Biological control of the citrus red mite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panonychus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">citri</Emphasis> by the predator mite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Typhlodromus athiasae</Emphasis> on two citrus cultivars under greenhouse conditions

This study examined the efficacy of the predatory mite Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and Swirski (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a biological control agent of the citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) on seedlings of Washington and Valencia citrus cultivars at 1:10, 1:20 and 1:40 predator:prey release ratios under greenhouse conditions. At predator:prey ratios of 1:10, significant reductions on P. citri populations were observed one week after release of T. athiasae, and populations remained at low levels thereafter. The highest mean numbers of P. citri were found in the third week on the Washington cultivar and in the fourth week on Valencia, in a control group with no predators. This study demonstrates the potential of T. athiasae to effectively control P. citri on Washington and Valencia cultivars under greenhouse conditions at predator:prey ratios of 1:10. However, T. athiasae was unable to control the citrus red mite populations when the predator:prey ratio was reduced to 1:40. We therefore recommend a release ratio of 1:10 for effective control of P. citri in greenhouses on seedlings of Washington and Valencia citrus.     

Direct demonstration of NCAM cis-dimerization and inhibitory effect of palmitoylation using the BRET technique

Biological activity of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) depends on both adhesion and activation of intra-cellular signaling. Based on in vitro experiments with truncated extra-cellular domains, several models describing homophilic NCAM trans- and cis-interactions have been proposed. However, cis-dimerization in living cells has not been shown directly and the role of the cytoplasmic part in NCAM dimerization is poorly understood. Here, we used the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET²) technique to directly demonstrate that full-length NCAM cis-homodimerizes in living cells. Based on BRET²50 values we suggest that the intra-cellular part of NCAM inhibits cis-dimerization, an effect mainly dependent on the palmitoylation sites.

Structured summary

MINT-8071463: NCAM140 (uniprotkb:P13591-1) physically interacts (MI:0915) with NCAM140 (uniprotkb:P13591-1) by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (MI:0012)MINT-8071506: NCAM180 (genbank_protein_gi:119587605) physically interacts (MI:0915) with NCAM-180 (genbank_protein_gi:119587605) by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (MI:0012)MINT-8071483: NCAM140 (uniprotkb:P13591-1) physically interacts (MI:0915) with NCAM140 (uniprotkb:P13591-1) by competition binding (MI:0405)     

Photoperiodic effect on some enzymes and metabolites in diapausingAntheraea mylitta pupae andPhilosamia ricini larvae during development

The variation in acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) activity inAntheraea mylitta was similar in all light and dark groups exposed to different photophases (LD =0:24, 24:0, 18:6, 14:10, 10:14 and 12:12 h) maintaining all along a higher activity than its alkaline counterpart. The highest activity was recorded on day 82 in LD group 10:14 h. The non-diapausingPhilosamia ricini larvae registered highest activity in LD group 0:24 h on day 5. Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity was low all through metamorphosis in both the lepidopterans, although significantly elevated activity was observed on day 5 in larvae of allPhilosamia ricini LD regimens and on day 82 inAntherae mylitta. Photoperiodic effect on Phosphorylase (EC 2.3.1.1) activity, glycogen and inorganic phosphates content have also been studied. Exposure to LD 10:14, 14:10 and 18:6 h provoked early diapause termination inAntheraea mylitta. The non-diapausingPhilosamia ricini was unaffected in moth emergence but the emerged adults of LD 24:0 and 0:24 h groups were unhealthy, small and did not mate or oviposit.     

New species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Spitsbergen,with additional information about known Arctic species

The kinorhynch fauna in two Arctic fjords at Spitsbergen was explored and eight species of Echinoderes were recorded, of which three are new to science and described herein. Echinoderes daenerysae sp. nov. is recognized by middorsal spines on segments 6 and 8 only, lateroventral spines on segments 6–9, laterodorsal and ventrolateral tubes on segment 2, lateroventral tubes on segment 5, lateral accessory tubes on segment 8, laterodorsal tubes on segment 9 and small laterodorsal tubes on segment 10. Echinoderes rhaegali sp. nov. has middorsal spines on segments 4, 6 and 8, lateroventral spines on segments 6–9, sublateral and ventrolateral tubes on segment 2, lateroventral tubes on segment 5, lateral accessory tubes on segment 8 and laterodorsal tubes on segment 10 in males. Echinoderes drogoni sp. nov. has middorsal spines on segments 4–8, lateroventral spines on segments 6–9, lateral accessory tubes on segment 5, glandular cell outlets type 2 in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventromedial positions on segments 2, in midlateral positions on segment 5, in sublateral positions on segment 8 and in subdorsal positions on segment 10; segment 11 has divided tergal plates. Moreover, types of other Arctic Echinoderes, including E. angustus, E. aquilonius, E. eximus, E. peterseni, E. svetlanae and E. tubilak, were re-examined and new information on glandular cell outlets type 2 is provided. Our results suggest that Arctic Echinoderes species have a circum-Artic distribution. Morphological analysis indicates that the occurrence of tubes may show intraspecific variation.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CBE29FE8-9233-4E3C-9757-FF9576B06C74     

Parasitism,host feeding and immature development of Encarsia formosa reared from Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci on Trialeurodes ricini

Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a thelytokous parasitoid, is an important biological control agent of whiteflies because of its outstanding reproduction and host‐feeding ability. In this study, we evaluated the parasitism, host feeding and developmental time of E. formosa populations reared on Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (EFT) or on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (EFB) when different nymphal instars of the castor whitefly, Trialeurodes ricini (Misra), were offered as hosts, with an aim to understand the preference of the parasitoid on nymphal instars of T. ricini. Experiments were conducted on castor bean plants at 26 ± 2°C, 50–60% RH and 16 : 8 (L : D) photoperiod. The results showed that E. formosa successfully oviposited and fed on all nymphal instars of T. ricini. However, numbers of the first instars fed on by the E. formosa populations reared on T. vaporariorum (EFT) and B. tabaci (EFB) were significantly greater (45.9 and 31.3, respectively) than those of the second (EFT: 30.4 and EFB: 15.8), the third (EFT: 22.4 and EFB: 13.2) and the fourth nymphal instars (EFT: 6.0 and EFB: 3.8). The number of T. ricini nymphs parasitized by E. formosa varied significantly among different instars, and the parasitism rates on the first instar (EFT: 15.2; EFB: 7.7) and fourth instar (EFT: 19.3; EFB: 4.9) were greater than those on the second and third instars. Encarsia formosa reared on T. vaporariorum had a significantly higher host feeding and ovipositing potential on T. ricini than EFB. When parasitizing the fourth instar nymphs, E. formosa completed development in a significantly shorter time (12.9 day) than when ovipositing in other instars (17.8–19.1 day). These results showed that EFT had a better host adaption than EFB. The information from this study should be useful for us to better understand the performance and nymphal preference of E. formosa from T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci when they parasitized and fed on T. ricini, and the interactions of parasitoids with different host whitefly species.     

Two new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) in the H. (Rhipistoma) spinulosa subgroup,parasites of carnivores and hedgehogs in Africa

Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) princeps n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) and H. (R.) camicasi n. sp. are described based on adults. Adults of H. princeps n. sp. were mostly collected from various carnivores (Carnivora: Canidae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Mustelidae, Viverridae) and hedgehogs (Erinaceomorpha: Erinaceidae); few specimens were found on hare (Lagomorpha: Leporidae), various rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) and an antelope (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, South Sudan and Sudan. Few adults of H. princeps n. sp. were reared from nymphs collected on rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) and shrew (Soricomorpha: Soricidae). Adults of H. camicasi n. sp. were also mostly collected from various carnivores (Carnivora: Canidae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Mustelidae, Viverridae) and hedgehogs (Erinaceomorpha: Erinaceidae); few specimens were found on different rodents (Rodentia: Muridae, Nesomyidae, Sciuridae), hare (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) and bushbaby (Primates: Galagidae) in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, Senegal, South Sudan and Togo. Males and females of both species can be differentiated from each other and other H. spinulosa-like ticks by their size, pattern of punctations on conscutum/scutum, size of setae, shape of genital structures, size and shape of spiracular plates, dorsal cornua, posterodorsal and posteroventral spurs on palpal segments II and spur on coxae.

     

New species of Epitoniidae (Gastropoda: Epitonioidea) from the Red Sea

Based on material stored in the Zoological Museum of the University of Bologna (MZB), four new species of epitoniids from the shallow waters of the Red Sea are described: Epitonium (Laeviscala) yemenita n. sp., Epitonium (Laeviscala) morassii n. sp., Epitonium (Labeoscala) zabargadense n. sp. and Epitonium (Labeoscala) aranea n. sp. Scanning electron microscope illustrations of type specimens of Scalaria gracilis Sowerby, 1844, Scalaria fucata Pease, 1861, Graciliscala histricosa Jousseaume, 1912, Graciliscala rostrata Jousseaume, 1912, Scala rissoinaeformis Melvill, 1903 and Scala thelcteria Melvill & Standen, 1903 are given. Systematic remarks on some species belonging to the subgenus Laeviscala are treated in additional notes. A lectotype of Graciliscala histricosa is designated.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8304A24D-5985-43D5-AEBF-1A7ED39A1F1C     

Multiple‐locus variable‐nucleotide tandem repeat subtype analysis implicates European starlings as biological vectors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Ohio,USA

Aims: To provide molecular epidemiological evidence of avian transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 between dairy farms in Ohio, this study was designed to identify genetic relatedness between isolates originating from bovine faecal samples and intestinal contents of European starlings captured on these farms. Methods and Results: During a three‐year period (2007–2009), cattle (n = 9000) and starlings (n = 430) on 150 different dairy farms in northern Ohio were sampled for the presence of E. coli O157:H7. Isolates were subjected to multiple‐locus variable‐nucleotide tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Distinct allelic groups were identified on most farms; however, isolates clustering into three MLVA groups originated from both cattle and birds on different farms. Conclusions: Sharing of indistinguishable epidemiologically linked E. coli O157 MLVA subtypes between starlings and cattle on different farms supports the hypothesis that these birds contribute to the transmission of E. coli O157:H7 between dairy farms. Significance and Impact of Study: A continued need exists to identify and to improve preharvest measures for controlling E. coli O157:H7. Controlling wildlife intrusion, particularly European starlings, on livestock operations, may be an important strategy for reducing dissemination of E. coli O157:H7 between farms and thereby potentially decreasing the on‐farm prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and enhancing the safety of the food supply.     

Taxonomy and phylogeny of Lineus torquatus and allies (Nemertea,Lineidae) with descriptions of a new genus and a new cryptic species

The heteronemertean genus Lineus Sowerby, 1806 has been badly in need of revision because of its apparent non-monophyly. In this paper, we focus on Lineus torquatus Coe, 1901, one of the heteronemertean species that occur commonly in waters around the North Pacific, as well as a few other allied species distributed in the western North Pacific, including Lineus alborostratus Takakura, 1898 and Cerebratulus montgomeryi Coe, 1901. Based on phylogenetic analyses using 16S, COI, 28S, 18S, and H3 gene and ITS sequences, we detected a well-supported clade comprised of heteronemerteans with a frontal white band on the head, to which we add Kulikovia gen. nov. This genus is nested within a more comprehensive, highly supported clade, here named the Siphonenteron-clade, which contains Tenuilineus bicolour (Verrill, 1892), Lineus flavescens Coe, 1905, Siphonenteron bilineatum (Renier, 1804), S. cf. bilineatum, Lineus cf. caputornatus, and Lineus sp. from Guam. Our analyses confirmed the presence of a cryptic species of what was formerly known as the cherry-red and reddish forms of Lineus torquatus, herein described as Kulikovia manchenkoi sp. nov. based on some external characters, internal morphology, and the four genetic markers (COI, 16S, H3, and ITS). In contrast to the species pair K. torquata–K. manchenkoi, the reddish form of K. alborostrata does not differ genetically from the typical form of this species. The significance of the external and internal characters for distinguishing cryptic species is discussed.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9BECBC60-9C82-48EC-AD36-FC564D82A5BChttp://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D02B2339-4F65-4517-9B13-DD4AAB0C55C5http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8D239B62-E655-4721-90F0-A4944DD8A3C7     

Karyological investigations inRanunculus subg.Batrachium (Ranunculaceae) on the Aegean islands

This paper is the first report of an investigation on differentiation and evolutionary pattern inRanunculus subg.Batrachium mainly on the Aegean islands and treats the karyology in the subgenus. The following taxa and chromosome numbers are recorded.R. peltatus subsp.peltatus: 2n = 32, subsp.baudotii: 2n = 32, subsp.saniculifolius: 2n = 16, 32, and 40;R. peltatus s.l.: 2n = 32 and 48;R. penicillatus subsp.pseudofluitans: 2n = 16;R. rionii: 2n = 16;R. sphaerospermus: 2n = 16;R. trichophyllus: 2n = 32, 40, and 48;R. tripartitus: 2n = 48. The karyotypes show certain interspecific differences in chromosome size, in number of chromosome types according to centromere position and in occurrence and position of satellite chromosomes. r-Index and RCL have been calculated.     

Potential predation of the exotic Amblyseius swirskii on Euseius concordis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a predatory mite commonly found in Brazil

Intra/interspecific predation by A. swirskii.

Both Benin and Netherlands populations of Amblyseius swirskii engaged in cannibalism, and in predation on Euseius concordis larvae. Provision of pollen decreased cannibalism considerably, but had a smaller effect on predation on E. concordis. Potential effect of the eventual introduction of A. swirskii for control of Bemisia tabaci in Brazil is discussed.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Bain Attwood (ed.). The Age of Mabo: History, Aborigines and Australia. Paula Brown. Beyond A Mountain Valley: The Simhu of Papua New Guinea. David B. Edwards. Heroes of the Age: Moral Fault Lines on the Afghan Frontier. Martha Albertson Fineman. The Neutered Mother, The Sexual Family and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies. Vineeta Hoon. Living on the Move: Bhotiyas ofthe Kumaon Himalaya. Ratna Kapoor and Brenda Cossman. Subversive Sites: Feminist Engagements with Law in India. John C. Maher and Gaynor Macdonald (eds). Diversity in Japanese Culture and Language. Karen Fog Olwig and Kirsten Hastrup (eds). Siting Culture: The Shifting Anthropological Object. Adrian Peace. A Time. of Reckoning: The Politics of Discourse in Rural Ireland. Michael G. Peletz. Reason and Passion: Representations of Gender in a Malay Society Meir Shahar and Robert P. Weller (eds). Unruly Gods: Divinity and Society in China. Warren Shapiro and Uli Linke (eds). Denying Biology: Essays on Gender and Pseudo-Procreation. Michele Stephen. A' aisa's Gifts: A Study of Magic and the Self.     

Effects of feeding frequency and sugar concentration on behavior and longevity of the adult aphid parasitoid: Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The effectiveness of the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseidae), as a suppressive agent of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), was evaluated on greenhouse ivy geraniums at predator:prey release ratios of 1:60, 1:20, and 1:4. Releases at each predator:prey ratio were made at moderate and high T. urticae densities to determine if initial pest population size influenced the suppressive ability of the predator. At ratios of 1:4 and 1:20, P. persimilis significantly reduced T. urticae populations 1 week after release and kept them at low levels thereafter. Plant damage also was significantly reduced at these densities. After 4 weeks, the P. persimilis that were released at a ratio of 1:4 consistently reduced T. urticae populations from densities as high as 30 T. urticae per leaf to fewer than 0.6 per leaf. We found no interaction between release ratio and T. urticae density, indicating that predator effectiveness remains constant, at least within the range of T. urticae densities used. Our work demonstrates the potential of P. persimilis to provide effective control of T. urticae on a greenhouse-grown floricultural crop at a moderately low predator:prey ratio (1:20) and over a range of initial pest densities. However, we recommend that P. persimilis be released at a ratio of 1:4 for greatest reliability and successful control of T. urticae on ivy geraniums.     

Three new species of the genus Leveillula from Iran

 Based on molecular and morphological studies, Leveillula guilanensis sp. nov. on Chondrilla juncea, L. lactucae-serriolae sp. nov. on Lactuca serriola, and L. mindii sp. nov. on Mindium laevigatum are described from Iran. Received: May 7, 2002 / Accepted: September 5, 2002 Correspondence to:S. Takamatsu     

Peristerophila nestoriae,a new species of quill mite of the family Syringophilidae (Acariformes: Prostigmata) parasitizing New Zealand Kaka Nestor meridionalis (Gmelin) (Psittaciformes: Strigopidae)

A new species of quill mite of the family Syringophilidae (Acariformes: Prostigmata), Peristerophila nestoriae sp. nov. from New Zealand Kaka, Nestor meridionalis (Gmelin) (Psittaciformes: Strigopidae) is described. This new species is morphologically similar to Peristerophila falcophila [Skoracki M, Hromada M, Kaszewska K, Unsoeld M. 2018. Peristerophila falcophila sp. nov., a new species and first record of quill mites (Acariformes: Syringophilidae) parasitizing birds of the order Falconiformes. Acta Parasitologica. 63:744–749. https://doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-0088], and differs from it as follow: the stylophore is 130–140 long (vs. 150–160 long); the propodonotal shield bear bases of setae ve, si, and c1 (vs. only ve and si on the propodonotal shield); fan-like setae p′ and p″ of legs III and IV with 11–13 tines (vs. 10 tines); the lengths of setae ag2 40–50 (vs. 55–70). Our finding is the first record of the presence of syringophilid mite on host of the family Strigopidae and first report of the member of Peristerophila on psittaciform birds. So far, the syringophilids mites have not been found in New Zealand.

LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FB0C5B37-DF42-428C-8C81-8FA56EA67504     

Phytophthora ramorum: a pathogen with a remarkably wide host range causing sudden oak death on oaks and ramorum blight on woody ornamentals

Phytophthora ramorum is an oomycete plant pathogen classified in the kingdom Stramenopila. P. ramorum is the causal agent of sudden oak death on coast live oak and tanoak as well as ramorum blight on woody ornamental and forest understorey plants. It causes stem cankers on trees, and leaf blight or stem dieback on ornamentals and understorey forest species. This pathogen is managed in the USA and Europe by eradication where feasible, by containment elsewhere and by quarantine in many parts of the world. Genomic resources provide information on genes of interest to disease management and have improved tremendously since sequencing the genome in 2004. This review provides a current overview of the pathogenicity, population genetics, evolution and genomics of P. ramorum. Taxonomy: Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, De Cock & Man in't Veld): kingdom Stramenopila; phylum Oomycota; class Peronosporomycetidae; order Pythiales; family Pythiaceae; genus Phytophthora. Host range: The host range is very large and the list of known hosts continues to expand at the time of writing. Coast live oak and tanoak are ecologically, economically and culturally important forest hosts in the USA. Rhododendron, Viburnum, Pieris, Syringa and Camellia are key ornamental hosts on which P. ramorum has been found repeatedly, some of which have been involved in moving the pathogen via nursery shipments. Disease symptoms: P. ramorum causes two different diseases with differing symptoms: sudden oak death (bleeding lesions, stem cankers) on oaks and ramorum blight (twig dieback and/or foliar lesions) on tree and woody ornamental hosts. Useful websites: http://nature.berkeley.edu/comtf/ , http://rapra.csl.gov.uk/ , http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pram/index.shtml , http://genome.jgi‐psf.org/Phyra1_1/Phyra1_1.home.html , http://pamgo.vbi.vt.edu/ , http://pmgn.vbi.vt.edu/ , http://vmd.vbi.vt.edu./ , http://web.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/labs/grunwald/resources.htm , http://www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pramorum.htm , http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=4603 , http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/WCAS‐4Z5JLL     

Potential of the predatory mite Amblydromalus zannoui to control pest mites on Jatropha curcas

Amblydromalus zannoui Sourassou, Sarmento and Moraes is a phytoseiid mite of the limonicus group described from central Brazil from leaves of physic nut, Jatropha curcas L. (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae), a plant potentially useful as a source of biofuel. This plant is often attacked by the mites Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae) and Tetranychus bastosi Tuttle, Baker and Sales (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae). The objectives of this work were to evaluate the predation rate of A. zannoui on those phytophagous mites, to assess its life cycle on these prey and on pollen of Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae), and to determine its attraction to physic nut leaves infested by P. latus or T. bastosi. Amblydromalus zannoui attacked more nymphs and adults than eggs of P. latus, and more eggs and larvae than adults of T. bastosi. The life table parameters suggest that A. zannoui performs better on P. latus (r_m: 0.20, R_o: 18.77; λ: 1.23) and pollen (r_m: 0.18, R_o: 23.32, λ: 1.18). The predator seems to be attracted to plants with P. latus, but attraction was not clear cut for plants with T. bastosi. The results suggested that A. zannoui is a potential control agent to be used against P. latus on physic nut plants, and that R. communis pollen can be used as supplementary food to maintain the predator population in the absence of prey.

     

Two new myrmecophilous species of the genus Scutacarus (Acari: Prostigmata: Scutacaridae) with world keys to related species groups

In a survey on heterostigmatic mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Heterostigmata) associated with insects including ants in northwestern Iran, two new species of myrmecophilous mites of the genus Scutacarus (Acari: Scutacaridae) were found. They are S. shajariani sp. nov. phoretic on Tetramorium sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and S. ebermanni sp. nov. phoretic on Messor sp. The mentioned new species belong to groups of species with reduced setae e and h₂, and no setae 4b, respectively. These two new species are described and illustrated, and world keys are provided for respective species groups.     

Day length constrains the time budget of aphid predators

Phenology shifts and range expansions cause organisms to experience novel day length-temperature correlations.Depending on the temporal niche,organisms may benefit or suffer from changes in day length,thus potentially affecting phenological adaptation. We assessed the impact of day length changes on larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) and Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer),both of which prey on aphids.Larvae ofE.balteatus are night-active,whereas those of C.carnea appear to be crepuscular.We subjected both species in climate chambers to day lengths of 16 :8 L :D and,to circumvent diapause responses,20 :4 L :D.We recorded development times and predation rates of both species. E.balteatus grew 13%faster in the 16 :8 L :D treatment and preyed on significantly more aphids.In contrast,C.carnea grew 13% faster in the 20 :4 L :D treatment and higher predation rates in 20 :4 L :D were marginally significant.Our results show that day length affects development and predation,but that the direction depends on species. Such differences in the use of day length may alter the efficiency ofbiocontrol agents in a changing climate.