淮北平原杨-麦间作系统的小气候效应与土壤水分变化研究

对淮北平原的杨－麦间作系统的小气候效应与土壤水分的研究表明,在冬小麦发育的拔节期和灌浆期,林粮带状间作与对照地相比可以降低农田地面温度1－7℃,提高相对湿度2％－8％,农田日照时数减低量随间作为间距和时间而变化,在范围在4．1％－15．3％之间,农田林网可以提高相对湿度6．4％－11．6％,日照时数减少8．5％－11．75,农林 间作可以提高土壤含水率,幅度随间作密度而定,一般可提高含水率0．67％－3．875,农田林网的土壤含率与林带的方位和离林带的距离有关,在各个方位上均与离林带的距离呈显著负相关。     

桐粮间作林带的配置方式与农作物产量关系的研究

以桐粮间作为例,研究了林带的不同配置结构、林带冠覆盖率及小麦产量之间的关系。结果表明,林带距（Ｘｄ）、小麦相对产量（Ｙ）及间作年（Ａ）之间的关系为：Ｙ＝９０．３２９０－１．９９８２Ａ＋１．１９２４Ｘｄ－０．３３４９Ａ＾２＋０．２９１０ＡＸｄ－０．００３２ＡＸｄ＾２;林带冠覆盖率（Ｘｃ）与小麦相对产量（Ｙ）之间的关系为：Ｙ＝－０．０４６Ｘｃ＾２＋１．１５３９Ｘｃ＋９８．１７３（Ｘｃ≤２８％）,Ｙ＝ｅ     

农桐间作系统辐射传输对农作物产量和品质的影响

农桐间作系统中泡酮对小麦产量的影响主要是千粒重,对其它产量组分影响不大,小麦产量灵：距树行越近,产量越低;与对照相比,５ｍ处减产２．１％,２．０ｍ处减产３．７％,树行处减产１５．６％,在严重遮荫期,当ＰＡＲ减少率大于１７．０％和４．０％时,分别开始影响小麦产量和千粒重。泡酮对小麦产量的显著影响距树行５ｍ以内,对千粒重的显著影响范围则延伸到距树行１０ｍ以内,农桐间作不同结构对夏物（小麦）产量的影响表     

晋西黄土区果农间作的种间主要竞争关系及土地生产力

以晋西黄土区核桃×花生、核桃×大豆、苹果×花生和苹果×大豆4种典型果农间作模式为研究对象,分析果农间作模式中作物光合有效辐射（PAR）、净光合速率（P_n）、土壤水分和产量情况.结果表明：与农作物单作相比,间作模式中作物的PAR和P_n均出现不同程度的降低,并且离树体越近,PAR和P_n越小;P_n与作物产量呈显著正相关,说明光照是影响作物产量的重要因素之一;从整体趋势来看,核桃间作农作物0～100 cm土壤水分与相应单作模式间无明显差异,而苹果间作农作物0～100 cm土壤水分与相应单作模式间差异显著,说明苹果对作物土壤水分的竞争比核桃剧烈.研究区果农间作的土地利用效率平均提高70%,经济效益平均提高14%,且核桃间作模式优于苹果间作模式.为了提高间作作物产量,应加强水肥管理、增加树体与作物的间作距离或设置根障、定期适当修剪果树并种植耐荫作物.     

小麦/玉米间作优势及地上部与地下部因素的相对贡献

 明确种间地上部相互作用和地下部相互作用对间作优势的贡献,优化资源配置对提高间作体系产量具有重要意义。该文采用田间微区试验以及地下部种间根系分隔技术研究了玉米(Zea mays)覆膜与不覆膜两种情况下小麦(Triticum aestivum)/玉米间作优势及地上部和地下部因素对间作优势的相对贡献, 以期为间作体系的增产提供理论依据。结果得出,玉米不覆膜时小麦/玉米间作具有明显的产量间作优势(籽粒产量和生物学产量土地当量比(Land equivalent ration, LER)分别为 1.30和1 .29),玉米覆膜能显著增加小麦/玉米间作系统产量间作优势（LER分别为1.41和1.40）;玉米不覆膜时小麦/玉米间作系统具有明显的氮、磷、钾养分吸收优势,玉米覆膜也能显著增加小麦/玉米间作系统养分吸收优势。小麦/玉米间作系统籽粒产量和生物产量间作优势来自地上部种间相互作用和地下部种间相互作用两个方面,但其相对贡献以地上部大于地下部, 当玉米不覆膜时均以地上部占75%、地下部占25%,当玉米覆膜时均为地上部占67%、地下部占33%,玉米覆膜能明显增加小麦/玉米间作系统产量间作优势地下部的相对贡献。地上部和地下部因素对小麦/玉米间作系统养分吸收优势也都具有重要贡献。玉米不覆膜时地上部和地下部因素对氮、磷养分吸收优势的相对贡献均分别为67%与33%,钾则相等（各占50%）;玉米覆膜能显著增加小麦/玉米间作系统氮、磷养分吸收优势地下部贡献率,但对钾养分吸收优势贡献影响不明显。表明,间作优势不仅可以通过作物组合来获得,也可通过地膜覆盖等措施进行调控,玉米覆膜能显著增加小麦/玉米间作系统产量间作优势和养分吸收优势及其地下部的相对贡献。可见,该研究对小麦／玉米间作模式持续增产和发展具有十分重要的指导作用。     

平原农区幼龄杨树间作农作物的产量表现

通过1~2年与3~4年树龄杨树间作冬小麦和夏玉米,探讨了杨树对农作物产量及产量形成因子的影响。结果表明,1~2年树龄杨树间作冬小麦其产量有所增加,与夏玉米间作使其产量降低31.3%~33.7%。3~4年树龄杨树间作冬小麦的产量降低了36.9%~42.5%,间作夏玉米的产量降低了80.8%~87.4%,且距树越近产量越低。产量形成因子分析表明,杨树对冬小麦产量的影响主要为穗数。因此保证冬小麦分蘖期的肥水管理,在群体建立的基础上保证营养器官建成期所需的各种资源,为正常的穗粒数形成及粒重的充实奠定基础。对夏玉米的影响,随着杨树的生长,表现不一样,由穗粒数逐渐转变为穗数。复合系统建立初期应保证玉米拔节期到吐丝期所需资源,确保较多的穗粒数形成,而杨树生长2~3年后必须对杨树进行合理的管理,保证穗数的建立,减小夏玉米产量的降低。针对农林复合系统的复杂性,今后应综合考虑杨树和农作物光、热、水、肥等生物学特性,对其进行合理管理,尽可能做到杨树与作物的和谐共生。     

农桐复合系统林带结构优化模式的研究

以麦桐复合经营为例,研究了林带的不同配置结构、林带覆盖率与小麦产量之间的关系,并通过一系列数学方法实现了林带结构的优化．结果表明,在一个轮伐期内,泡桐林带覆盖率累计均值为１０．１％～１０．９％时,小麦相对产量累计均值最大（１０５．４）,为最优林带覆盖率累计均值．最优林带距（Ｄ）与轮伐期（Ｔ）之间的关系为：Ｄ＝０．６００＋１１．０４２Ｔ－０．７８７Ｔ２＋０．０２７３Ｔ３（Ｒ２＝９９．９％）．     

枣粮间作养分利用与表观损失空间差异性

基于枣粮间作复合生态系统内部异质性,通过在系统内不同位置采样,分析了枣粮间作系统内间作作物产量、氮磷营养元素利用与表观损失方面的空间差异性,并对枣粮间作、枣树单作和农田3种生态系统进行了比较.结果表明:(1)枣粮间作系统内间作作物产量随着距枣树种植行距离的缩小而迅速降低,表现出明显的空间差异性.虽然与农田生态系统比较,间作小麦、玉米均表现减产,经济产量分别降低11.4%、39.9%,但整个枣粮间作系统提高了土地利用程度;(2)枣粮间作系统间作作物吸收氮磷量也呈现明显空间差异性,且与间作作物生物量有极显著相关性.3种生态系统相比,吸氮量为枣粮间作>枣树单作>农田;吸磷量为农田>枣粮间作>枣树单作;(3)枣粮间作系统内氮磷表观损失量有明显的空间差异性,距枣树种植行0.25m处表观损失量显著高于其它位置表观损失量,在距枣树种植行6.5m到2m范围内,随着与枣树种植行的接近,氮磷表观损失量有所降低.3种生态系统相比,氮、磷表观损失量均为枣树单作>农田>枣粮间作.     

低丘红壤复合农林系统光能竞争与生产力——以花生南酸枣间作为例

复合农林业 ,尤其是农林间作被设想为防治土壤退化 ,增进土壤肥力 ,提高农作物产量的策略[16～ 18] 。如何利用复合农林技术防治红壤退化 ,提高红壤生产力已成为红壤地区的研究热点[1～ 8] 。然而 ,生产者最关心的往往是农林间作中农作物的产量 ,在以往的农林间作技术研究中 ,有增产的报道[13] ,而更多的研究表明复合农林种植会造成农作物减产[3 ,4 ,6,10 ,12 ,15,19,2 0 ] 。农作物减产的原因可能是树木和农作物之间对光能、水分和养分等资源竞争作用所引起 ,更可能是其综合作用的结果[14 ] 。本文以前人推荐的花生 (Ａｒａｃｈｉｓｈｙｐ…     

水稻-雍菜间作系统中种间关系和水稻的硅、氮营养状况

间作是一种优良的生态农业模式,但以水稻为主的水生作物间作研究很少.本试验以水稻和雍菜为研究对象,开展了连续两年(2014—2015年)四季的大田试验,研究水稻和雍菜间作条件下产量、种间关系以及水稻的硅、氮营养状况.试验共设置5个处理,包括水稻单作、雍菜单作、水稻-雍菜2∶2间作、3∶2间作、4∶2间作.结果表明: 水稻和雍菜间作显著增加水稻的产量,其中2∶2间作、3∶2间作和4∶2间作在单位面积上的增产幅度分别为77.5%～120.6%、64.9%～80.9%、37.7%～56.0%,但间作显著降低了雍菜的产量.从土地当量比(LER)来看,水稻和雍菜间作可增加系统的综合产量,3种间作的LER全部大于1,其中3∶2间作模式最佳.从竞争指数来看,在间作系统中,水稻比雍菜有更强的竞争能力,特别是在早季.与水稻单作相比,水稻-雍菜间作显著增加水稻叶片对硅和氮的吸收量以及成熟期水稻叶片的硅含量,但是并没有增加水稻叶片的氮含量,甚至在成熟期略低于单作;而对土壤有效硅、铵态氮和硝态氮含量没有显著影响.在整个试验期间,与水稻单作和间作相比,雍菜单作始终有最高的土壤有效硅、铵态氮和硝态氮含量.本研究表明,水稻和雍菜间作可以促进水稻对硅和氮的吸收,增加水稻的竞争能力.     

密度、施肥对旱地春小麦产量、水分利用效率和籽粒养分含量的补偿效应

为了探明旱作条件下无机营养对作物产量和水分利用效率的补偿效应,我们在宁南黄土高原半干旱地区开展了为期两年的春小麦密度与肥料试验。通过4种播种密度和5种肥力水平的综合研究结果表明,在不同处理的籽粒产量和水分利用效率排序中,播种密度为500粒／m^2时,以施肥量90kg／hm^2N和135kg／hm^2P2O5处理的产量和水分利用效率为最大。与不施肥的对照相比,增施肥料与籽粒产量和水分利用效率的提高成显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别达到0．959和0．894,而播种密度则与产量和水分利用效率的相关性不显著。增施肥料虽然能够提高可育小花数,但随着播种密度的增大,穗粒数和千粒重反而呈下降趋势,表明可育小花数对肥料水平反应敏感,而穗粒数和千粒重主要受播种密度的影响。施肥能够促进春小麦根系的生长发育,特别是促进浅层根量的增加,增强了作物的水分养分吸收。另外,不同种类肥料配施的结果表明,单施P肥或者N、P、K配合施用,可使春小麦产量分别提高44．6％和55．4％。N、P、K配合施肥还能够提高品质,使籽粒中的P、N、K含量分别提高18．5％、18．4％和8．1％。上述研究结果说明,控制播种密度、改善土壤肥力对于促进旱地春小麦高效利用有限水分具有明显的补偿效应。     

南美斑潜蝇为害大棚芹菜和芸豆的产量损失测定及经济阈值分析

研究结果表明：①南美斑潜蝇为害大棚芹菜和芸豆,其虫道面积和产量呈负相关,与产量损失率呈正相关;②曲线回归方程为：Y（大棚芹菜产量）＝4．233／（1＋0．2669e0.0281X）,Y（大棚芸豆产量）＝500950．702／（1＋39262,76541e^0.0103X）,Y（大棚芹菜产量损失率）＝68．075／（1＋23．1517e^-0.071X）,Y（大棚芹菜产量损失率）＝71．765／（1＋4．26245e^-0.0305X）;③经济阈值模型为：X（大棚芹菜）＝14．0845ln[23.1575L/(68.075-L)],X(大棚芸豆）＝27．3973ln[4.26245L/(71.765-l)]。     

Studies of fluctuations in insect populations: XI. The interrelationship of the wheat blossom midges and their host plant

The date of wheat blossom midge emergence in an insectary some distance away from the growing wheat can give as reliable an estimate of the forwardness of the crop as field observation of the date of ear emergence. The percentage grain attacked by the wheat blossom midges, which can be assessed by routine workers without any special experience of wheat, can give in early July a useful first estimate of the crop yield.     

H2 histaminic receptors in rat cerebral cortex. 3. Inhibition of [3H]histamine by H2 agonists

The binding of [3H]histamine to H2 receptors in homogenates of rat cerebral cortex is inhibited by 11 H2 agonists in a characteristic and unique manner. At low concentrations of the radioligand (less than 1.5 nM), the inhibitory profiles of individual agonists (A) are distinctly biphasic; specific binding is well described in most cases by the empirical expression Y = F1K1/(K1 + [A]) + F2K2/(K2 + [A]), in which F1 and F2 sum to 1. Maximal inhibition is the same for all agonists. Since values of F2 vary from 0.42 to 0.90, the agonist appears to determine the equilibrium distribution of receptors between two states of affinity. Ratios of apparent affinity (K2/K1) vary from 204 to 3 090 000, and there is no correlation between values of K1 and K2. Compounds lacking H2 activity, including structural analogues of histamine and dimaprit, reveal a Hill coefficient of 1 and inhibit the radioligand only weakly. For six agonists, values of K2 agree and correlate well (P = 0.00047) with H2 pharmacological potency (EC50) in the guinea pig right atrium; for the others, K2 is less than EC50 by 15-61-fold. Four observations suggest that the inhibition corresponding to F1 is allosteric and cooperative: the dissociation constant of the radioligand appears to vary in the presence of an unlabeled agonist, absolute levels of binding corresponding to F1, as defined by dimaprit, decrease at higher concentrations of [3H]histamine, F1 for dimaprit is reduced from 0.48 to 0.32 by 2-methylhistamine (F1 = 0.27) at a concentration of 20 nM (approximately K1(0.5) K2(0.5) for 2-methylhistamine), but the increase in K1 for dimprit is at least 100-fold less than expected from competitive effects, and 1 equiv of some agonists appears to preclude access of [3H]histamine to more than 1 equiv of receptors, with no evidence that an appreciable fraction of the unlabeled drug is bound. Noncompetitive effects also may account in part for the inhibition corresponding to F2.     

Relationships between four measures of genetic distance and breeding behavior in spring wheat

We estimated the genetic distances among 10 spring wheat genotypes based on pedigree data, morphological traits and AFLP markers, used individually and combined with morphological traits, to find the best predictors of general- and specific-combining abilities among parental genotypes. Ten wheat parents were crossed in a diallel form, disregarding reciprocal hybrids, totaling 45 combinations. The F(1) hybrids, F(2) populations and parents were evaluated in the field in 2007. The experimental plots consisted of 20 plants for F(1) hybrids and 40 plants for parental and F(2) populations. All methods (pedigree data, AFLP markers and morphological traits, used individually and combined) were found to be useful for the assessment of genetic diversity. The significant coefficient correlations ranged from low (0.45) to moderate (0.67) between the distance measures and hybrid performance. There was significant agreement between the distance measures based on AFLP markers vs morphological traits + AFLP markers (r = 0.47) and between pedigree data vs morphological traits + AFLP markers (r = 0.43). The pedigree distance was positively associated with traits 100-kernel weight and grain yield per plant in F(1) (correlations of 0.67 and 0.62, respectively) and F(2) (correlations of 0.62 and 0.59, respectively) generations. These correlation values indicate that the genetic distance, based on pedigree data, could replace diallel crosses for the selection of parents with higher combining ability and with moderate reliability.     

林木生长与养分动态模型研究IV.杉木林分断面积方程

基于杉木胸径（ Ｄ）生长方程 Ｄ＝ Ｄｍ ｔ／（ Ｋ＋ ｔ）,本文进一步提出林分断面积（ Ｇ）的动态方程： Ｇ＝ Ｇｍ ［ｔ／（ Ｋ＋ ｔ）］２ ．新方程表达形式简单,基本参数（断面积极值 Ｇｍ 和生长特征系数 Ｋ）生物意义确切,应用精确度高,能够反映杉木林分断面积随林分年龄增长的变化规律     

Site-directed mutagenesis of dimethyl sulfoxide reductase from Rhodobacter capsulatus: characterization of a Y114 --> F mutant

A system for expressing site-directed mutants of the molybdenum enzyme dimethyl sulfoxide reductase from Rhodobacter capsulatus in the natural host was constructed. This system was used to generate and express dimethyl sulfoxide reductase with a Y114F mutation. The Y114F mutant had an increased k(cat) and increased K(m) toward both dimethyl sulfoxide and trimethylamine N-oxide compared to the native enzyme, and the value of k(cat)/K(m) was lower for both substrates in the mutant enzyme. The Y114F mutant, as isolated, was able to oxidize dimethyl sulfide with phenazine ethosulfate as the electron acceptor but with a lower k(cat) than that of the native enzyme. The pH optimum of dimethyl sulfide:acceptor oxidoreductase activity in the Y114F mutant was shown to be shifted by +1 pH unit compared to the native enzyme. The Y114F mutant did not form a pink complex with dimethyl sulfide, which is characteristic of the native enzyme. The mutant enzyme showed a large increase in the K(d) for DMS. Direct electrochemistry showed that the Mo(V)/Mo(IV) couple was unaffected by the Y114F mutant, but the midpoint potential of the Mo(VI)/Mo(V) couple was raised by about 50 mV. These data confirm that the Y114 residue plays a critical role in oxidation-reduction processes at the molybdenum active site and in oxygen atom transfer associated with sulfoxide reduction.     

Enhancement of coenzyme binding by a single point mutation at the coenzyme binding domain of E. coli lactaldehyde dehydrogenase

Phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (PAD) and lactaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD) share some structural and kinetic properties. One difference is that PAD can use NAD+ and NADP+, whereas ALD only uses NAD+. An acidic residue has been involved in the exclusion of NADP+ from the active site in pyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases. However, other factors may participate in NADP+ exclusion. In the present work, analysis of the sequence of the region involved in coenzyme binding showed that residue F180 of ALD might participate in coenzyme specificity. Interestingly, F180T mutation rendered an enzyme (ALD-F180T) with the ability to use NADP+. This enzyme showed an activity of 0.87 micromol/(min * mg) and K(m) for NADP+ of 78 microM. Furthermore, ALD-F180T exhibited a 16-fold increase in the V(m) /K(m) ratio with NAD+ as the coenzyme, from 12.8 to 211. This increase in catalytic efficiency was due to a diminution in K(m) for NAD+ from 47 to 7 microM and a higher V(m) from 0.51 to 1.48 micromol/(min * mg). In addition, an increased K(d) for NADH from 175 (wild-type) to 460 microM (mutant) indicates a faster product release and possibly a change in the rate-limiting step. For wild-type ALD it is described that the rate-limiting step is shared between deacylation and coenzyme dissociation. In contrast, in the present report the rate-limiting step in ALD-F180T was determined to be exclusively deacylation. In conclusion, residue F180 participates in the exclusion of NADP+ from the coenzyme binding site and disturbs the binding of NAD+.     

H2 histaminic receptors in rat cerebral cortex. 2. Inhibition of [3H]histamine by H2 antagonists

Sites labeled by [3H]histamine in homogenates of rat cerebral cortex reveal a pharmacological specificity typical of H2 receptors. Fourteen H2 antagonists inhibit the specific binding of the radioligand to the same level; Hill coefficients are near or equal to one for five compounds and markedly lower for nine. The binding patterns of individual antagonists (A) are well described by the empirical expression Y = F1K1/(K1 + [A]) + F2K2/(K2 + [A]), in which F1 and F2 sum to 1; F2 is 0 for those drugs that reveal a Hill coefficient of 1. Concentrations of A that reduce specific binding by 50% (IC50) correlate well (r = 0.991; P less than 0.00001) and show good numerical agreement with potencies reported for inhibition of the response to histamine in H2-mediated systems. The correlation is poorer when IC50 is replaced by either K1 (r = 0.973) or K2 (r = 0.921) for those antagonists that reveal both; the antihistaminic activity of the drug thus appears not to be associated preferentially with one or other class of sites. Since F2 varies from 0.16 to 0.60 among those antagonists that discern heterogeneity, the antagonist appears to determine the distribution of sites between the two classes. Moreover, a correlation among antagonists between values of K1 and K2 (r = 0.975; P = 0.00001) suggests that the apparent heterogeneity reflects different conformers within an otherwise homogeneous population. H2 antagonists appear to be noncompetitive with respect to each other and to the radioligand: one antagonist has relatively little effect on the values of K1, K2, and F2 revealed by another; also, estimates of K1 and K2 are independent of the concentration of [3H]histamine between 1.3 and 10 nM, although the radioligand exhibits an apparent dissociation constant of 3.9 nM [Steinberg, G. H., Eppel, J. G., Kandel, M., Kandel, S. I., & Wells, J. W. (1985) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)].     

Poplar in wetland agroforestry: a case study of ecological benefits,site productivity,and economics

Poplars are the major tree component of traditional agroforestry systems throughout the south temperate central area of China that includes all or portions of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Henan, Shandong, and Shanxi provinces, an area of ~600,000 km². The lack of experidmental data on the effect of various interplanting systems on crop production represents a serious gap in our knowledge, and consequently, a stable, optimized poplar-crop interplanting pattern is difficult to achieve. In order to develop a poplar-crop interplanting pattern that is economically viable, environmentally sound, technically workable, and socially compatible in floodplain areas, new poplar-crop interplanting patterns were designed using the principle of edge effects. Six patterns were designed and established in 1992 with different narrow – wide spacings, i.e., I: (3 × 3) × 20 m, II: (3 × 3) × 30 m, III: (3 × 3) × 40 m, IV: (4 × 4) . 20 m, V: (4 × 4) × 30 m, and VI: (4 × 4) × 40 m. A randomized block arrangement was used with two replications for each pattern. Based on 7 years of investigation, this paper examines the effects of these patterns on temporal and spatial variations in microclimate at various phenological phases of winter wheat, variations in wheat yield and quality, wood production, biomass productivity and light use efficiency, and economic assessment. The feasibility and viability of these new patterns is also discussed. These preliminary results provide some basic principles for developing optimized poplar-crop interplanting patterns in the wetland plain areas of China.