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1.
Riley EP 《American journal of primatology》2008,70(7):670-679
The goal of this study was to investigate the ecological flexibility of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) by examining how they respond to human-induced habitat alteration. To do so, I observed movement patterns, forest strata use, microhabitat use, and home range use in two groups that occupied habitats with different levels of human alteration and habitat quality in Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The group occupying the heavily altered habitat (Anca) spent a significantly greater proportion of time traveling on the ground than the group in minimally altered habitat (CH), and significantly more time than expected in microhabitats within their range that were characterized by greater alteration (e.g., agroforestry areas). There was no significant difference between the two groups in daily path length, despite differences in group size. The Anca group exhibited a greater home range area per individual than the CH group, and utilized a more limited area within their home range with greater intensity, relative to the CH group. Tonkean macaques therefore show considerable flexibility in response to anthropogenic disturbance by adjusting their use of forest strata to facilitate travel and increase foraging opportunities and by intensively using particular areas within their home range where known resources are present and predictably available. 相似文献
2.
Leila M. Porter Sarah M. Sterr Paul A. Garber 《International journal of primatology》2007,28(5):1035-1058
We studied the diet, habitat use, and ranging behavior of 1 group of Callimico goeldii (callimicos) over 12 mo in northwestern Bolivia. The group’s diet was comprised of fungi (39%), fruits (31%), arthropods
(14%), exudates (14%), and other matter (2%). Callimicos concentrated their ranging activities in secondary forest (50%),
primary forest with dense understory (30%), and bamboo (17%) habitats. The group’s total home range was 114 ha; on average
they used 38.4 ha/ mo and had a day range of 925 m. Monthly average day ranges—but not monthly home ranges—increased as frugivory
declined, suggesting that subjects foraged on fungi and exudates by rechecking resources within a core area, making their
day ranges longer than during months when they concentrated on fruit resources. The callimicos formed polyspecific associations
with tamarins (Saguinus labiatus and S. fuscicollis) during 81% of observations. Day ranges increased in months with higher association rates which appears to result from the
callimicos using a broader set of habitats when with tamarins than when alone. The ranging pattern of callimicos appears to
be influenced primarily by 3 factors: their seasonal shift in diet requires that they forage in a variety of habitats across
the year; their depletion of resources causes them to shift their core area over time; and their lack of territorial behavior
eliminates the need to patrol boundaries as part of their daily movement. As a result, callimicos differ from many other callitrichids
in their low ratio of day range length to home range size. 相似文献
3.
Diet composition and foraging activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pipistrellus pygmaeus</Emphasis> in a floodplain forest 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In 2000–2002 bat droppings were collected under the emerging crevice of a nursery colony of Pipistrellus pygmaeus. The locality was situated in a floodplain forest at the confluence of the Dyje and Morava rivers (S Moravia, Czech Republic).
In total, 27 samples (20 pellets in one sample) of droppings were used to analyze prey remains. In the diet, 40 taxonomic
groups of invertebrates were found. As expected, small dipteran insects were the main food item in which Nematocera dominated.
Besides Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae also a high percentage of nematoceran eggs were recorded. Surprisingly, a relatively
high percentage of Brachycera was recorded. Further frequent prey items belonged to the orders of Trichoptera, Hymenoptera,
Coleoptera and Sternorrhyncha. A heterodyne bat detector was used to follow foraging activity of P. pygmaeus on line transects in forest and water habitats in the vicinity of the colony. A significant decrease in foraging activity
over water habitats and in forest sites during the late pregnancy (mid-May — early June) and an increase during the lactation
and post-lactation periods (mid-June — early August) were found. Changes in the frequency of occurrence of Chironomidae, Neuroptera,
Trichoptera, Aphidinea and Simuliidae were correlated with the bats’ foraging activity. 相似文献
4.
Ana Cristina M. Oliveira Stephen F. Ferrari 《International journal of primatology》2008,29(6):1499-1510
We monitored the foraging behavior of the members of a group of black-handed tamarins (Saguinus niger) at a site in eastern Amazonia. Their diet was frugivorous-insectivorous, but also included pod exudate of Parkia pendula. The focal group used all 3 types of forest—primary, logged, and secondary— in all months, but differentially between seasons.
In the dry season, tamarins spent more than half of activity time in primary forest and less than a third in secondary forest
whereas during the wet season, the proportions were reversed. Data on resource abundance indicated that the shift in habitat
preference is related to a seasonal change in the distribution of fruit sources, with a larger number of species and individuals
fruiting during the wet season. We recorded no such variation in the abundance of arthropods. While using a larger area, including
more secondary forest, during the wet season, the group traveled significantly shorter distances each day, reflecting the
availability of a larger number of fruit sources. Overall, the results reemphasize the ecological and behavioral flexibility
of Saguinus niger and their ability to cope with habitat disturbance. 相似文献
5.
We studied the monkeys inhabiting Bacan Island on the Maluku Archipelago, Indonesia. We compared them morphologically with
Sulawesi black macaques (Macaca nigra).We also assessed their distribution on the island and on neighboring islands and the influence of human activity on them.
We found that the Bacan black macaques are essentially similar to Sulawesi macaques; the variations in each locality are comparable.
The monkeys probably inhabit the whole island or, at least, the lower forest thereon. Human activities — cultivation, logging,
catching and killing monkeys — have not much affected their population. Thus they constitute a good stock of Macaca nigra,though the main population in Sulawesi is endangered. 相似文献
6.
Many primates have to cope with a temporal scarcity in food availability that shapes their foraging strategies. Here we investigated the changes in diet, activity, and ranging behavior of a group of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) according to the availability of the main high-nutritional-density item in their diet and the foraging strategy adopted when this food is scarce. We monitored one habituated group using instantaneous scan sampling over 1 year (533 h of observation, 61 days) in a seasonal tropical forest fragment (245 ha). We simultaneously collected data on food availability with fruit traps. The titi monkeys consumed fleshy fruits, the main high-nutritional-density item of their diet, in accordance with its availability, and the availability of this item modulated the ingestion of vegetative plant parts, a relatively low-nutritional-density food. During high fleshy fruit availability, the titi monkeys consumed more fleshy fruits, flowers, and invertebrates. They also traveled more, but concentrated their activity in a central area of their home range. Conversely, during fleshy fruit scarcity, they increased the breadth of their diet, switching to one richer in seeds and vegetative plant parts, and with greater plant diversity. At the same time, they reduced most energy-demanding activities, traveling less and over shorter distances, but using their home range more broadly. Corroborating the optimal foraging theory, titi monkeys altered foraging strategies according to temporal food fluctuations and responded to low fleshy fruit availability by changing their diet, activity, and ranging behavior. The adoption of a low-cost/low-yield strategy allowed us to classify them as energy minimizers. 相似文献
7.
Conservation of wildlife populations requires extensive knowledge of their habitat requirements, efficient methods to evaluate habitat quality, and an understanding of the value of fragments and edges. Kibale National Park, Uganda has areas that differ in the densities of 2 species of frugivorous monkeys—Cercopithecus mitis and Lophocebus albigena—including one on an edge and forest fragments outside the park that lack both species. We compared the basal area densities of important food trees with primate densities. The density of Cercopithecus mitis correlates most strongly with the basal area density of all types of food trees combined. The density of Lophocebus albigena does not correlate with the basal area densities of any category of food trees or with fruit availability. An index of their density—number of groups seen per km walked—correlates to fruit availability but with marginal significance. Lack of a relationship between the basal area densities of food trees and density of Lophocebus albigena may be the result of a mismatch in scale between the forest area measured and their large home ranges. We compared the unused area of forest to the other areas of the forest and the fragments and found it had higher basal area densities in all food tree categories for both species than the fragments and lower basal area densities of most categories than the other parts of the forest, indicating that the fragments are poor quality and would probably be unused even if dispersal were likely. 相似文献
8.
动物使用生境中食物种类的方式对其适应性有重要的影响。为了研究黑叶猴在破碎化栖息地中利用食物的方式,2006年1—12月,采用焦点动物取样法和连续记录技术于每月初连续观察8 d,记录破碎化栖息地中黑叶猴取食的种类和时间,分析其食物多样性和月份间种类的重叠度。结果表明,黑叶猴年均食物多样性指数为3.03(范围1.93—2.62),且多样性指数在各月间没有显著的差异(One-sample K-S Test,P=0.99),说明黑叶猴在各月份中取食的食物种数相似,不同季节利用食物种数的变异程度不大。在所有的食物种类中,仅两种食物青檀Pteroceltis tatarinowii和潺槁树Litsea glutinosa在12个月份都被取食,其他种类则表现了月份间明显的季节性替代。各月份间食物种类的相似性在0.42(3—4月)和0.75(9—10月)之间变化。黑叶猴对破碎化生境中食物种类的利用方式是:首先利用常年均有的食物种类以保证食物来源稳定,同时选择性地利用新出现的种类,使食物种类多样化,满足不同的营养需求。 相似文献
9.
Naoki Agetsuma 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(5):595-609
I investigated the activity budget and diet of Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui,)in warm temperate broad- leaved forest of Yakushima, Japan. Both time spent feeding and time spent moving varied considerably
between half- months. However, total time spent in active behaviors— feeding time plus moving time— was stable. The composition
of the diet also showed considerable variation between half- months. The macaques fed mainly on fruits, seeds,mature leaves, fallen seeds, flowers, and young leaves, each of which accounted for more than 30% of feeding time in at least
1 half- month. They also ate insects and fungi, but each of them comprised ≤ 25 and ≤ 8% of feeding time in any half- month,
respectively. Time spent feeding on mature leaves, young leaves, flowers, or fallen seeds is positively correlated with total
time feeding and is negatively correlated with time moving. In contrast, time feeding on fruits, seeds, insects or fungi is
negatively correlated with time feeding and is positively correlated with time moving. Foraging on foods that have a low energy
content, a high density, and a relatively even distribution— mature leaves— or that need much manipulation to be processed—
flowers and fallen seeds— increased feeding time, while foraging on foods for which monkeys must search intensively in the
forest— fruits, seeds, insects, and fungi— led to increased moving time. I examined foraging strategies of Yakushima macaques
in terms of moving costs and the quality of food items. Regarding time feeding on fruits, which have more energy and may need
less manipulation than other foods, as a benefit, and moving time as a cost, they seemed to employ a strategy that balanced
the costs and benefits of foraging. 相似文献
10.
Yuzuru Hamada Tsuyoshi Watanabe Osamu Takenaka Bambang Suryobroto Yoshi Kawamoto 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(1):65-80
The body color of Sulawesi macaques was measured quantitatively and compared among the different monkeys. As a result, divergence
models for extant Sulawesi macaques, withtonkeana as the starting point and fading as the sole direction of color change, were inferred as follows: (1) fading slightly on
the upper half of the body—nigra, fading more on the proximal part of the body—nigrescens; (2) fading over the whole body—maura; (3) fading greatly on the legs—hecki; and (4) fading on the distal part of the body—ochreata, fading more over the whole body, including the proximal part of the body—brunnescens. The color changed progressively in the order of (1) through (4). The divergence model, excluding the position ofhecki (3), supports the speciation model ofFooden (1969). If the proto-Sulawesi macaques had a body color pattern similar to the livingnemestrina, darkening would have been necessary for the evolution of the Sulawesi macaques after their immigration, and it may have
been acquired as an adaptation to the ground (forest floor) living nature of the Sulawesi macaques, together with influences
deriving from the insularity and/or from the absence of predators. 相似文献
11.
GEOFFREY WAHUNGU 《African Journal of Ecology》1998,36(2):159-173
Diet and habitat overlap was studied in two sympatric primate species sharing two neighbouring patches of fragmented gallery forest in Tana River, Kenya. Systematic data on feeding and ranging behaviour was collected on one group each of the Tana crested mangabey Cercocebus galeritus and yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus between August 1992 and February 1993. When rainfall was low and fruit resources scarce, yellow baboons spent most of their foraging time in the open woodlands while mangabeys foraged within the forest. At this period, diet and habitat overlaps between the two species were low. As rainfall increased, followed by a gradual rise in fruit availability, yellow baboons shifted their foraging range and both species became confined to the forest habitat. Consequently, both diet and habitat overlaps increased, peaking at the end of the rainy season. Mangabeys showed a reduced within-group dispersal and also spent significantly less time foraging in a given forest patch when yellow baboons were also present within the same forest patch.
Increased habitat and diet overlaps during the wet season need not have resulted in increased interspecific competition for food because at this period, fruits were readily available in the forest. 相似文献
Increased habitat and diet overlaps during the wet season need not have resulted in increased interspecific competition for food because at this period, fruits were readily available in the forest. 相似文献
12.
Yu. V. Gerasimov 《Inland Water Biology》2008,1(2):175-181
The foraging behavior of four fish species—bream, Abramis brama (L.); roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.); crucian carp, Carassius auratus (L.); and a tropical catfish, Corydoras paleatus (Jenins)—differing in their degrees of morphological specialization for benthic foraging has been studied. In the modeling
of a stable environment, fish encountered a constant pattern of food location, while under unstable conditions, food location
varied between subsequent trials. In contrast to an unstable environment, after long exposures to constant conditions, there
was an increase in motor activity not associated with foraging and the feeding rate fell. This drop in feeding rate resulted
in decreased growth rates in the studied fish. 相似文献
13.
Biruté M. F. Galdikas 《International journal of primatology》1988,9(1):1-35
Previously, wild orangutan feeding and ranging behaviors have been described only from populations in hilly or mountainous
regions. The Tanjung Puting study focuses on an orangutan population in a swampy lowland area near sea level. Tanjung Puting
also differs from other areas in the virtual absence of large figs, which are significant orangutan food sources elsewhere.
During a 4-year period and 6804 hr of observation, focal orangutans were recorded in 11,338 foraging bouts accounting for
3805 hr. Composition and phenology of the forest habitat were documented. The orangutans were predominantly frugivorous, with
fruit-eating accounting for 61% of the foraging time. However, the overall variety in their diet was remarkable; 317 different
food types have been identified, including fungus, insects, and honey. Orang-utans were strongly opportunistic foragers, with
the composition of their diet varying markedly from month to month. During most months orangutans fed on a complex mix of
fruit, leaves, bark, insects, and small vines. During some months fruit was not the major component of the diet. All orangutans
foraged in both the dry-ground mixed dipterocarp forest and the peatswamp forest habitats found in their ranges. Adult males
and females utilized different proportions of certain resources in their diets. Prime adult males also ranged further per
day and spent more time on the ground than prime adult females. At Tanjung Puting contact with other orangutans usually increased
a focal orangutan’s day length, day range, and amount of time spent moving. This suggests that foraging alone maximized each
orangutan’s foraging returns by minimizing the day range traveled. Orangutan solitariness is the result of a large body size
and of a predominantly frugivorous and opportunistic diet. 相似文献
14.
Howling monkeys (Alouatta spp.) are colonizer species, showing a plasticity in behavior that allows them to inhabit different sorts of forests. There is a series of hypotheses relating demography to behavioral and ecological characteristics of howlers: (1) as howler density increases, home range size will decrease; (2) howler groups occupying small home ranges will have a high proportion of leaves in their diet; and, (3) the proportion of mature leaves in the diet is negatively correlated with group daily travel distance. To test hypotheses about howler diet and ranging pattern in relation to food resources, we studied the foraging ecology and general activity patterns of 2 groups of black howlers (Alouatta caraya) inhabiting in flooded forest of Paraná River (Argentina), the habitat with the highest density recorded for Alouatta. We found, in addition to the highest densities, also the smallest home ranges for Alouatta (Group I: 1.7 ha and Group II: 2.2 ha). However, diet was not dominated by leaves, and high quality items—flowers, fruits, new leaves—were a high proportion of the diet all year. Also, daily travel distance is not correlated with the proportion of mature leaves in the diet, but is positively correlated with the number of group confrontations. Finally, we propose a model integrating and interpreting our results as a function of the spatial and temporal distribution of high quality food resources in the Argentinean flooded forest. 相似文献
15.
Jacob C. Dunn Jurgi Cristóbal‐Azkarate Joaquím J. Veà 《American journal of primatology》2009,71(8):654-662
The threat that forest fragmentation and habitat loss presents for several Alouatta taxa requires us to determine the key elements that may promote the persistence of howler monkeys in forest fragments and to evaluate how changes in the availability of these elements may affect their future conservation prospects. In this study we analyzed the relationship between the availability of both big trees of top food taxa (BTTFT) (diameter at breast height>60) and fruit of top food taxa (FrTFT) in the home ranges of two groups of Alouatta palliata mexicana occupying different forest fragments in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, and their diet and activity pattern. Both study groups preferred big trees for feeding and the group with lower availability of BTTFT in their home range fed from more, smaller food sources. Furthermore, both study groups also increased the number of food sources when their consumption of fruit decreased, and the group with lower availability of FrTFT in their home range fed from more food sources. The increase in the number of food sources used under such conditions, in turn, set up a process of higher foraging effort and lower rest. In summary, our results support other studies that suggest that the availability of big trees and fruit may be two important elements influencing the persistence of howler monkeys in forest fragments. Am. J. Primatol. 71:654–662, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
16.
Valérie Coudrain Sarah Rittiner Felix Herzog Willy Tinner Martin H. Entling 《Insect Science》2016,23(5):746-753
Habitat fragmentation is a major threat for beneficial organisms and the ecosystem services they provide. Multiple‐habitat users such as wild bees depend on both nesting and foraging habitat. Thus, they may be affected by the fragmentation of at least two habitat types. We investigated the effects of landscape‐scale amount of and patch isolation from both nesting habitat (woody plants) and foraging habitat (specific pollen sources) on the abundance and diet of Osmia bicornis L. Trap‐nests of O. bicornis were studied in 30 agricultural landscapes of the Swiss Plateau. Nesting and foraging habitats were mapped in a radius of 500 m around the sites. Pollen composition of larval diet changed as isolation to the main pollen source, Ranunculus, increased, suggesting that O. bicornis adapted its foraging strategy in function of the nest proximity to main pollen sources. Abundance of O. bicornis was neither related to isolation or amount of nesting habitat nor to isolation or abundance of food plants. Surprisingly, nests of O. bicornis contained fewer larvae in sites at forest edge compared to isolated sites, possibly due to higher parasitism risk. This study indicates that O. bicornis can nest in a variety of situations by compensating scarcity of its main larval food by exploiting alternative food sources. 相似文献
17.
Eva Gazagne Juan Manuel José-Domínguez Marie-Claude Huynen Alain Hambuckers Pascal Poncin Tommaso Savini Fany Brotcorne 《American journal of primatology》2020,82(5):e23117
Space-use and foraging strategies are important facets to consider in regard to the ecology and conservation of primates. For this study, we documented movement, ranging, and foraging patterns of northern pigtailed macaques (Macaca leonina) for 14 months in a degraded habitat with old growth Acacia and Eucalyptus plantations at the Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve in northeastern Thailand. We used hidden Markov models and characteristic hull polygons to analyze these patterns in regard to fruit availability. Macaques' home range (HR) was 599 ha and spanned through a natural dry-evergreen forest (DEF), and plantation forest. Our results showed that active foraging increased with higher fruit availability in DEF. Macaques changed to a less continuous behavioral state during periods of lower fruit availability in DEF, repeatedly moving from foraging to transiting behavior, while extending their HR further into plantation forest and surrounding edge areas. Concomitantly, macaques shifted their diet from fleshy to dry fruit such as the introduced Acacia species. Our results showed that the diet and movement ecology adaptations of northern pigtailed macaques were largely dependent on availability of native fruits, and reflected a “high-cost, high-yield” foraging strategy when fresh food was scarce and dry fruit was available in plantation forest. Conversely, wild-feeding northern pigtailed macaque populations inhabiting pristine habitat approached a “low-cost, low-yield” foraging strategy. Our results outline the effects of habitat degradation on foraging strategies and show how a flexible species can cope with its nutritional requirements. 相似文献
18.
We present the first field study of activity budgets, diet and ranging patterns of the Sulawesi crested black macaque, Macaca nigra, one of seven macaque species endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. We studied three crested macaque groups, ranging in size from 50 to 97 individuals, for 18 months in the Tangkoko-DuaSudara Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi. They spent 59% of the day moving and procuring food, especially fruits, and 41% of the day resting and socializing. Their diet is composed of more than 145 species of fruit (66% of observed feeding bouts), vegetative material (2.5%), invertebrates (31.5%), and occasional vertebrate prey. Group differences were more pronounced than seasonal or diurnal differences. Specifically, the largest group moved farther during the day, moved at a faster and more uniform rate, ate less fruit, rested more, and socialized less than the smaller groups did. The largest group had the largest home range, but it included less primary forest and more disturbed habitat than the ranges of smaller groups. There are individual differences in activity budgets of adult males and females in time spent moving, resting, feeding, and socializing that may reflect differences in reproductive strategies of males versus females. The behavior of large juveniles is more similar to that of adults than to that of small juveniles. Daily movements and use of home range are correlated with diet. Macaques moved shorter distances as the proportion of time spent feeding on fruit increased, and the top four dietary items accounted for most of the variance in entry into hectare blocks of home range. 相似文献
19.
Annika M. Felton Adam Felton Jeff T. Wood William J. Foley David Raubenheimer Ian R. Wallis David B. Lindenmayer 《International journal of primatology》2009,30(5):675-696
All free-living animals must make choices regarding which foods to eat, with the choices influencing their health and fitness.
An important goal in nutritional ecology is therefore to understand what governs animals’ diet selection. Despite large variation
in the availability of different food items, Peruvian spider monkeys (Ateles chamek) maintain a relatively stable daily protein intake, but allow total energy intake to vary as a function of the composition
of available food items. This is referred to as protein-dominated macronutrient balancing. Here we assess the influence of
this nutritional strategy on daily and seasonal nutritional intakes, estimate the nutritional value of different foods, and
interpret unusual food choices. We conducted continuous all-day observations of focal spider monkeys inhabiting a semideciduous
forest in Bolivia. We recorded feeding events, collected foods, and analyzed their nutrient content. By using the Geometric
Framework for nutrition, we show that individuals reached their daily end-point in nutrient space —balance between protein
and nonprotein energy intake— by consuming nutritionally balanced foods or by alternating between nutritionally complementary
foods. The macronutritionally balanced figs of Ficus boliviana were their primary staple food and therefore dominated their overall nutritional intake. Our results also demonstrate that
spider monkeys consumed a diverse array of ripe fruits to overcome periods of fig scarcity rather than vice versa; they could
obtain sufficient protein on a diet of pure fruit; and unripe figs constituted a nutritionally rewarding and reliable food
resource. We hope that the approaches taken and the conclusions reached in this study will catalyze further inquiries into
the nutritional ecology of frugivorous primates. 相似文献
20.
We here present the first behavioral, morphological, and ecological data on a living group of highland pygmy tarsiers, Tarsius pumilus, and compare them with the lowland tarsier species of Sulawesi. Pygmy tarsiers were previously known only from 3 museum specimens
and had not been seen alive since the first specimens were collected in 1917 and 1930. As part of a 2-mo exploratory study,
we recently located a group consisting of ≥4 pygmy tarsiers in the mossy cloud forest of Lore Lindu National Park, Central
Sulawesi, Indonesia. We captured 1 adult female and 2 adult male group members. The tarsiers weighed a mean of 50 g, less
than half the weight of adult lowland tarsiers. Our behavioral observations indicate that these tarsiers live in small groups
that return to the same sleeping tree each morning. Though our data are preliminary, pygmy tarsier body proportions appear
to differ from the lowland Sulawesian tarsier species, with relatively long hind limbs compared to total body length. We also
observed differences in grouping and communication behaviors. Unlike lowland tarsiers, pygmy tarsiers possess multiple adult
males per group and rarely vocalize or scentmark. These differences may correlate with variables unique to their high altitude
habitat, especially a reduction in food and tree resources, given that tree density declined sharply along an altitudinal
gradient. Our preliminary study identifies the importance of altitudinal ecological gradients to tarsier behavioral ecology
in Central Sulawesi, providing questions and predictions for future research directions. 相似文献