牦牛(Bos grunniens)染色体的研究

牦牛独产于中亚,以我国最多,其次是蒙古、苏联、尼泊尔。我国现有牦牛1,200多万头,占世界牦牛总数85％以上,占我国养牛业的14％以上。但由于我国牦牛还是一个原始牛种,生长发育缓慢、生产性能低,远远不能适应国民经济发展的需要。长期以来,国內     

Candidate SNP of CACNA2D1 Gene Associated with Clinical Mastitis and Production Traits in Sahiwal (Bos taurus indicus) and Karan Fries (Bos taurus taurus × Bos taurus indicus)

The present study was conducted to identify polymorphisms in CACNA2D1 gene and their association with clinical mastitis and production traits. Exon 18 and its flanking regions were screened for the presence of SNPs. Statistical analysis was performed to identify association of period of birth, breed, and genotype with mastitis incidence on randomly selected 103 Sahiwal and 102 Karan Fries cattle. PCR-RFLP analysis revealed that g.38819398G?>?A mutation in exon 18 (269?bp amplicon) of CACNA2D1 gene resolved into AA, AG, and GG genotypes in Sahiwal and Karan Fries cattle. Wald chi-square analysis revealed that the period of birth, breed, and genotype were significantly associated with mastitis incidence. GG genotyped cattle were found to be less susceptible to mastitis. Least square analysis revealed that GG and AG genotype animals of G38819398A SNP of CACNA2D1 gene in Sahiwal as well as in Karan Fries cattle were associated with higher average milk yields during 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lactations (P?<?0.01). These observations and their differential association with the incidence of mastitis and production traits can be utilized as an aid to selection for simultaneous improvement of both antagonistic traits; however, validation of results on large number of animals is warranted.     

Has the kouprey (Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937) been domesticated in Cambodia?

The kouprey (Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937) is a very rare bovid species of Cambodia, which may be extinct in the wild, as no living specimen has been observed for a long time. Here, we describe a complete taxidermy mount, which presents astonishing morphological similarities with the kouprey. The animal was mounted in 1871 at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, where it was referenced as No. 1871-576. It was deposited at the Natural History Museum of Bourges, France, in 1931, where it is still conserved today. To clarify the taxonomic status of the specimen of Bourges, DNA was extracted from a piece of bone taken on the mandible, and two different fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were independently amplified and sequenced. The phylogenetic analyses show that the specimen of Bourges is robustly associated with the holotype of the kouprey, and that both are related to other wild species of Bos found in Indochina, i.e., banteng (B. javanicus) and gaur (B. frontalis). Because of doubts for sexing the animal, we applied a molecular test based on the PCR amplification of a DNA fragment specific to the Y chromosome. The results indicate that the specimen of Bourges is a male. The comparisons with male kouprey previously described in the literature reveal important differences concerning the body size, general coloration and horns. As these differences involve phenotypic traits that are strongly selected in case of domestication, we suggest that the specimen of Bourges was a domestic ox. This implies therefore that the kouprey may have been domesticated in Cambodia, and that several extant local races may be directly related to the kouprey.     

云南野牛(Bos gaurus)生长发育的初步观察

1972—1973年间,我们对一头雌性云南小野牛进行了生长发育的测定,其结果如下: 材料和方法 一、材料来源:一头雌性的云南野牛幼体,系1972年4月1日,在西双版纳勐腊县易武公社,丫口寨的傜族社员所捕获。捕到时,此牛脐带刚脱落,脐带口尚具渗出物。显然是一只刚出生的小牛犊。 二、小野牛的饲养管理:小野牛捕到后社员曾利用家牛哺过乳。运至乳牛场后,我们即改用荷兰奶牛进行哺乳,在小野牛半岁前,我们一直用乳牛进行哺乳,每天定时哺乳四次,每次15—20分钟。平时,奶牛与小野牛分别关养。哺乳前将奶牛后肢用绳索保定,以防奶牛踢伤牛犊。半岁后除哺乳外,尚逐渐加喂白菜、胡萝卜和混合精料。一周岁后即断了奶,改用粗精饲料喂养。每日精料配合如下:     

北京西郊—原始牛(Bos primigenius)头骨化石

这里記述的一原始牛头骨化石是1956年解放軍某部在北京复兴門外柳林館玉渊潭开发永定河引河的义务劳动中发現的。后来由北京市文化局文物調查研究組囑我所鑑定。目前該标本陈列于中央自然博物館古生物館中。原始牛(Bos primigenius Bojanus)头骨带有完整的頰齿,除了吻部已缺失,額部受些挤压外,大致保存完好。石化較深。     

我国黄牛属(Bos)五个种的染色体比较研究

本文应用外周血淋巴细胞短期培养方法,研究了我国黄牛属中五种牛的染色体组型,结果:黄牛(Bos taurus)2n=60;牦牛(Bos grunniens)2n=60;高峰牛(Bos indicus)2n=60;大额牛(Bos frontalis)2n=58;云南野牛(Bos gaurus readei)2n=56。并从染色体数目和形态上比较了它们之间的差异和类同。最后,从细胞遗传学角度讨论了这几种牛彼此之间杂交育种的可能性,为畜牧业上培养新的优良牛种提供了细胞遗传学的依据。     

Amino acid differences in interferon-tau (IFN-τ) of Bos taurus Coreanae and Holstein

Interferons (IFNs) are commonly grouped into type I and type II IFN. Type I IFNs are known as antiviral IFNs including IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-ω whereas type II IFN is referred to immune IFN and IFN-γ is only member of the type II IFN. Type I IFNs are induced by virus invading however type II IFN is produced by mitogenic or antigenic stimuli. IFN-τ was first identified in ruminant ungulates as a pregnancy recognition hormone, trophoblastin. IFN-τ constitutes a new class of type I IFN, which possesses the common features of type I IFN, such as the ability to prevent viral infection and to limit cell proliferation. In addition, IFN-τ is unique in that it is induced by pregnancy unlike other type I IFNs. We cloned Bos taurus (B. T.) Coreanae IFN-τ from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The amino acid sequence of B. T. Coreanae IFN-τ shares only 90.3% identity with that of Holstein dairy cow. Recombinant B. T. Coreanae and Holstein IFN-τ proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and the antiviral activity of IFN-τ proteins were examined. Both recombinant proteins were active and protected human WISH and bovine MDBK cells from the cytopathic effect of vesicular stomatitis virus. The recombinant IFN-τ protein of B. T. Coreanae and Holstein properly induced the expression of antiviral genes including 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and Mx GTPase 1 (Mx-1).     

Role of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in modulating the molecular mechanism adopted by melanocytes of Bos indicus under UVR stress

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry - Ultraviolet radiations (UVR) are responsible for a wide variety of acute and chronic effects on the animal skin. However, the effect of UVR-induced oxidative...     

Hemoglobin Bali (bovine): βA18(Bl)Lys → his: One of the “missing links” between βA and βB of domestic cattle exists in the Bali cattle (Bovinae,Bos banteng)

The structure of the beta chain of adult bovine hemoglobin Bali of the Bali cattle was determined and compared to those of beta A, beta B, and other beta-chain variants of domestic cattle reported previously. The lysine residue at beta A18 was substituted by histidine in beta Bali18. This change requires two base substitutions at the codon and is also found in beta B18. The beta B chain differs from the beta A chain at residue Nos. 15, 18, and 119. It was concluded that a common ancestor of the beta B and beta Bali first diverged from the beta A chain through the Lys leads to His substitution. This fact indicates that the high degree of dimorphism of the beta A and beta B chains in Indian humped cattle is a result of its hybrid origin. An evolutionary tree for the bovine hemoglobin beta-chain variants was constructed based on parsimonious evolution and homology with related species.     

Complementation of aChlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant defective in the nuclear gene encoding the chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) γ-subunit (atpC)

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strainatpC1 is a mutant defective in the nuclear gene that encodes the CF₁ ATP synthase -subunit polypeptide. Photoautotrophic growth was restored toatpC1 after it was transformed with wild-type DNA. Transformed strains were acetate-independent and arsenate-sensitive, similar in phenotype to the progenitor wild-type strain from whichatpC1 was generated. Three transformed strains were examined in detail. Southern blot analyses demonstrated that the transformants were complements and not revertants. The transforming DNA integrated into the nuclear genome in a nonhomologous manner and at a low copy number. Northern blot analyses showed that the -subunit mRNA in the complemented strains was expressed at the same relative level as that of wild-type. Western blots of total protein showed that whereasatpC1 was unable to synthesize any CF₁ -subunit, all three complemented strains could. Furthermore, the Western blot analyses demonstrated that the mutation inatpC1 had a pleiotropic effect on the accumulation of the CF₁ -subunit which was relieved upon complementation. Cell extracts fromatpC1 did not have any CF₁-dependent catalytic activity, whereas extracts from all of the complemented strains and the wild-type strain had identical activities.The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper is in the GenBank data bank with accession number M73493.     

Expanding the Clinical Indications for α(1)-Antitrypsin Therapy

α(1)-Antitrypsin (AAT) is a 52-kDa circulating serine protease inhibitor. Production of AAT by the liver maintains 0.9-1.75 mg/mL circulating levels. During acute-phase responses, circulating AAT levels increase more than fourfold. In individuals with one of several inherited mutations in AAT, low circulating levels increase the risk for lung, liver and pancreatic destructive diseases, particularly emphysema. These individuals are treated with lifelong weekly infusions of human plasma-derived AAT. An increasing amount of evidence appears to suggest that AAT possesses not only the ability to inhibit serine proteases, such as elastase and proteinase-3 (PR-3), but also to exert antiinflammatory and tissue-protective effects independent of protease inhibition. AAT modifies dendritic cell maturation and promotes T regulatory cell differentiation, induces interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist and IL-10 release, protects various cell types from cell death, inhibits caspases-1 and -3 activity and inhibits IL-1 production and activity. Importantly, unlike classic immunosuppressants, AAT allows undeterred isolated T-lymphocyte responses. On the basis of preclinical and clinical studies, AAT therapy for nondeficient individuals may interfere with disease progression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, acute myocardial infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis, transplant rejection, graft versus host disease and multiple sclerosis. AAT also appears to be antibacterial and an inhibitor of viral infections, such as influenza and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and is currently evaluated in clinical trials for type 1 diabetes, cystic fibrosis and graft versus host disease. Thus, AAT therapy appears to have advanced from replacement therapy, to a safe and potential treatment for a broad spectrum of inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases.     

Inhibition of the Functional Interplay between Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Oxidoreduclin-1α (Ero1α) and Protein-disulfide Isomerase (PDI) by the Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that may have adverse effects on human health. We recently isolated protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) as a BPA-binding protein from rat brain homogenates and found that BPA markedly inhibited PDI activity. To elucidate mechanisms of this inhibition, detailed structural, biophysical, and functional analyses of PDI were performed in the presence of BPA. BPA binding to PDI induced significant rearrangement of the N-terminal thioredoxin domain of PDI, resulting in more compact overall structure. This conformational change led to closure of the substrate-binding pocket in b′ domain, preventing PDI from binding to unfolded proteins. The b′ domain also plays an essential role in the interplay between PDI and ER oxidoreduclin 1α (Ero1α), a flavoenzyme responsible for reoxidation of PDI. We show that BPA inhibited Ero1α-catalyzed PDI oxidation presumably by inhibiting the interaction between the b′ domain of PDI and Ero1α; the phenol groups of BPA probably compete with a highly conserved tryptophan residue, located in the protruding β-hairpin of Ero1α, for binding to PDI. Consistently, BPA slowed down the reoxidation of PDI and caused the reduction of PDI in HeLa cells, indicating that BPA has a great impact on the redox homeostasis of PDI within cells. However, BPA had no effect on the interaction between PDI and peroxiredoxin-4 (Prx4), another PDI family oxidase, suggesting that the interaction between Prx4 and PDI is different from that of Ero1α and PDI. These results indicate that BPA, a widely distributed and potentially harmful chemical, inhibits Ero1-PDI-mediated disulfide bond formation.     

1-Bromo-3-(1',1'-dimethylalkyl)-1-deoxy-Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinols: New selective ligands for the cannabinoid CB(2) receptor

Δ(8)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (26), 3-(1',1'-dimethylbutyl)- (12), 3-(1',1'-dimethylpentyl)- (13), 3-(1',1'-dimethylhexyl)- (14) and 3-(1',1'-dimethylheptyl)-Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (15) have been converted into the corresponding 1-bromo-1-deoxy-Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinols (25, 8-11). This was accomplished using a protocol developed in our laboratory in which the trifluoromethanesulfonate of a phenol undergoes palladium mediated coupling with pinacolborane. Reaction of this dioxaborolane with aqueous-methanolic copper(II) bromide provides the aryl bromide. The affinities of these bromo cannabinoids for the cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors were determined. All of these compounds showed selectivity for the CB(2) receptor and one of them, 1-bromo-1-deoxy-3-(1',1'-dimethylhexyl)-Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (10), exhibits 52-fold selectivity for this receptor with good (28nM) affinity.