Comparison of APRI and Hydrus-2D models to simulate soil water dynamics in a vineyard under alternate partial root zone drip irrigation

Alternate partial root zone irrigation (APRI) is a new water-saving irrigation technique. It can reduce irrigation water and transpiration without reduction in crop yield, thus increase water and nutrient use efficiency. Understanding of soil moisture distribution and dynamic under the alternate partial root zone drip irrigation (APDI) can help to develop the efficient irrigation schemes. In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) root water uptake model was proposed based on soil water dynamic and root distribution of grape vine, and a function of soil evaporation related to soil water content was defined under the APDI. Then the soil water dynamic model of APDI (APRI-model) was developed based on the 2D root water uptake model and soil evaporation function combined with average measured soil moisture content at 0–10 cm soil layer. Soil water dynamic in APDI was respectively simulated by Hydrus-2D model and APRI-model. The simulated soil water contents by two models were compared with the measured value. The results showed that the values of root-mean-square-error (RMSE) range from 0.01 to 0.022 cm³/cm³ for APRI-model, and from 0.012 to 0.031 cm³/cm³ for Hydrus-2D model. The average relative error between the simulated and measured soil water content is about 10% for APRI-model, and from 11% to 29% for Hydrus-2D model, indicating that two models perform well in simulating soil moisture dynamic under the APDI, but the APRI-model is more suitable for modeling the soil water dynamic in the arid region with greater soil evaporation and uneven root distribution.     

地下滴灌条件下三倍体毛白杨根区土壤水分动态模拟

在根系分布试验观测的基础上,提出了三倍体毛白杨一维根系吸水模型,在考虑根系吸水情况下利用HYDRUS模型模拟了地下滴灌条件下三倍体毛白杨根区的土壤水分动态,通过田间试验对模型进行验证,并利用HYDRUS研究了不同灌水技术参数对土壤湿润模式的影响.结果表明：在灌溉结束和水分再分布24 h后,土壤含水量模拟结果的相对平均绝对误差(RMAE)分别为7.8%和6.0%,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.036和0.026 cm³·cm^-3,说明HYDRUS模型能很好地模拟地下滴灌条件下三倍体毛白杨根区的短期土壤水分动态,且所建根系吸水模型合理;与2、4 L·h^-1的滴头流速和连续性灌溉相比,流速1 L·h^-1和脉冲式灌溉(每隔30 min灌水30 min)能增大土壤湿润体体积,且可以减少水分深层渗漏量,因此,对试验地三倍体毛白杨根区进行地下滴灌应首选流速1 L·h^-1的脉冲式灌溉.     

Evaluation of HYDRUS-1D and modified PRZM-3 models for tribenuron methyl herbicide transport in soil profile under vetiver cultivation

Abstract

Tribenuron methyl (TBM) is widely used in weed control. Due to its phytotoxicity, concerns on TBM pollution to soil have been raised. In this research, TBM concentration in the soil profile and vetiver grass were measured and simulated using HYDRUS-1D and modified PRZM-3 models. The treatments were two herbicide concentrations to soil with vetiver (C₁V and C₂V) and without vetiver (C₁S and C₂S). In control treatment (C_o) no herbicide was applied to the soil. In general, according to the measured data, TBM soil residues in C₁V and C₂V treatments were 39.8% and 30.1% lower than that obtained in C₁S and C₂S treatments, respectively. The TBM was leached to 90?cm soil depth and it was limited to about 50?cm in the treatments with vetiver grass. The simulated herbicide residue in the soil profile in modified PRZM-3 model was more accurate than the HYDRUS-1D model. The dissipation processes of herbicides in soil and solving method of water movement in soil, considered in the modified PRZM-3 model, are more precise than that obtained in the HYDRUS-1D model. However, the prediction of TBM uptake by vetiver in the HYDRUS-1D model was closer to the measured values than that obtained in the modified PRZM-3 model.     

Simulation of the water distribution in soil

Summary A mathematical model is described which enables the flow of water, the water content and the matric potential to be calculated for any depth in an uncropped soil. It is based on a numerical solution to the flow equation and requires data describing the weather and the soil hydraulic properties. The measurement of these properties is described and the simulated water contents and matric potentials obtained from their use in the model are compared with those measured in a field experiment.     

Modeling of plant adaptation to climatic drought induced water deficit

Soil moisture flux to root surface is considered the main determining factor of the transpiration intensity of plants. This assumption is valid not only in optimal plant physiological conditions without any physical barrier for the evaporation from the leaves, but in climatic drought as well, when high usable soil water amount cannot supply the evapo-transpiration intensity of plant. A new algorithm we built up describing the plant adaptation in climatic drought when stoma’s closure and reduction of plant’s potential evapo-transpiration (PET) starts. The adaptation algorithm of Doorenbos et al. (1978) is developed further defining that soil moisture content initiating the stomata’s closure. The critical soil moisture content is varying according to the PET, and drought tolerance of plant. If soil moisture content is less than the critical one, the plant evapo-transpiration (ET) can be highly different in the drought tolerance plant groups. The new drought tolerance algorithm is applied to maize field plots on chernozem soil of the experimental station of the Debrecen University, in East Hungary. Simulated soil water storages are compared to measured ones of a field plot treatment in five consecutive years. The soil moisture content profiles are measured with a BR-150 capacitance probe (Andrén et al. 1991). Differences between measured and simulated soil water storages are not significant in 2003. Simulations indicate low soil water storages in autumn of 2006, and in the first half of 2007 predicting the low maize production realized in 2007. The new plant adaptation algorithm can be used for a climate and soil moisture content sensitive irrigation control as well. The maize production is an illustrative biohydrological example of water flow through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.     

Modelling the impact of heterogeneous rootzone water distribution on the regulation of transpiration by hormone transport and/or hydraulic pressures

Aims

A simulation model to demonstrate that soil water potential can regulate transpiration, by influencing leaf water potential and/or inducing root production of chemical signals that are transported to the leaves.

Methods

Signalling impacts on the relationship between soil water potential and transpiration were simulated by coupling a 3D model for water flow in soil, into and through roots (Javaux et al. 2008) with a model for xylem transport of chemicals (produced as a function of local root water potential). Stomatal conductance was regulated by simulated leaf water potential (H) and/or foliar chemical signal concentrations (C; H?+?C). Split-root experiments were simulated by varying transpiration demands and irrigation placement.

Results

While regulation of stomatal conductance by chemical transport was unstable and oscillatory, simulated transpiration over time and root water uptake from the two soil compartments were similar for both H and H?+?C regulation. Increased stomatal sensitivity more strongly decreased transpiration, and decreased threshold root water potential (below which a chemical signal is produced) delayed transpiration reduction.

Conclusions

Although simulations with H?+?C regulation qualitatively reproduced transpiration of plants exposed to partial rootzone drying (PRD), long-term effects seemed negligible. Moreover, most transpiration responses to PRD could be explained by hydraulic signalling alone.     

Significance and limits in the use of predawn leaf water potential for tree irrigation

Research in estimating the water status of crops is increasingly based on plant responses to water stress. Several indicators can now be used to estimate this response, the most widely available of which is leaf water potential (Ψ_LWP) as measured with a pressure chamber. For many annual crops, the predawn leaf water potential (Ψ_PLWP), assumed to represent the mean soil water potential next to the roots, is closely correlated to the relative transpiration rate, RT. A similar correlation also holds for young fruit trees grown in containers. However, exceptions to this rule are common when soil water content is markedly heterogeneous. Two experimental conditions were chosen to assess the validity of this correlation for heterogeneous soil water content: 1) young walnut trees in split-root containers. The heterogeneity was created by two unequal compartments (20% and 80% of total volume), of which only the smaller was irrigated and kept at a moisture content higher than field capacity (permanent drainage). 2) adult walnut trees in an orchard. In this case, soil water heterogeneity was achieved by limiting the amount of localised irrigation (20% of the irrigated control) which was applied every evening. Values of sap flux and of minimum and predawn leaf water potentials with homogeneous and heterogeneous soil water content were compared for trees grown in the orchard and in containers. In spite of intense drought reflected by very low RT or stem water potential, Ψ_PLWP of trees under heterogeneous moisture conditions remained high (between -0.2 and -0.4 MPa) both in the orchard and in containers. These values were higher than those usually considered critical under homogeneous soil conditions. A semi-quantitative model, based on the application of Ohm's analogy to split-root conditions, is proposed to explain the apparently conflicting results in the literature on the relation between Ψ_PLWP and soil water potential. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The use of low-quality water on the transport and transformation of waste water in irrigation soils

Waste water use for agricultural production in the semi-arid and arid climate areas is increasingly regarded as a solution for water shortage. Still today many questions remain unanswered about the mid- and long-term effect of irrigation by waste water on plant, soil and human health. In this paper the effect of the use of waste water on the soil hydraulic properties, the solute transport and transformation behaviour is being studied conducting steady state and non-steady state waste water application treatments on undisturbed soil columns and a field plot. Detailed spatial and temporal information on the propagation of water and solute is obtained using tensiometers, soil solute extraction and time domain reflectometry probes. The experimental data are processed using the HYDRUS-2D modeling tool. After calibration, the model is used in a predictive way as to simulate the mid- and long-term effects of the use of treated waste water as irrigation water.     

山地梨枣树耗水特征及模型

由于枣树树龄、品种、冠层形态、下垫面以及枣树种植区气象条件不同,导致榆林地区枣树耗水规律研究缺乏系统性.本文利用HYDRUS-1D数学模型对枣树耗水规律进行了研究.2008-2010年通过对榆林米脂县不同树龄山地梨枣树叶面积指数、根系分布规律,作物系数的研究,结合HYDRUS-1D模型预测所需土壤、气象等参数的测定,对山地梨枣树土壤水分动态进行了模拟,并对土壤水分模拟结果与实测值进行拟合,反推出模型计算所需的消光系数及土壤水分胁迫系数等参数.结果表明:HYDRUS-1D模型能够很好模拟该地区梨枣树土壤水分动态变化过程,该地区成年(8龄)梨枣树从发芽开始到梨枣收获期结束共耗水267 mm.     

Use of the root contact concept,an empirical leaf conductance model and pressure-volume curves in simulating crop water relations

A simulation model “DanStress” was developed for studying the integrated effects of soil, crop and climatic conditions on water relations and water use of field grown cereal crops. The root zone was separated into 0.1 m deep layers of topsoil and subsoil. For each layer the water potential at the root surface was calculated by a single root model, and the uptake of water across the root was calculated by a root contact model. Crop transpiration was calculated by Monteith's combination equation for vapour flow. Crop conductance to water vapour transfer for use in Monteith's combination equation was scaled up from an empirical stomatal conductance model used on sunlit and shaded crop surfaces of different crop layers. In the model, transpirational water loss originates from root water uptake and changes in crop water storage. Crop water capacitance, used for describing the water storage, was derived from the slope of pressure-volume (PV) curves of the leaves. PV curves were also used for deriving crop water potential, osmotic potential, and turgor pressure. The model could simulate detailed diurnal soil-crop water relations during a 23-day-drying cycle with time steps of one hour. During the grain filling period in spring barley (Hordeum distichum L.), grown in a sandy soil in the field, measured and predicted values of leaf water and osmotic potential, RWC, and leaf stomatal conductance were compared. Good agreement was obtained between measured and predicted values at different soil water deficits and climatic conditions. In the field, measured and predicted volumetric soil water contents (θ) of topsoil and subsoil layers were also compared during a drying cycle. Predicted and measured θ-values as a function of soil water deficits were similar suggesting that the root contact model approach was valid. From the investigation we concluded: (I) a model, which takes the degree of contact between root surface and soil water into account, can be used in sandy soil for calculation of root water uptake, so that the root conductance during soil water depletion only varies by the degree of contact; (II) crop conductance, used for calculation of crop transpiration, can be scaled up from an empirical single leaf stomatal conductance model controlled by the level of leaf water potential and micrometeorological conditions; (III) PV curves are usable for describing crop water status including crop water storage.     

高产条件下不同小麦品种耗水特性和水分利用效率的差异

设置不灌水(W0)、底墒水+拔节水(W1)、底墒水+拔节水+开花水(W2)3个灌水处理,采用6个冬小麦(Triticum aestivum.L.)品种,研究了不同品种耗水特性和水分利用效率的差异.结果表明:(1)依据籽粒产量和水分利用效率2个因子,采用聚类分析的方法,将供试品种分为高水分利用效率组(Ⅰ组)、中水分利用效率组(Ⅱ组)和低水分利用效率组(Ⅲ组).同一灌水条件下的籽粒产量,Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组;Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在W0条件下无显著差异,在W1和W2条件下Ⅱ组显著高于Ⅲ组.(2)从Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组中分别取1个品种,泰山23、潍麦8号、山农12进一步分析表明,在W0 和W1条件下,泰山23和潍麦8号的阶段耗水量和耗水模系数为开花至成熟>播种至拔节>拔节至开花,山农12为播种至拔节>开花至成熟>拔节至开花.W2条件下,3个品种的阶段耗水量和耗水模系数为开花至成熟>播种至拔节>拔节至开花;播种至拔节和拔节至开花的耗水模系数为泰山23>山农12>潍麦8号,此阶段的耗水量和耗水强度为泰山23品种最高;开花至成熟的耗水模系数为潍麦8号>山农12 >泰山23,此阶段的耗水量和耗水强度为泰山23品种最低.(3) 在W0 和W1条件下,总耗水量和灌水量、降水量及土壤耗水量占总耗水量的百分率为泰山23品种居中;W2条件下,灌水量和降水量占总耗水量的百分率为泰山23>潍麦8号>山农12,土壤耗水量及其占总耗水量的百分率反之,但泰山23的总耗水量最低.(4) 同一灌水条件下,泰山23品种100～200cm土层的土壤耗水量高于潍麦8号,表明该品种能充分利用深层土壤水;山农12品种在W0和W2条件下,100～200 cm土层的土壤耗水量高于泰山23和潍麦8号,但其籽粒产量和水分利用效率显著低于上述两品种.     

Myosin lever disposition during length oscillations when power stroke tilting is reduced

M3 reflection intensity (I_M3) from tetanized, intact skeletal muscle fiber bundles was measured during sinusoidal length oscillations at 2.8 kHz, a frequency at which the myosin motor’s power stroke is greatly reduced. I_M3 signals were approximately sinusoidal, but showed a "double peak" distortion previously observed only at lower oscillation frequencies. A tilting lever arm model simulated this distortion, where I_M3 was calculated from the molecular structure of myosin subfragment 1 (S1). Simulations showed an isometric lever arm disposition close to normal to the filament axis at isometric tension, similar to that found using lower oscillation frequencies, where the power stroke contributes more toward total S1 movement. Inclusion of a second detached S1 in each actin-bound myosin dimer increased simulated I_M3 signal amplitude and improved agreement with the experimental data. The best agreement was obtained when detached heads have a fixed orientation, insensitive to length changes, and similar to that of attached heads at tetanus plateau. This configuration also accounts for the variations in relative intensity of the two main peaks of the M3 reflection substructure after a length change. This evidence of an I_M3 signal distortion when power stroke tilting is suppressed, provided that a large enough amplitude of length oscillation is used, is consistent with the tilting lever arm model of the power stroke. skeletal muscle; X-ray diffraction; muscle mechanics; molecular motors; subfragment 1 structure     

Electrophysiological assessment of water stress in fruit-bearing woody plants

Development and evaluation of a real-time plant water stress sensor, based on the electrophysiological behavior of fruit-bearing woody plants is presented. Continuous electric potentials are measured in tree trunks for different irrigation schedules, inducing variable water stress conditions; results are discussed in relation to soil water content and micro-atmospheric evaporative demand, determined continuously by conventional sensors, correlating this information with tree electric potential measurements.     

Quantifying root water extraction by rangeland plants through soil water modeling

We used soil water modeling as a tool to quantify water use of non-cultivated plant communities based on easily measured field data of soil water contents, soil hydraulic properties, and leaf area index. The model was applied in the mixed-grass prairie, considering a dynamic and non-uniform root distribution, the effect of soil water stress on plant water uptake, as well as the compensation effect of root water uptake. The simulation was conducted for the 111 days from mid May to early September of 2009. A good agreement between the model simulated and field measured soil water contents was obtained, with a maximum rooting depth estimated within the depth range of 1.3–1.6 m. The results suggest that a reasonable estimate of soil water retention parameters, and especially the use of the root uptake compensation significantly improved both numerical accuracy in predicted soil water dynamics, and the biological importance in the predicted seasonal root water extraction. In particular, the model gave a reasonable simulation of the seasonal progression of the drying zone in the soil profile in the summer of 2009. The method and analyses used in this paper may be useful in a wider context of soil-plant relationships.     

用光合-蒸散耦合模型模拟冬小麦水热通量的日变化

从SPAC理论出发,建立了一个冬小麦光合和蒸散的耦合模型．感热通量和潜热通量采用Shuttleworth-Wallace的双层模型计算,并通过冠层阻力的参数化,将光合作用与蒸腾作用耦合起来．用涡度相关方法,观测了感热通量和潜热通量,对模型进行了验证．结果表明,模拟值与观测值比较一致,模型可以很好地模拟感热通量和潜热通量的日变化过程．对模型的敏感性分析发现,冬小麦蒸腾比较敏感的参数有凋萎点、气孔导度参数、叶对红外辐射的反射率和光响应曲线凸度;土壤蒸发只对土壤阻力参数的敏感性较强．本模型对水热通量与环境因子作用过程的理论研究和指导农田的灌溉制度等有一定的意义．     

咸水灌溉条件下土壤水盐分布特征

通过设置3种灌水量水平（100%ET_c、80%ET_c、60%ET_c）和3种灌水水质水平（0.7、3和6 g·L^-1）,研究了咸水灌溉条件下春小麦120 cm土层内水分动态和盐分累积特征.结果表明：水分在农田土壤中的分布主要受灌水量和土壤质地的影响,充分灌溉使水分存贮在较深土层中,而非充分灌溉则使水分存贮在表层;在相同灌水量的条件下,土体内的盐分积累程度随着灌溉水矿化度的增大而加剧;在相同矿化度条件下,土体内的盐分含量及积盐深度随着灌水量的增加而增大.在作物整个生育期内,连续使用咸水灌溉将导致土壤积盐,且非充分灌溉较充分灌溉更易使土壤表层积盐.     

咸水非充分灌溉对土壤水盐分布及玉米产量的影响

通过不同矿化度的咸水灌溉春玉米试验,研究了石羊河流域中游咸水充分灌溉和非充分灌溉对土壤水盐分布及玉米产量的影响. 结果表明: 土壤含水量峰值均出现在灌溉期, 充分灌溉变化幅度高于非充分灌溉;土壤含盐量随灌水矿化度的增大而增大, 相同灌水矿化度下,非充分灌溉处理的土壤含盐量均较充分灌溉处理低; 非充分灌溉处理土壤盐分累积层较充分灌溉处理上移; 80～100 cm土壤含水量和含盐量保持稳定,不受灌溉水量和水质的影响.与淡水充分灌溉相比,咸水灌溉下玉米产量降低约15%～22%;9 g·L^-1、6 g·L^-1、3 g·L^-1咸水非充分灌溉下玉米收获后1 m土层平均土壤含盐量分别比充分灌溉降低8.1%、12.4%和18.4%,而产量仅分别降低3.4%、6.8%和3.0%.     

Distribution,length and weight of roots in young plantations ofEucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden irrigated with recycled water

Summary The root systems ofEucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, irrigated with recycled municipal effluent at two sites in north-western Victoria, Australia, were studied by excavation and coring. Trees at Robinvale were four years-old and were irrigated using micro-sprays that covered only 70% of the ground surface area, whereas at Mildura, effuent was uniformly was uniformly applied to six years-old trees by flood and sprinkler irrigation. At Mildura where roots were excavated from a 2.80×2.80×1.20 m block of soil, a total root length of 1193 m.m⁻² and a total root weight of 3.1 kg m⁻² were estimated in the top metre. For roots >1 mm diameter, 77% of intercepts were at 0–30 cm, whereas only 50% were in the 50–100 cm soil horizon. At both sites where roots in the top 30 cm were studied by coring, the vertical distributions of root intercepts, length and weight were similar. Root length was greatest in the 0–10 cm soil horizon at both sites, and intercepts of roots <1 mm diameter comprised 73% and 81% of all roots at Mildura and Robinvale respectively. Roots <1 mm diameter contributed 85% of total length at both sites, but only 19% and 21% of total weight at Mildura and Robinvale respectively. The horizontal distribution of roots differed at the two sites. With uniform application of effuent at Mildura, root intercepts and length were concentrated in the centre of the irrigation bay, but at Robinvale, the concentration occurred closer to the tree row due mainly to the different method of irrigation. Root weight at both sites was highest within 50 cm of the tree row. Root densities of 0.11 to 0.57 cm cm⁻³ were estimated in the two plantations; these were similar to root densities measured inPinus radiata D. Don plantations up to 46 months old, but were considerably lower than those estimated for pastures. The implications of the results for the management of irrigated plantations of eucalypts are discussed.     

The root zone dynamics of water uptake by a mature apple tree

We report the results from a field experiment in which we examined the spatial and temporal patterns of water uptake by a mature apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh., ‘Splendour’) in an orchard. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) was used to measure changes in the soil's volumetric water content, and heat-pulse was used to monitor locally the rates of sap flow in the trunk and roots of the tree. We also measured the tree's distribution of root-length density and obtained supporting data to characterize the soil's hydraulic properties. The experimental data were used to examine the output of the WAVE-model (Vanclooster et al, 1995; Ecol. Model. 81, 183–185) in which soil water transport is predicted using Richards' equation, and where root uptake is represented by a distributed macroscopic sink term. When the surface soil layers were uniformly wet, 70% of the trees water uptake occurred in the top 0.4 m of the root zone, in which approximately 70% of the tree's fine roots were located. When a partial irrigation was applied to just one side of the root zone, the apple tree quickly shifted its pattern of water uptake with an almost two-fold increase in uptake from the wetter soil parts and a corresponding reduction in uptake from the drier parts. The response of root-sap flow to irrigation was almost immediate (i.e. root flow increased within hours of the irrigation). Following subsequent irrigations over the whole soil surface, TDR measurements revealed a surface-ward shift in the pattern of water extraction, and root flow measurements revealed a recovery in the uptake function of seemingly inactive roots located in the previously-dry soil. Via our root sap flow measurements, we observed two roots on the same tree locally responding quite differently to similar events of soil wetting. This observation suggests that there may be considerable functional variability across the apple root system. Our measurement-model calculations yielded similar results and stress the prime role played by the plant in modifying the root zone balance of water. Following an irrigation or rainfall event, root uptake by apple appears to be more dependent upon the near-surface availability of water than it is related to the distribution of fine roots.