比较不同DNA条形码对中国海岸带耐盐植物的识别率

海岸带耐盐植物是一个生态和经济价值独特的庞杂类群,人们对其DNA条形码特性的了解甚少。本文对我国从辽宁到海南10个沿海省(市)大陆及岛屿海岸带耐盐植物广泛采样,从采集获得的样品中筛选出53科97属116个物种共562个样品进行DNA条形码研究。对3个叶绿体片段(mat K、rbc L、trn H-psb A)和1个核基因片段(ITS)进行了扩增和测序,统计各个片段的引物通用性和序列获得率,并检验了物种识别率。从序列获得率来看,mat K和trn H-psb A片段表现最好,ITS较差,ITS和mat K的引物通用性比其他2个片段差。序列相似性分析表明,单个片段ITS物种识别率最高(73.36%),其次为mat K(64.03%)和trn H-psb A(61.21%),rbc L的物种识别率最低,仅为46.41%。系统发育树分析显示mat K的物种识别率最高(82.3%),依据trn H-psb A片段难以获得可靠的系统发育树。多维度非度量分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)表明在进行海岸带区域性植物的DNA条形码研究时,叶绿体片段和核基因片段均应该考虑。综合上述研究结果,推荐联合片段ITS+mat K作为中国海岸带耐盐植物DNA条形码。本文为海岸带耐盐植物研究提供了总计1,939条DNA条形码基础数据,为构建耐盐植物DNA条形码数据库奠定了基础。     

基于三种叶绿体基因序列的证据分析阴石粉背蕨和金粉背蕨的关系

选择阴石粉背蕨(Aleuritopteris humatifolia)和金粉背蕨(A.chrysophylla)及其相关类群共27种植物,提取基因组DNA,通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增其叶绿体rbc L,trn L-F和mat K序列,所得序列利用Clustal X软件进行对位排列,用MEGA6.0软件计算种内及种间遗传距离,并采用最大简约法(MP)构建系统发育树。结果显示:阴石粉背蕨1个样品和金粉背蕨2个样品的rbc L,trn L-F和mat K序列间差异很小,最大遗传距离均小于其与其它近缘种的种间最小遗传距离,结合两个种叶片形态、孢子、囊群盖和根状茎鳞片等形态学特征的对比研究,作者认为阴石粉背蕨应该作为金粉背蕨的异名处理。     

新疆野苹果叶绿体DNA变异与遗传进化分析

利用4对叶绿体DNA引物对来源于新疆巩留、霍城和新源3个地区的242份新疆野苹果种质资源的4个非编码区trn H-psb A、trn S-trn G spacer+intron、trn T-5′trn L和5′trn L-trn F进行了扩增,基于4个叶绿体基因间区的序列变异,从母系遗传的角度评价了遗传变异和不同居群的遗传进化关系。结果表明:4个叶绿体DNA非编码区经测序、拼接、比对和合并之后的片段长度为3812 bp,共有171个多态性变异位点,其中包含6个单一突变位点、16个简约信息位点和149个插入-缺失位点。在242份新疆野苹果种质中,trn H-psb A、trn S-trn G spacer+intron、trn T-5′trn L和5′trn L-trn F区域的变异位点的数量分别为68个、25个、77个和1个,单倍型数量分别为36个、6个、6个和2个,合并之后的叶绿体DNA片段的单倍型为52个。核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性最高的区域均为trn H-psb A(Hd=0.773,Pi=0.01982),最低的为5′trn L-trn F(Hd=0.025,Pi=0.00002)。242份新疆野苹果种质4个叶绿体DNA区域合并后的遗传多样性较高(Hd=0.806,Pi=0.00291)。Tajima′s D检验中,4个cpDNA区域合并后片段在P0.05水平上显著,4个cpDNA区域整体不遵循中性进化模型,自然选择的压力是新疆野苹果遗传进化的主要动力。新疆野苹果的遗传变异主要存在于居群内部,新疆巩留和新源居群间的遗传距离较近,与霍城居群间遗传距离相对较远,居群间的遗传分化与地理距离相关。3个地区的新疆野苹果各自经历着遗传分化但又存在频繁的基因交流,有向新疆新源的新疆野苹果演化的趋势。     

地黄属植物的DNA条形码研究

地黄属(Rehmannia)为玄参科(Scrophulariaceae)药用植物,广泛分布于中国中东部及北部地区。由于地黄属植物经历了快速成种,导致其属内物种间形态性状差异较小,运用传统的形态学分类方法已难以准确地鉴定物种,近年来迅速发展起来的DNA条形码技术为快速、准确地鉴别物种提供了新思路。本研究选用3个叶绿体DNA非编码区片段(trn L-trn F、trn M-trn V和trn S-trn G)及核基因ITS片段,运用PWG-distance和TreeBuilding两种方法对地黄属5个物种75个个体进行了DNA条形码分析。结果表明:单个叶绿体DNA片段或核基因ITS片段对地黄属物种的鉴别率较低(0%~20%),组合的叶绿体DNA片段分辨能力虽然高于单个DNA片段,但并不能将地黄属5个物种完全区分开;trn S-trn G+ITS片段组合的分辨率可达100%,能够将地黄属5个物种准确区分,与所有叶绿体DNA片段和核基因ITS片段组合(trn L-trn F+trn M-trn V+trn S-trn G+ITS)的辨别率相同,因此推荐trn S-trn G+ITS作为地黄属植物的标准条形码。此外,利用DNA条形码鉴别物种时,可采用叶绿体DNA片段和核DNA片段组合的方法来提高物种鉴定的成功率。     

甘草种皮表面微形态特征及其分类意义初探

甘草是重要的资源植物。我国甘草属植物有:乌拉尔甘草(G. uralensis Fisch.)、光果甘草(G. glabra L.)、胀果甘草(G. inflata Bat.)、黄甘草(G. eurycarpa P. C. Li)、粗毛甘草(G. aspera Bat.)、云南甘草(G. yunnanensis Cheng f. et L. K. Tai ex P. C. Li)、刺果甘草(G. pallidiflora Maxim.)和圆果甘草(G. squamulosa Franch.)。甘草的种子大小相似,均为3.0—4.0mm,但形状和颜色差异较大,其中乌拉尔甘草、光果甘     

绿绒蒿自然杂交种及其亲本cpDNA trnL-trnF基因的遗传学分析

对自然杂交种Meconopsis×cookei及其亲本红花绿绒蒿M.punicea和五脉绿绒蒿M.quintuplinervia的叶绿体DNAtrnL-trnF区进行了序列测定,所得序列的长度为957～961bp,其中M.×cookei的序列长度为960bp,红花绿绒蒿为961bp,五脉绿绒蒿为957bp。利用软件Clustal X对所得序列进行排序和碱基比较,排序后的序列长度为964bp,其中trnLintron为512bp,trnL3′exon为50bp,trnL-trn Fintergenic spacer(IGS)为361bp,还包括41bp的trnF5′端片段。整个trnL-trnF区序列共有25个变异位点,其中杂交种M.×cookei与红花绿绒蒿具有相同碱基的位点有21个(占84%),M.×cookei与五脉绿绒蒿具有相同碱基的位点仅有1个(占4%),余下3个位点(占12%)中,M.×cookei的碱基与两个亲本均不相同。分析结果表明,杂交种M.×cookei的叶绿体基因trnL-trnF来自红花绿绒蒿,根据质体细胞质遗传的规律,从而推测红花绿绒蒿为该杂交种的母本,五脉绿绒蒿为其父本。     

秦巴山区漆树nrDNAITS和cpDNA序列分子进化特点的分析

应用PCR产物直接测序法分析漆树种群nrDNA （核糖体DNA） ITS序列和cpDNA序列（matK、rbcL、psbA-trnH）的碱基差异,初步研究两套植物基因组的变异速率。结果表明：nrDNA ITS序列共有518 bp,有变异位点15处,变异位点百分率为2.9%,（G+C）含量为61.8%。cpDNA序列合并后长度1 907 bp,有变异位点20处,变异位点百分率为1.05%,（G+C）含量为36.1%。通过对ITS序列核糖型（Ribotype）和叶绿体序列单倍型（Haploype）进行分析发现,秦巴山区漆树区域性分布明显,不同区域拥有自己独特的单倍型,漆树居群历史近期没有扩张。nrDNA ITS序列较叶绿体序列进化较快,变异速率较快。nrDNA ITS序列及叶绿体matK、psbA-trnH适合漆树的亲缘地理学研究。     

基于核基因和叶绿体基因序列的杏属系统发育分析——探讨洪平杏的起源和亲缘关系

洪平杏(Armeniaca hongpingensis C. L. Li)是杏属的一个狭域分布种,基于形态观察被推测为杏(A.vulgaris Lam.)和梅(A. mume Sieb.)的天然杂交种,但目前尚无该种与杏、梅亲缘关系的分子系统学研究。本文以洪平杏的成株和实生苗以及包括杏、梅在内的6种(含1变种)杏属植物为研究材料,分别采用核基因(ITS和SBEI)和叶绿体基因(mat K和ycf1b)序列构建系统发育树,并采用mat K、ycf1b和SBEI基因序列构建单倍型网络图,探讨该物种与杏、梅及杏梅(A. mume Sieb. var. bungo Makino)之间的亲缘关系。基于核基因和叶绿体基因序列分别构建的系统发育树均显示,洪平杏的成株及其全部实生苗个体单独聚为一支,且具有较高的支持率(分别为99/79、71/81),独立于杏属其他种之外。而基于核基因ITS序列的系统发育分析结果表明,洪平杏除极少数成株与杏、杏梅聚为一支外,其余所有成株与实生苗聚为2大支(支持率分别为0.82和0.97),而没有克隆的与梅聚在一起。单倍型分析结果表明,该物种的成株与实生苗在SBEI和ycf1b基因序列中均未检测到杏或梅的单倍型,仅有少数(2/9)的实生苗个体在叶绿体mat K基因序列中检测到杏的单倍型。研究结果不支持将洪平杏定为杏和梅的天然杂交种的观点,推测洪平杏应为一个独立的物种,与杏之间的亲缘关系更近并且存在可检测到的基因流。     

“隐♀×显♂”在遗传定律中的应用

从基因位置的判定、核质遗传的判定、显隐性状的判定、细胞质遗传与母性效应的区别4个方面剖析了“隐♀×显♂”在遗传定律中的作用,说明“隐♀×显♂”这种杂交方式在高考中的地位。     

绿绒蒿自然杂交种及其亲本cpDNA trnL- trnF 基因的遗传学分析

对自然杂交种Meconopsis× cookei 及其亲本红花绿绒蒿M. punicea 和五脉绿绒蒿M. quintuplinervia 的叶绿体DNA trnL- trnF 区进行了序列测定, 所得序列的长度为957～961 bp , 其中M. × cookei 的序列长度为960bp , 红花绿绒蒿为961 bp , 五脉绿绒蒿为957 bp。利用软件Clustal X 对所得序列进行排序和碱基比较, 排序后的序列长度为964 bp , 其中trnL intron 为512 bp , trnL 3′exon 为50 bp , trnL- trnF intergenic spacer ( IGS) 为361 bp , 还包括41 bp 的trnF 5′端片段。整个trnL- trnF 区序列共有25 个变异位点, 其中杂交种M. × cookei与红花绿绒蒿具有相同碱基的位点有21 个( 占84% ) , M. × cookei 与五脉绿绒蒿具有相同碱基的位点仅有1 个(占4% ) , 余下3 个位点( 占12%) 中, M. × cookei 的碱基与两个亲本均不相同。分析结果表明, 杂交种M. × cookei 的叶绿体基因trnL- trnF 来自红花绿绒蒿, 根据质体细胞质遗传的规律, 从而推测红花绿绒蒿为该杂交种的母本, 五脉绿绒蒿为其父本。     

Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial genomes and complex inheritance of chloroplast genomes in Actinidia Lind.: evidences from interspecific crosses

The inheritance pattern of chloroplast and mitochondria is a critical determinant in studying plant phylogenetics, biogeography and hybridization. To better understand chloroplast and mitochondrial inheritance patterns in Actinidia (traditionally called kiwifruit), we performed 11 artificial interspecific crosses and studied the ploidy levels, morphology, and sequence polymorphisms of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of parents and progenies. Sequence analysis showed that the mtDNA haplotypes of F1 hybrids entirely matched those of the female parents, indicating strictly maternal inheritance of Actinidia mtDNA. However, the cpDNA haplotypes of F1 hybrids, which were predominantly derived from the male parent (9 crosses), could also originate from the mother (1 cross) or both parents (1 cross), demonstrating paternal, maternal, and biparental inheritance of Actinidia cpDNA. The inheritance patterns of the cpDNA in Actinidia hybrids differed according to the species and genotypes chosen to be the parents, rather than the ploidy levels of the parent selected. The multiple inheritance modes of Actinidia cpDNA contradicted the strictly paternal inheritance patterns observed in previous studies, and provided new insights into the use of cpDNA markers in studies of phylogenetics, biogeography and introgression in Actinidia and other angiosperms.     

Chloroplast DNA inheritance in theStellaria longipes complex (Caryophyllaceae)

Inheritance of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was examined in F₁ progenies derived from three crosses and three corresponding reciprocal crosses betweenStellaria porsildii andS. longifolia. Chloroplast DNA restriction fragments were analyzed using methods of nonradioactive digoxigenin-11-dUTP labeling and chemiluminescent detection with Lumi-Phos 530. Distinct interspecific restriction fragment polymorphisms were identified and used to demonstrate the mode of cpDNA inheritance. Mode of cpDNA inheritance differed among crosses. Two crosses in whichS. porsildii, SP2920-21, was the maternal parent exhibited three different types of plastids, maternal, paternal and biparental, among the F₁ hybrids, suggesting a biparental cpDNA inheritance and plastid sorting-out inStellaria.     

Differential organellar inheritance in Passiflora’s (Passifloraceae) subgenera

Four chloroplast (cp), one mitochondrial (mt), and one ribosomal nuclear (ITS) DNA regions were studied in four artificial and one natural interspecific Passiflora hybrids. The ITS results confirmed their hybrid origin and all mtDNAs were maternally inherited. The same, however, was not true for cpDNA. The four hybrids (three artificial and one natural) derived from species of the Passiflora subgenus showed a cpDNA paternal inheritance, while the one involving taxa of the Decaloba subgenus gave evidence of maternal transmission. These results are of significance for the ongoing studies which are being performed on the molecular evolution of this genus and furnish important background for investigations aimed at clarifying the factors which determine cpDNA inheritance.     

Chloroplast DNA inheritance in Populus

Summary The inheritance of chloroplast (cp) DNA was examined in F₁ hybrid progenies of two Populus deltoides intraspecific controlled crosses and three P. deltoides × P. nigra and two P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii interspecific controlled crosses by restriction fragment analysis. Southern blots of restriction digests of parental and progeny DNAs were hybridized to cloned cpDNA fragments of Petunia hybrida. Sixteen enzymes and five heterologous cpDNA probes were used to screen restriction fragment polymorphisms among the parents. The mode of cpDNA inheritance was demonstrated in progenies of P. deltoides × P. nigra crosses with 26 restriction fragment polymorphisms of cpDNA differentiating P. deltoides from P. nigra, as revealed by 12 enzyme-probe combinations, and in progenies of P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii crosses with 12 restriction fragment polymorphisms separating P. deltoides from P. maximowiczii, as revealed by 7 restriction enzyme-probe combinations. In all cases, F₁ offspring of P. deltoides × P. nigra and P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii crosses had cpDNA restriction fragments of only their maternal P. deltoides parent. The results clearly demonstrated uniparental-maternal inheritance of the chloroplast genome in interspecific hybrids of P. deltoides with P. nigra and P. maximowiczii. Intraspecific P. deltoides hybrids also had the same cpDNA restriction fragments as their maternal parent. Maternal inheritance of the chloroplast genome in Populus is in agreement with what has been observed for most other angiosperms.     

Paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA and maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in the genus Actinidia

PCR amplification of four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions followed by restriction of the amplified products was used to identify restriction fragment length polymorphisms in 21 Actinidia taxa. Subsequently, the mode of organelle inheritance was investigated in both interspecific and intraspecific controlled crosses made between genotypes showing different cpDNA and/or mtDNA haplotypes. Fifty-six seedlings produced from three interspecific crosses, including in one case the pseudo reciprocal (different genotypes of the same species used as opposite parents), were checked for cpDNA inheritance, and 102 seedlings from the same interspecific crosses and 32 seedlings from two intraspecific crosses within the species A. deliciosa were checked for mtDNA inheritance. In all cases, cpDNA was inherited from the father and mtDNA was inherited from the mother. Maternal inheritance of mtDNA was expected, being the rule in plants, but A. deliciosa is the first genus in angiosperms for which a widespread and strictly paternal inheritance of cpDNA has been reported. Transmission of chloroplastic and mitochondrial genomes through opposite parents provides an exceptional opportunity for studying the paternal and maternal genetic lineages of species in the genus Actinidia.     

Paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA in interspecific hybrids in the genus Larrea (Zygophyllaceae)

The mode of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) inheritance was investigated in the genus Larrea (Zygophyllaceae) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of cpDNA fragments using three pairs of chloroplast universal primers. A total of 20 F(1)s from interspecific crosses among five different taxa in the section Bifolium was examined. Twelve F(1)s were from six crosses between L. cuneifolia (4x) and L. divaricata (2x) (Peru or Argentina) or L. tridentata (2x or 4x). Eight F(1)s were from two sets of reciprocal crosses between L. divaricata (2x) (Argentina) and L. tridentata (2x). Length polymorphism was observed in all three regions of cpDNA that separated L. cuneifolia parents from L. divaricata and L. tridentata parents and in one of the three cpDNA regions that differentiated L. divaricata (Argentina) parents from L. tridentata (2x) parents. In each case, it was the paternal cpDNA marker that appeared in the F(1) individuals. This was further confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplified cpDNA fragments. Larrea may be the fifth genus reported in angiosperms with a paternal bias in cpDNA transmission. Possible mechanisms that may result in paternal cpDNA inheritance were briefly reviewed. Based on the observed uniparental paternal inheritance of cpDNA, restriction analysis of the three cpDNA regions and previous cytogenetic studies, L. divaricata was probably the maternal progenitor of L. cuneifolia.     

Incomplete paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA recognized in Chamaecyparis obtusa using an intraspecific polymorphism of the trnD-trnY intergenic spacer region

Using a fluorescence-based PCR-SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism), we verified imperfectibility in the paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in Chamaecyparis obtusa (Cupressaceae) controlled crosses. An intraspecific sequence polymorphism of the intergenic spacer region between the trnD and trnY genes was utilized as a molecular marker. Of 361 progenies, in which the cpDNA haplotypes of their female and male parents were different, 352 (97.5%) possessed the same haplotypes as their male parents, and nine (2.5%) the same haplotypes as their female parents. The parentage of the nine progenies with female parental types was diagnosed using DNA fingerprinting based on fluorescence-based RAPD profiles. Their parentage showed convincing evidence of the low frequency of maternal inheritance. Moreover, heteroplasmy was observed in the open-pollinated seeds collected in a seed orchard. The confirmation of maternal plastid transmission in the full-sib families and the observation of heteroplasmy in seeds reveal that the paternal inheritance of cpDNA is not an exclusive phenomenon and that the mode of its inheritance is biparental in C. obtusa. Received: 15 April 2000 / Accepted: 13 July 2000     

Strict paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA and maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in intraspecific crosses of kiwifruit

 Previous studies have established that chloroplasts are inherited paternally in Actinidia interspecific crosses. However, fertilisation problems in interspecific crosses may affect the transmission of organelles. Six female clones, i.e. ‘Abbott’, ‘Bruno’, ‘Greensill’, ‘Hayward’, ‘Jones’, ‘Monty’, and four male clones were used to identify cpDNA polymorphisms within the cultivated kiwifruit species A. deliciosa. The restriction patterns by HpaII of a chloroplast fragment amplified by PCR with a pair of universal primers revealed a polymorphism at the intraspecific level. The inheritance of cpDNA in 143 seedlings from three intraspecific crosses in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) was studied. All offspring displayed the restriction pattern of the paternal parent, indicating that maternal inheritance of cpDNA in kiwifruit is rare at best. Strict maternal inheritance of mtDNA was confirmed in the same crosses used to investigate cpDNA transmission. Studies of cytoplasmic inheritance in the Actinidia genus represent to date the best documented report of differential organelle inheritance of cpDNA and mtDNA in angiosperms. Received: 10 November 1998 / Accepted: 14 December 1998     

Unidirectional gene conversions in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas interspecific hybrids

Summary With the goal of studying directly the inheritance and recombination of physically mapped markers on the chloroplast genome, we have recently identified and localized physical differences between the chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs) of the interfertile algae Chlamydomonas eugametos and C. moewusii. Here we report the inheritance patterns of 24 polymorphic loci mapping throughout the chloroplast genome in hybrids recovered from reciprocal crosses between the two algae. Most polymorphic loci were found to be inherited mainly from the mt ⁺ parent, with no apparent preference for one or the other parental alternatives in reciprocal crosses. Virtually all hybrids, however, inherited exclusively the long alleles of three loci; i.e. an intron in the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene of C. eugametos, a 21 kbp sequence addition in the inverted repeat of the C. moewusii cpDNA and a 5.8 kbp sequence addition in one of the single-copy regions of C. moewusii cpDNA. As these alleles are derived from opposite parental strains, their unidirectional inheritance in hybrids results necessarily from interspecific recombination of cpDNA molecules. We propose that gene conversion events led to the spreading of the long alleles of the three loci.     

甘草生物碱成分的分析及含量测定

研究对主要药用甘草即乌拉尔（G.uralensis）、光果甘草（G.inflata）、胀果甘草（G.palliadiflora）、刺果甘草（G.pallidiflora）的根中生物碱成分进行了分析研究。结果表明：生物碱成分为喹啉衍生物类及异喹啉衍生物类,总含量平均为0.29%,此结果为生物碱类药物的生物及甘草的进一步开发利用提供科学依据。