A GIS-based LVF model for semiquantitative assessment of groundwater pollution risk: A case study in Shenyang,NE China

Groundwater pollution risk assessment is a useful tool to prevent and control groundwater pollution, but its quantitative research is still relatively immature. In this study, a geographic information system based LVF model for a semiquantitative assessment of groundwater pollution risk is established, based on the groundwater pollution source load (L), groundwater vulnerability (V), and groundwater function value (F). Further, the pollution source load is characterized by seven specific pollution sources, the vulnerability is calculated by the modified DRASTIC method, and the groundwater function value is evaluated with the water quality and quantity. The model was used to assess the risk of shallow groundwater pollution in Shenyang city, Northeast China, with an area of 8,263 km². The results show that highest risk areas account for 16.3% of the study area and are mainly distributed in the east of the study area. High risk areas are significantly affected by a shallow buried depth of groundwater and many types of harmful pollutants from industrial, agricultural, and domestic pollution sources. The evaluation results reflect the risk of groundwater pollution in the Shenyang area, which is relevant to the management and sustainable use of groundwater resources in the area.     

Impact of urbanization on coastal wetland structure and function

Abstract Urbanization is a major cause of loss of coastal wetlands. Urbanization also exerts significant influences on the structure and function of coastal wetlands, mainly through modifying the hydrological and sedimentation regimes, and the dynamics of nutrients and chemical pollutants. Natural coastal wetlands are characterized by a hydrological regime comprising concentrated flow to estuarine and coastal areas during flood events, and diffused discharge into groundwater and waterways during the non‐flood periods. Urbanization, through increasing the amount of impervious areas in the catchment, results in a replacement of this regime by concentrating rain run‐off. Quality of run‐off is also modified in urban areas, as loadings of sediment, nutrients and pollutants are increased in urban areas. While the effects of such modifications on the biota and the physical environment have been relatively well studied, there is to date little information on their impact at the ecosystem level. Methodological issues, such as a lack of sufficient replication at the whole‐habitat level, the lack of suitable indices of urbanization and tools for assessing hydrological connectivity, have to be overcome to allow the effects of urbanization to be assessed at the ecosystem level. A functional model is presented to demonstrate the impact of urbanization on coastal wetland structure and function.     

污染场地地下水渗流场模拟与评价——以柘城县为例

地下水数值模拟技术可以定性、定量描述地下水系统中大量的不确定性和模糊因素。由于不合理的开发利用水资源,拓城县土壤和地表水受到污染严重。以拓城县作为研究区,通过探讨研究区的水文地质概念模型、地下水流运动的数学模型,求解该模型,确定研究方法。同时,结合地下水各类监测因子,对研究区的污染场场地地下水进行模拟评价,包括了参数率定和模型预测两部分,从而确定最合理的地下水开采方案。     

浑河河水及其沿岸地下水污染特征

选择沈阳地区重要河流浑河及其沿岸地下水进行定量分析,研究并探讨了包括无机物和有机物在内的水质综合污染特征。结果表明,浑河河水中氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮和酚超过了地表水环境质量标准,最大超标倍数分别为15.8、1.5、82.4和1.8倍,检测出的11种卤代烃、氯苯和六六六等有机物均未超标。浑河沿岸地下水中氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮、化学需氧量、酚和铅超过地下水质量标准,超标率分别为31.6%、10.5%、26.3%、36.8%、47.4%和26.8%,检测出的4种卤代烃和六六六等有机物均未超标。河水及其沿岸地下水中的污染物,尤其是有机污染物种类和浓度高值基本出现在城西的谟家—大祝断面之间。浑河水质主要受城市工业废水、居民生活污水排放的影响,沿岸地下水的污染来源包括工业生产或农村居民生活造成的地表污染物垂直入渗式的点源污染、浑河水侧向渗透补给式的线源污染以及农药化肥使用产生的面源污染,而有机污染物主要通过点源污染地下水。浑河各区段的使用功能、包气带岩性及沿岸水源地开采井布局等因素都为受污染的河水对沿岸几百米范围内的浅层地下水的补给提供了条件,造成浅层地下水的污染,对当地生态系统及人类健康构成潜在威胁。     

山东潍坊地下水硝酸盐污染现状及δ15N溯源

采用均匀布点选取了山东潍坊居民区、粮田和蔬菜种植区等区域地下水为研究对象,分析了地下水硝态氮含量及污染来源,结果表明:潍坊地区地下水硝态氮平均含量为28.1 mg/L ,按照国家地下水质量标准(GB/T 14848-93)属于Ⅲ类水;饮用水井硝态氮平均含量为23.3 mg/L, 最高值达到了150 mg/L,对国家饮用水标准(10 mg/L)超标率高达73.5%,严重超标率达50%;不同土地利用方式下地下水硝态氮含量不同,设施蔬菜种植区最高,其次是露地蔬菜种植区, 小麦-玉米种植区地下水硝态氮含量较低,但都超过了WHO饮用水中硝酸盐的最大允许含量50 mg/L的规定(折合为硝态氮11.3 mg/L);硝酸盐与水质离子之间的相关性以及水质分析相关的派珀图分析显示地下水硝酸盐污染与氮肥施用有关;根据硝酸盐δ¹⁵N的稳定同位素溯源分析,潍坊地区地下水硝酸盐41.5%来自于化肥,14.6%来自于生活污水,其他是来自化肥、生活污水和家畜粪尿的混合污染。综上,潍坊市地下水硝酸盐污染非常严重,已经对当地居民的身体健康造成了潜在的威胁;因此,亟需从源头控制做起,减少肥料的过量投入和生活污水的随意排放,以控制硝酸盐的继续污染及改善当地水环境。     

南昌市中心城区主要大气污染物分布模拟及土地利用对其影响

随着我国城市化、工业化的快速推进,城市大气污染问题日益突出,研究城市大气污染物的分布情况及其土地利用影响对解决城市大气污染问题具有重要意义.本研究以南昌市中心城区为研究区,基于土地利用回归模型(LUR)模拟了PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃等6种主要大气污染物浓度,并分析其时空分布特征;基于主导土地利用类型,选择南昌市中心城区内居住、商业、教育和工业用地各15个样本区,为了减少气象因子的影响,分四季统计各样本区6类大气污染物浓度,运用双因素方差分析和多重比较,定量分析土地利用(样本区)对6类大气污染物的影响.结果表明: 采用LUR模型模拟研究区PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃浓度的平均绝对误差率分别为11.9%、13.4%、12.5%、12.0%、12.7%和13.5%,模型误差较小,方法可行.研究区6类污染物浓度具有明显的时空分布特征,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO浓度在冬季最高,春季和秋季次之,夏季最低;O₃浓度则为夏季高,春季和秋季次之,冬季低.PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO浓度整体呈现从城区中心到郊区递减的趋势,而O₃浓度则反之.不同季节与不同土地利用样本区间6种大气污染物浓度差异显著,表明在中心城区尺度上,气象条件和土地利用都对大气污染物有显著影响.不同土地利用对主要大气污染物浓度分布有不同程度的影响,其中,对PM_2.5、NO₂和O₃的影响较大,对CO的影响较小.     

城市化对空气污染人群暴露贡献的定量方法研究

短期快速城市化引发一系列生态环境问题,尤其是近年来以细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))为代表的城市与区域空气污染问题。人群的污染暴露一方面是因为污染区范围的扩张,另外一方面则归因于城市化引发的人口迁移,目前的研究重点关注于前者的贡献,而忽略了后者的贡献。因此,建立了城市化对空气污染人群暴露贡献的定量方法,并选取我国PM_(2.5)污染最为严重的京津冀城市群开展了实证研究,通过利用2000、2005、2010、2015年PM_(2.5)浓度和人口栅格数据以及人口自然增长率数据,定量评估了城市化引发的人口迁移对空气污染人群暴露的贡献。研究结果显示:(1)京津冀地区受污染影响面积和人口变化显著,造成大量的人口暴露于PM_(2.5)污染。(2)城市化引发的人口迁移与自然增长贡献率方面:总体上,2000—2015年,京津冀城市群总的人口迁移贡献率为48%,北京市和天津市总的人口迁移贡献率分别为94%和88%,而河北省污染总的人口迁移贡献率为-32%。其中在污染保持区,北京市和天津市的人口迁移贡献率均接近100%,而河北省的迁移贡献率为-26%,尤其在2010—2015年,河北省衡水市的人口迁移贡献率达到-6613%;在污染新增区,北京市和天津市的人口迁移贡献率分别为86%和84%,而河北省污染的人口迁移贡献率为-757%。本研究建立了定量化的方法揭示了城市化在空气污染人群暴露中的定量贡献,为科学引导城市化发展提供了定量的手段,为合理规划京津冀城市群地区的人口流动与空气污染奠定了数据基础。     

下辽河平原地下水脆弱性的时空演变

地下水脆弱性受相关因子变化的影响,在时空分布上具有动态变化性,因此分析地下水脆弱性的时空演变及结构变化规律对于地下水有针对性地污染防治具有重要意义。以下辽河平原为研究区,选取1991、2000和2010年的相关人为因子参数,结合DRASTIC模型计算这3个年份的地下水脆弱性综合指数,利用Arc GIS的地理统计工具分析地下水脆弱性的演变状况。在此基础上计算G指数得到地下水脆弱性的空间热冷点分布,结合重心和标准差椭圆对热点的变动情况进行定量分析。研究结果表明:(1)1991年地下水脆弱性以较低脆弱性和高脆弱性区为主,分别占研究区面积的36.5%和31.3%,到2000年以一般脆弱性和较高脆弱性区为主,面积比例分别达到31.6%和25.9%,发展到2010年主要以较高脆弱性为主,面积比例占41.71%;(2)1991—2010年下辽河平原地下水脆弱性总体上呈现先增后减的趋势,沈阳市及周边长期处于高值状况,南部沿海地区逐步演化为高值脆弱性区;(3)1991和2000年的热点集中区主要分布在新民市和辽中县的西部地带,期间变化较小,2010年的滨海地区也发展成热点集中区,各时期内冷点分布面积比较少,且零散;(4)1991年至2000年,热点重心向西南方向位移了2.264km,热点分布格局进一步趋于东—西方向;2000年到2010年,热点重心向西南方向位移了30.787km,标准差椭圆长轴旋转角逆时针转动了32.44°,整体热点分布格局为东北—西南方向。     

污染足迹及其在区域水污染压力评估中的应用——以太湖流域上游湖州市为例

传统生态足迹理论虽然在可持续发展评价等方面得到了广泛的应用,但却仍然无法全面衡量人类活动对生态系统造成的各种影响。其无法全面评估人类活动的根源在于,土地功能排他性假设限制了其对利用生态系统非生物生产性产品和服务的人类活动的衡量。为了摆脱传统生态足迹理论的局限性,建议承认土地功能多样性的客观事实,将生态足迹构建于多种生态系统服务功能之上。针对传统生态足迹对定义中废弃物吸纳的考虑不足,提出了基于污染物吸纳功能的生态足迹,即污染足迹。污染足迹不是对传统生态足迹中能源足迹的简单置换,而是能够囊括人类活动产生的大部分污染物,并可以根据不同的污染物类别或类型进一步细化的足迹类型。构建了太湖流域有机物、氮和磷污染足迹模型,并利用该模型对流域上游湖州市的水污染压力进行了综合评估。结果表明:(1)2007年湖州市污染足迹为39948.73 hm²,东部平原地区污染足迹较大,西部丘陵地区污染足迹相对较小;(2)湖州市人类活动排放的氮磷污染物对水域空间的生态占用已经远远超过了有机污染物;(3)2007年湖州市污染承载力为20896.00 hm²,污染赤字为19052.73 hm²,人类排污活动俨然超出了当地水域的承载能力;(4)2007年湖州市污染压力指数为1.91,当地水环境总体上处于轻度接近中度污染压力;(5)湖州市水污染压力较大的地区,区域内人类活动的维持建立在区域水环境质量恶化或污染物向下游输移的基础之上。     

Pollution risk assessment based on source apportionment in a groundwater resource area,NE China

Pollution risk assessment of a groundwater resource area is instrumental in contributing to groundwater protection. This study considered the evaluation results of source apportionment by combining a principal component analysis (PCA) with a factor analysis (FA) to identify potential risk sources. The vulnerability was evaluated using a DRASTIC model as the main pollution pathway, and groundwater quality as a pollution receptor, in order to validate the risk of pollution in a typical groundwater resource area of northeastern China. Results showed that four principal potential pollution sources were point source pollution such as water-rock interaction, dissolution of iron and manganese bearing minerals due to geological processes, non-point source pollution of nitrogen such as agriculture fertilizers, and organic pollution resulting from domestic and industrial wastewater. A “high” and “relatively high” pollution risk occurred mainly at the northwestern and southeastern edges of the region, respectively, with a widely distributed “moderate” pollution risk over the majority of the study area, and a “relatively low” and “low” pollution risk located mainly in the central of the Limin Groundwater Resources area, which showed that the potential pollution sources, especially due to human activity, have significantly changed the distribution of pollution risk in groundwater resource areas.     

Statistical and multivariate statistical techniques to trace the sources and affecting factors of groundwater pollution in a rapidly growing city on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Abstract

Groundwater quality is defined by various water quality parameters. The aims of the research are to understand the relationships among different groundwater quality parameters and to trace the sources and affecting factors of groundwater pollution via statistical and multivariate statistical techniques. The 36 shallow groundwater samples collected from shallow pumping wells in Yan’an City were analyzed for various water quality parameters. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and multivariable linear regressions (MLR) were jointly used in this study to explore the sources and affecting factors of groundwater pollution. The study reveals that the mineral dissolution/precipitation and anthropogenic input are the main sources of the physicochemical indices and trace elements in the groundwater. Groundwater chemistry is predominantly regulated by natural processes such as dissolution of carbonates, silicates, and evaporates and soil leaching, followed by human activities as the second factor. Climatic factors and land use types are also important in affecting groundwater chemistry. Cl^– is the greatest contributor to the overall groundwater quality revealed by the two regression models. The first model which has eight dependent variables is high in model reliability and stability, and is recommended for the overall groundwater quality prediction. The study is helpful for understanding groundwater quality variation in urban areas.     

Spatio-temporal assessment of urbanization impacts on ecosystem services: Case study of Nanjing City,China

Rapid urbanization is a global phenomenon that has altered many ecosystems, causing a decline in many ecosystem services, generating ecological risks such as water shortages, air pollution, and soil pollution. Here, we present a conceptual framework quantifying how urbanization influences the ecosystem services in a typical city (Nanjing) of China. Between 2000 and 2010, we separated the city into three urbanization categories (developing urban, developed urban, and rural areas) and quantified the status of six critical ecosystem services (food supply, carbon sequestration, soil water storage, air pollution removal, habitat suitability, and recreation potential). Our results show that urbanization significantly impacted all ecosystem services, with detected changes in ecosystem services being spatially heterogeneous due to urban expansion and population mobility. Developed areas contained greater amounts of green infrastructure, which improved carbon storage and reduced air pollution. In contrast, the rapid expansion of urban and industrial land in developing urban areas led to lower food supply, carbon sequestration, soil water storage, and habitat suitability. The expansion of rural residential areas led to lower soil water storage, carbon sequestration, and food supply, while greater amounts of abandoned cropland resulted in increased carbon sequestration, but decreased food supply in rural areas. Analysis of the interactions between pairs of ecosystem services identified urbanization development problems, including abandoned cropland and the expansion of rural residential land. Lastly, we proposed four key urban planning measures to mitigate the loss of ecosystem services during rapid urbanization. Acquiring quantitative knowledge about how rapid urbanization drives changes to ecosystem changes may help guide sustainable urban planning with respect to ecosystem service use, urban development, and human welfare benefits.     

大庆油田开发中石油类污染物对地下水环境影响模拟分析

分析了大庆市龙南油田开发建设工程对地下水环境的污染来源及污染途径,针对本油田工程工艺分析的特点,建立了石油类污染物在地下水环境中迁移、转化的数学模型,模型中考虑了石油类污染物的降解性和较强的吸附性,推导了连续源情况下地下水中石类污染物运移解析式并进行了预测分析,从而为油田开发建设工程环境影响评价提供了重要依据。     

基于非点源污染控制的景观格局优化方法与原则

对目前国内外较为常用的基于非点源污染控制的景观格局优化方法及其设计原则进行了系统的评述 ,以促进其推广应用并提高其污染控制效果。还通过分析这些方法在我国的应用前景 ,强调了探索适合我国国情的景观格局优化方法对于控制非点源污染的重要意义。     

东北主要绿化树种对大气中砷吸收能力的研究

采用原子荧光光度法测定了30种东北主要绿化树种对大气中砷的吸收量.结果表明:这些树种均对砷具有一定的吸收能力,并且不同绿化树种的吸砷量有明显的差异,对砷吸收量高的树种有杏、榆树、垂枝榆和黄菠萝,可以作为砷污染较严重地区的绿化树种.另外在污染源和污染程度相似的地区,不同树种吸砷量也有很大的差异.     

DNA adduct levels in fish from pristine areas are not detectable or low when analysed using the nuclease P1 version of the 32P-postlabelling technique

In order to understand and apply DNA adduct formation in fish liver as a biomarker for aquatic pollution, information concerning the natural background levels in non-contaminated organisms, caused by endogenous compounds, is of fundamental importance. In this study, DNA adducts were analysed in liver of 11 fish species from arctic and sub-arctic areas in the northern Atlantic using the nuclease P1 version of the ^{332P-postlabelling technique. The collected fish were assumed not to have been influenced by anthropogenic pollution apart from possible long-range transported pollutants. As polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are thought to be fundamental in forming the type of DNA adducts detected by the method used, biliary PAH metabolite levels were measured in a selection of the investigated species. In all investigated individuals, the levels of PAH metabolites were undetectable. Controlled on-site exposure experiments with benzo[a]pyrene (polar cod) and laboratory experiments with crude oil (polar cod and Atlantic cod) were conducted. DNA adducts were formed in both these species. The field-sampled fish showed undetectable levels of DNA adducts or levels just above the detection limit. The present study supports the assumption that when DNA adducts are detected by the nuclease P1 version of the 3ng method in fish liver, it can be interpreted as DNA damage caused by pollutants.}     

京津冀城市群城市化与生态环境时空分异及协同发展格局

京津冀城市群在快速城市化进程中,"高耗能、高污染、高排放"的粗放型经济发展模式引发了一系列诸如雾霾、水质污染及生态体系破坏等问题。选取2000—2015年京津冀城市群13个地级以上城市作为研究对象,采用系统指数评估模型评价城市化与生态环境系统及其子系统指数值,运用耦合协调度模型及其分类原则判定两者协同发展格局。结果表明:(1)北京、天津、唐山、石家庄、廊坊城市化发展较强,邯郸、秦皇岛、衡水、沧州居中,邢台、保定、张家口、承德较弱;北京、保定、张家口、承德和秦皇岛生态环境保护较好,天津、石家庄、廊坊、邯郸、沧州居中,邢台、衡水、唐山较弱。(2)2000—2007年为城市化缓慢发展阶段,2008—2015年为稳步提升阶段;2000—2010年为生态保护攻坚期,2011—2015年为生态文明建设期,环保投入剧增。(3)高城市化区的空间格局保持不变,偏高城市化区和中城市化区空间格局相对稳定,低城市化区基本不存在;优生态环境区、偏优生态环境区和中生态环境区空间格局相对稳定,劣生态环境保护区不存在。(4)京津冀城市群城市化与生态环境系统耦合协调度上升趋势显著,但是濒临失调和中度协调占主导类型,具有较大上升空间;协同发展类型整体上逐渐由城市化滞后演变为生态环境滞后,生态环境质量需要进一步提高。由此,需要以生态环境保护为抓手,坚持产业转型升级和"高科技+"的自主优化思想,打造集聚区域特色的"美丽中国"绿色城市化样板区;加大地区生态环境保护的投入和宣传,以"生态+"思想融入经济社会发展,培育区域性绿色小城镇;建立多样化生态保护园区、现代化旅游和康养基地、科技化教育培训机构,促进区域内外多维多向联动发展;保有生态环境危机意识,积极创建保障措施,杜绝重大生态破坏、环境污染等事件。     

Groundwater quality in karst regions in the Philippines

Groundwater in karst regions in the Philippines is inhabited by a diverse yet unique aquatic fauna. While this habitat is threatened by anthropogenic disturbances, basic physicochemical information is lacking. Here, we provide the first report of karst groundwater quality based on the characterization and assessment of samples collected from caves. Water samples from seven islands (Bohol, Calicoan, Luzon, Mindanao, Negros Oriental, Panglao, and Samar) were analyzed in order to obtain baseline information about and assess the environmental status of groundwater in karst areas. Although most of the sites showed no evidence of anthropogenic disturbance, excessive amounts of NO₂ ^?, NO₃ ^?, and Cl^? were detected in the samples from a few areas, particularly Panglao Island, Bohol. These pollutants likely originate from human-related activities such as the use of water treatment chemicals, detergents, and bleach, as well as the leakage of septic tanks. Further investigations and in-depth studies aimed at clearly understanding the dynamics of the karst groundwater, thus preventing the aggravation of problems with the groundwater in the future, are highly recommended.     

Spatial variation in ciliate communities with respect to water quality in the Delhi NCR stretch of River Yamuna,India

The River Yamuna emerges from Saptarishi Kund, Yamunotri and merge with River Ganges at Allahabad, India. Anthropogenic stress has affected the water quality of the river Yamuna drastically in the stretch traversing Delhi and its satellite towns (National Capital Region, NCR). In the present study, effect of water quality on the microbial life in the River Yamuna was analyzed using ciliate communities (Protista, Ciliophora) as bio-indicators. Water samples were collected from six sampling sites chosen according to the levels of pollution along the river and water quality was analysed using standard physicochemical factors. As the river traverses Delhi NCR, water quality deteriorates considerably as indicated by the Water Quality Index at the selected sampling sites. Seventy-four ciliate species representing nine classes were recorded. Based on the Shannon diversity index, maximum species diversity was found at the point where the river enters Delhi. The saprobity index showed the river water was beta-mesosaprobic when the river enters Delhi and alpha-mesosaprobic at downstream sites after the first major drain outfall. Significant relationship between the spatial variation in ciliate communities and abiotic parameters indicate that ciliates can be used as effective bioindicators of pollution in the River Yamuna.     

Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Heavy Metals in the Vicinity of an Oil Refinery in India

Petroleum products are one of the major sources of energy for industry and daily life. Growth of the petroleum industry and shipping of petroleum products has resulted in the pollution. Populations living in the vicinity of oil refinery waste sites may be at greater risk of potential exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) through inhalation, ingestion, and direct contact with contaminated media. PAH have often been found to coexist with environmental pollutants including heavy metals due to similar pollution sources. The levels and distribution patterns of Σ16 PAH (sum of the 16 PAH) and heavy metals (lead, copper, nickel, cobalt, and chromium) were determined in soil and sediment in the vicinity (5 km radius) of an oil refinery in India. Concentrations of Σ16 PAH in the soils and sediments were found to be 60.36 and 241.23 ppm, respectively. Higher amount of PAH in sediments as compared to soil is due to low water solubility of PAH, settled in the bottom of aquatic bodies. The levels of lead, copper, nickel, cobalt, and chromium (total) in soil were 12.52, 13.52, 18.78, 4.84, and 8.29 ppm, while the concentrations of these metals in sediments were 16.38, 47.88, 50.15, 7.07, and 13.25 ppm, respectively. Molecular diagnostics indices of PAH (Ratio of Phenanthrene/Anthracene, Fluranthene/Pyrene) calculated for soil and sediment samples indicate that the oil refinery environment is contaminated with PAH from petrogenic as well as pyrolytic origin and heavy vehicular traffic on the Agra- Delhi National highway. Sixteen PAH priority pollutants were detected in the United States in entire samples collected near oil refinery areas and concentrations of Σ16 PAH in soil was found to be 1.20 times higher than the threshold value for PAH in soil by ICRCL (Inter-Departmental Committee on the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land). This concentration could lead to disastrous consequences for the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem and may affect the soil quality, thus impairing plant growth and its bioaccumulation in food chain.