in the soil, non-rhizosphere soil, and rhizosphere soil, respectively. The soil enzyme activity and PAHs-degrading microorganisms significantly increased in rhizosphere soil compared with non-rhizosphere soil (p< 0.05), and the bioaccessibility of PAHs in soil could have been enhanced in the presence of celery root exudates. Those would help the bioremediation of PAHs by soil microorganisms. Meanwhile, the concentration of PAHs in the edible portion of celery was only 17.13 ± 1.24 μg/kg, and the bioconcentration factors in the aboveground part of celery were only 0.025. This study provides a potential in-site farmland soil phytoremediation technology that could have practical utility.     

旱地施有机肥对土壤有机质和水稳性团聚体的影响

通过渭北旱塬2007-2010年田间定位试验,研究了有机肥不同施用量(低量7500 kg·hm^-2、中量15000 kg·hm^-2、高量22500 kg·hm^-2)对连作玉米地土壤有机质、团聚体各层粒径分布和稳定性的影响.结果表明：0～20 cm土层,高量有机肥处理土壤有机质含量较低量有机肥处理提高4.1%～4.6%,高、中量有机肥处理较对照提高4.6%～11.2%,低量有机肥处理在施肥第4年（2010年）较CK提高4.7%～6.3%.0～30 cm土层,所有有机肥处理>5 mm水稳性团聚体的增幅最大,其含量随有机肥用量的增加而显著升高;有机肥处理显著提高了土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体平均质量直径和团聚体稳定率,且随有机肥用量的增加而显著增加;中、高量有机肥处理比单施化肥处理增加效果显著.     

Microelectrode Measurements of the Activity Distribution in Nitrifying Bacterial Aggregates

Microelectrodes for ammonium, oxygen, nitrate, and pH were used to study nitrifying aggregates grown in a fluidized-bed reactor. Local reactant fluxes and distribution of microbial activity could be determined from the microprofiles. The interfacial fluxes of the reactants closely reflected the stoichiometry of bacterial nitrification. Both ammonium consumption and nitrate production were localized in the outer shells, with a thickness of approximately 100 to 120 μm, of the aggregates. Under conditions in which ammonium and oxygen penetrated the whole aggregate, nitrification was restricted to this zone; oxygen was consumed in the central parts of the aggregates as well, probably because of oxidation of dead biomass. A sudden increase of the oxygen concentration to saturation (pure oxygen) was inhibitory to nitrification. The pH profiles showed acidification in the aggregates, but not to an inhibitory level. The distribution of activity was determined by the penetration depth of oxygen during aggregate development in the reactor. Mass transfer was significantly limited by the boundary layer surrounding the aggregates. Microelectrode measurements showed that the thickness of this layer was correlated with the diffusion coefficient of the species. Determination of the distribution of nitrifying activity required the use of ammonium or nitrate microelectrodes, whereas the use of oxygen microelectrodes alone would lead to erroneous results.     

不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体磷素分布特征

探究不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体各形态磷素的分布特征有利于提升杉木人工林土壤磷素有效性。本研究选取位于广西融水县的幼龄(9 a)、中龄(17 a)、成熟(26 a)杉木人工林和邻近撂荒地(CK),利用干筛法将采集到的表层(0～20 cm)原状土壤分为4个粒级团聚体(>2、1～2、0.25～1和<0.25 mm),测定各粒级团聚体中不同形态磷组分。结果表明: 1)不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体组成差异显著,CK和各林龄杉木人工林中>2 mm粒级团聚体含量显著较高,随林龄的增长先增后减,在17 a时最高;土壤平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)的变化趋势与>2 mm粒级团聚体一致。2)CK和各林龄杉木人工林中各粒级土壤团聚体全磷、无机磷和有机磷含量差异均不显著,而土壤有效磷含量在>2 mm粒级团聚体中显著较高,达1.23～7.33 mg·kg^-1;不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体及全土全磷、有效磷和无机磷含量均显著高于CK,并随杉木林龄的增长先增后减,全土总磷和有效磷含量在9 a时最高,分别为322.40和7.33 mg·kg^-1,全土无机磷含量在17 a时最高,为114.05 mg·kg^-1;全土有机磷含量随杉木林龄的增长先增再减再增,在9 a时最高,为210.00 mg·kg^-1。3)不同粒级土壤团聚体磷储量与土壤团聚体组成比例显著相关。CK和各林龄杉木人工林中>2 mm粒级团聚体各形态磷储量较高。除有机磷外,各形态土壤磷储量均随杉木林龄的增长先增后减。综上,林龄17 a之前,杉木人工林的种植有利于提升土壤团聚体稳定性,促进土壤磷素水平的提升;林龄17 a后,>2 mm粒级团聚体的破碎导致土壤团聚体稳定性和土壤磷素供应水平逐渐下降。因此,在杉木人工林培育栽种17 a以后应重视土壤中>2 mm粒级团聚体的保护,以保障土壤质量,维持土壤供磷水平。     

不同林龄刺槐林土壤团聚体化学计量特征及其与土壤养分的关系

土壤团聚体化学计量特征分析可以为土壤养分的评价提供依据,对陕北黄土丘陵区20 a、25 a、40 a、50 a刺槐林土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷化学计量比及其与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷化学计量比的相关性采用逐步回归分析方法进行了分析。结果表明:随着林龄的增加,刺槐林各粒径土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮含量及其有机碳、全氮、全磷化学计量比显著增加(P0.05),均表现为在0—20 cm土层高于20—40 cm土层,而刺槐林土壤团聚体全磷含量变化较小;相同林龄刺槐林在0—20 cm和20—40cm土层中0.25—2 mm粒径土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷含量及其化学计量比最高。刺槐林0.25—2 mm粒径团聚体对土壤原土有机碳、全氮含量及其有机碳、全氮、全磷化学计量比有显著影响。营造刺槐林对各粒径土壤团聚体全效养分分配及其平衡关系存在积极的影响,主要体现在0.25—2 mm粒径土壤大团聚体中,通过影响0.25—2 mm粒径团聚体提高了土壤全效养分的供应和保持能力。     

免耕条件下秸秆覆盖对旱地小麦田土壤团聚体的影响

设2个秸秆覆盖时期(全程覆盖、生育期覆盖)和3个覆盖量(3000、6000和9000kg·hm-2),以全程不覆盖为对照,研究陕西渭北旱塬免耕条件下秸秆覆盖对小麦田土壤团聚体的影响.结果表明:在0～40 cm土层,随土层的加深,＞5 mm径级的土壤团聚体含量逐渐增加,＜5 mm径级的土壤团聚体含量逐渐减小;各覆盖处理中,＞0.25 mm径级的机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体的含量均显著大于对照,分别增加13.0％～26.4％和18.6％～45.6％,其中,6000 kg·hm-2秸秆覆盖处理的增幅最大;秸秆覆盖提高了土壤有机质含量,土壤有机质含量与＞0.25 mm径级的土壤水稳性团聚体含量呈显著正相关;各秸秆覆盖量处理均降低了土壤不稳定团粒指数,以6000 kg·hm-2秸秆覆盖处理的土壤不稳定团粒指数最小.表明秸秆覆盖可显著增加0 ～40 cm土层＞0.25 mm径级的土壤团聚体和有机质含量,提高土壤结构稳定性,并且以6000 kg·hm-2覆盖量的处理效果最佳,该覆盖量可以作为渭北旱塬小麦田合理的秸秆覆盖模式应用于农业生产中.