接种不同毒力的马立克氏病病毒后鸡病毒血症的动态比较

1日龄非免疫鸡分别接 马立克氏病病毒（MDV）Ⅰ强毒GA株、Ⅰ型MDV疫苗毒CVI988株和Ⅲ型火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT）疫苗株后第4日起,定期采血并和抗MDV囊膜糖蛋白B(gB)单克隆抗体介导的间接免疫荧光试验检测MDV在外周因液单核细胞（PBMCs）中的感染状况。结果发现,自接种Ⅰ型强毒GA株后第4日至鸡发病死亡前,都能检出GA株引起的病毒血症,并于2周左右达到高峰;自接种CVI988株后第4日至第20日止,能检出病毒血症,并于第8天左右达到高峰;自接种HVT后第4日至第16日止,能检出病毒血症,并于第6天左右达到高峰。与此同时,将GA株病毒血症的IFA检测结果与细胞培养上病毒空班计数试验结果比较,发现IFA试验比空斑计数试验更为敏感。本试验既可用于判断对鸡作MDV疫苗免疫的接种效果,又可用于检测MDV野毒感染状态。     

接种不同毒力的马立克氏病病毒后鸡病毒血症的动态比较

1日龄非免疫鸡分别接种马立克氏病病毒（MDV）I型强毒GA株、I型MDV疫苗毒CVI988株和III型火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT）疫苗株后第4日起,定期采血并用抗MDV囊膜糖蛋白B（gB）单克隆抗体介导的间接免疫荧光试验检测MDV在外周血液单核细胞（PBMC     

一株具有急性致瘤特性的马立克氏病病毒的分离与鉴定

应用鸭胚成纤维细胞(DEF)从免疫过CVI988/Rispens疫苗株患马立克氏病(MD)的三黄鸡中分离到一株马立克氏病病毒(MDV)(命名为YL040920株)。从该分离株蚀斑克隆获得的9个克隆在蚀斑形成时间及其形态大小上均无明显差别,表明它较为单一;应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术扩增并测定了毒株的致瘤相关基因meq的核苷酸序列,并与其他MDV-1参考毒株的序列进行比较分析,发现其序列具有MDV-1强毒株的特征;用基于抗MDV-1 MEQ蛋白的单克隆抗体3G12E6的免疫荧光试验(FA)对毒株的DEF培养物进行检测,发现有特异性的荧光定位于细胞核内;应用毒株感染霞烟鸡,最早在接种后(PI)21d即可诱发明显的内脏器官,在各器官肿瘤中以心脏、肝脏和皮肤的肿瘤发生率最高;用禽肿瘤病三重PCR鉴别诊断技术对毒株的DEF培养物以及感染鸡的内脏器官组织进行检测,均能扩增到MDV-1强毒株的特异性带,而网状内皮增生症病毒(REV)和禽白血病病毒(ALV)的检测则均为阴性。研究的结果表明,分离株YL040920为单一的MDV-1强毒株,无REV、ALV以及疫苗株CVI988/Rispens的混杂,并具有以心脏、肝脏和皮肤肿瘤为主的急性致瘤特性。     

Development of an effective polyvalent vaccine against both Marek's and Newcastle diseases based on recombinant Marek's disease virus type 1 in commercial chickens with maternal antibodies

An earlier report (M. Sakaguchi et al., Vaccine 16:472-479, 1998) showed that recombinant Marek's disease virus type 1 (rMDV1) expressing the fusion (F) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV-F) under the control of the simian virus 40 late promoter [rMDV1-US10L(F)] protected specific pathogen-free chickens from NDV challenge, but not commercial chickens with maternal antibodies against NDV and MDV1. In the present study, we constructed an improved polyvalent vaccine based on MDV1 against MDV and NDV in commercial chickens with maternal antibodies. The study can be summarized as follows. (i) We constructed rMDV1 expressing NDV-F under the control of the MDV1 glycoprotein B (gB) promoter [rMDV1-US10P(F)]. (ii) Much less NDV-F protein was expressed in cells infected with rMDV1-US10P(F) than in those infected with rMDV1-US10L(F). (iii) The antibody response against NDV-F and MDV1 antigens of commercial chickens vaccinated with rMDV1-US10P(F) was much stronger and faster than with rMDV1-US10L(F), and a high level of antibody against NDV-F persisted for over 80 weeks postvaccination. (iv) rMDV1-US10P(F) was readily reisolated from the vaccinated chickens, and the recovered viruses were found to express NDV-F. (v) Vaccination of commercial chickens having maternal antibodies to rMDV1-US10P(F) completely protected them from NDV challenge. (vi) rMDV1-US10P(F) offered the same degree of protection against very virulent MDV1 as the parental MDV1 and commercial vaccines. These results indicate that rMDV1-US10P(F) is an effective and stable polyvalent vaccine against both Marek's and Newcastle diseases even in the presence of maternal antibodies.     

表达IBDV VP2融合蛋白的重组MDV的构建及其免疫特性

将增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因(eGFP)与鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)的VP2基因融合,插入马立克氏病毒(MDV)CVI988/Rispens的非必需区US10片段中,成功构建表达VP2融合蛋白的MDVCVI988转移载体pUC18-US10-VP2。将转移载体质粒与CVI988/Rispens疫苗毒共转染鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF),筛选获得表达VP2融合蛋白的重组MDV(rMDV)。聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和间接免疫荧光实验(IFA)证明,rMDV传至第31代仍能稳定表达VP2融合蛋白。用rMDV免疫SPF鸡,进行IBDV攻毒保护试验,1日龄SPF鸡分别用1000PFU、2000PFU、5000PFU的rMDV进行免疫,33日龄用100LD50的IBDVJS超强毒进行攻毒,鸡的免疫保护率分别为50%、60%、80%。值得注意的是,5000PFU的rMDV一次免疫1日龄SPF鸡,其法氏囊组织病理损伤等级与IBD中等毒力活疫苗常规二次免疫相当(2·0/1·5),其保护效果无显著差异(p>0·05),而与非重组病毒免疫组相比较,保护效果差异显著(P<0·01),这表明构建的表达IBDVVP2融合蛋白的rMDV可以有效地为SPF鸡提供免疫保护作用。     

Molecular characteristics of Polish field strains of Marek's disease herpesvirus isolated from vaccinated chickens

Background  

Twenty-nine Marek's disease virus (MDV) strains were isolated during a 3 year period (2007-2010) from vaccinated and infected chicken flocks in Poland. These strains had caused severe clinical symptoms and lesions. In spite of proper vaccination with mono- or bivalent vaccines against Marek's disease (MD), the chickens developed symptoms of MD with paralysis.     

Efficacy of live B1 or Ulster 2C Newcastle disease vaccines simultaneously vaccinated with inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine for protection of Newcastle disease virus in broiler chickens

Two hundred, one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into groups 1, 2 and 3 containing 60, 70 and 70 chicks, respectively. The groups were divided into subgroups of 10 chicks that were vaccinated according to the following scheme: group 1 unvaccinated control, group 2 vaccinated subcutaneously at 1 day old with inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine (IOAV) in combination with live B1 vaccine. Group 3 was vaccinated in the same mode as group 2 with IOAV and live Ulster 2C vaccine. All birds were challenged when they were 28 days old. Mortality rate, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored before and after challenge. All the chickens in group 1 died, indicating that there was no disease resistance of this unvaccinated control group of chickens. Conversely, the monitored disease resistance of chickens in groups 2 and 3 was 68.57% ± 18.64 and 88.57% ± 9.00, respectively (P < 0.05). The morbidity of chickens in groups 2 and 3 was 37.89% ± 14.36 and 14.76% ± 12.40, respectively (P < 0.05). The body weight gain, feed intake and FCR of group 3 were significantly better than those of group 2 (P < 0.05) during 1–42 days old. The simultaneous vaccination with B1 or Ulster 2C and IOAV of 1-day-old chicks gave some protection of 28-day-old broilers without a booster vaccination.     

Protection against Marek''s disease by a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the glycoprotein B of Marek''s disease virus.

Fowlpox virus (FPV) recombinants expressing the glycoprotein B and the phosphorylated protein (pp38) of the GA strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV) were assayed for their ability to protect chickens against challenge with virulent MDV. The recombinant FPV expressing the glycoprotein B gene elicited neutralizing antibodies against MDV, significantly reduced the level of cell-associated viremia, and, similar to the conventional herpesvirus of turkeys, protected chickens against challenge with the GA strain and the highly virulent RB1B and Md5 strains of MDV. The recombinant FPV expressing the pp38 gene failed to either elicit neutralizing antibodies against MDV or protect the vaccinated chickens against challenge with MDV.     

敲除meq的鸡马立克氏病毒强毒株对超强毒的免疫保护作用

【目的】比较和评价一株敲除了meq基因的马立克氏病毒(MDV)的致病性及其诱发的保护性免疫作用。【方法】将1日龄SPF鸡150只随机分为5组,每组30只,分别饲养于正压过滤空气的SPF动物饲养隔离罩内。1日龄时,第1和第5组鸡以2000PFU/只的剂量腹腔接种GX0101Δmeq,第2组鸡以2000PFU/只的剂量腹腔接种CVI988/Rispens疫苗株,第3和第4组鸡不接种任何病毒作为对照组。免疫接种5d后,第1、2、3组分别以500PFU/只的剂量攻击MDV超强毒株vvrMd5。饲养90d,观察死亡情况,对各组死亡鸡只剖检,并取疑似马立克特有病变脏器做石蜡切片,于攻毒后90d处死全部存活鸡并随机取心脏、肝脏、脾脏做病理切片。【结果】单独接种GX0101Δmeq的第5组没有任何马立克氏病临床症状和特有的组织学病变,接种GX0101Δmeq再感染超强毒株vvrMd5的第1组也没有马立克病特有的组织学病变,但CVI988/Rispens免疫后感染超强毒株vvrMd5的第2组显示马立克病特有病变的病理切片比例为9/42,单独接种超强毒株vvrMd5的第3组死亡率为87%,死亡鸡出现可眼观典型肿瘤率为25%,免疫接种GX0101Δmeq和CVI988/Rispens的第1组和第2组对超强毒株vvrMd5攻击的保护指数分别为100%和89%。【结论】本实验构建的MDVmeq基因缺失株-GX0101Δmeq可在体外稳定复制,不仅对SPF鸡没有致病性和致瘤性,而且能诱导比CVI988/Rispens疫苗株更好的对超强毒MDV的免疫保护效果。     

Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci affecting susceptibility to Marek's disease virus induced tumors in F2 intercross chickens.

Marek''s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by the MD virus (MDV), which costs the poultry industry nearly $1 billion annually. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting MD susceptibility, the inbred lines 6(3) (MD resistant) and 7(2) (MD susceptible) were mated to create more than 300 F2 chickens. The F2 chickens were challenged with MDV JM strain, moderately virulent) at 1 wk of age and assessed for MD susceptibility. The QTL analysis was divided into three stages. In stage 1, 65 DNA markers selected from the chicken genetic maps were typed on the 40 most MD-susceptible and the 40 most MD-resistant F2 chickens, and 21 markers residing near suggestive QTL were revealed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). In stage 2, the suggestive markers plus available flanking markers were typed on 272 F2 chickens, and three suggestive QTL were identified by ANOVA. In stage 3, using the interval mapping program Map Manager and permutation tests, two significant and two suggestive MD QTL were identified on four chromosomal subregions. Three to five loci collected explained between 11 and 23% of the phenotypic MD variation, or 32-68% of the genetic variance. This study constitutes the first report in the domestic chicken on the mapping of non-major histocompatibility complex QTL affecting MD susceptibility.     

A Virulent Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Dual-Reporter Marek's Disease Virus Unveils an Alternative Spreading Pathway in Addition to Cell-to-Cell Contact

Marek''s disease virus (MDV) is a growing threat for the poultry industry. Unfortunately, despite successful vaccination against the disease, MDV remains in circulation within vaccinated flocks, leading to the selection of increasingly virulent pathotypes. Detailed knowledge of the virus biology and the host-virus interaction is required to improve the vaccine efficiency. In the present study, I engineered an original, dual-reporter MDV to track and quantify virus replication in vitro and in vivo.     

Complete Genome Sequence of a Recombinant Marek's Disease Virus Field Strain with One Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Long Terminal Repeat Insert

Marek''s disease virus (MDV) Chinese strain GX0101, isolated in 2001 from a vaccinated flock of layer chickens with severe tumors, was the first reported recombinant MDV field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) long terminal repeat (LTR) insert. GX0101 belongs to very virulent MDV (vvMDV) but has higher horizontal transmission ability than the vvMDV strain Md5. The complete genome sequence of GX0101 is 178,101 nucleotides (nt) and contains only one REV-LTR insert at a site 267 nt upstream of the sorf2 gene. Moreover, GX0101 has 5 repeats of a 217-nt fragment in its terminal repeat short (TRS) region and 3 repeats in internal repeat short (IRS) region, compared to the other 10 strains with only 1 or 2 repeats in both TRS and IRS.     

表达禽流感病毒M2基因的重组马立克氏病病毒的构建

将禽流感病毒M2基因克隆于真核表达质粒pIRES-EGFP中,使其位于pCMV启动子的调控下,并与绿色荧光蛋白基因（EGFP）串联后,将上述串联基因插入到含MDV CVI988的非必需区US基因的重组质粒pUS2中,构建带标记的重组质粒,然后将此重组质粒转染感染了MDV CVI988的鸡胚成纤维细胞,利用同源重组的方法,筛选了表达禽流感病毒M2基因的重组病毒MDV1。经PCR、Dot-blotting,Western-blotting等实验的结果表明,禽流感病毒M2基因的确插入到MDV1（CVI988）基因组中并获得表达。重组MDV1免疫1日龄SPF鸡21天后,用ELISA可检测到M2蛋白的特异性抗体。接种了重组病毒rMDV的鸡体内针对H9N2疫苗血凝素的抗体滴度(p<0.05)明显提高,以禽流感病毒AIV A/Chicken/Guangdong/00（H9N2）攻毒后进行病毒重分离试验的结果发现,重组病毒能有效地降低病毒的排出量(p<0.01),说明该重组病毒可以用于防制禽流感的免疫。     

Horizontal transmission of Marek's disease virus requires US2, the UL13 protein kinase, and gC

Marek's disease virus (MDV) causes a general malaise in chickens that is mostly characterized by the development of lymphoblastoid tumors in multiple organs. The use of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) for cloning and manipulation of the MDV genome has facilitated characterization of specific genes and genomic regions. The development of most MDV BACs, including pRB-1B-5, derived from a very virulent MDV strain, involved replacement of the US2 gene with mini-F vector sequences. However, when reconstituted viruses based on pRB-1B were used in pathogenicity studies, it was discovered that contact chickens housed together with experimentally infected chickens did not contract Marek's disease (MD), indicating a lack of horizontal transmission. Staining of feather follicle epithelial cells in the skins of infected chickens showed that virus was present but was unable to be released and/or infect susceptible chickens. Restoration of US2 and removal of mini-F sequences within viral RB-1B did not alter this characteristic, although in vivo viremia levels were increased significantly. Sequence analyses of pRB-1B revealed that the UL13, UL44, and US6 genes encoding the UL13 serine/threonine protein kinase, glycoprotein C (gC), and gD, respectively, harbored frameshift mutations. These mutations were repaired individually, or in combination, using two-step Red mutagenesis. Reconstituted viruses were tested for replication, MD incidence, and their abilities to horizontally spread to contact chickens. The experiments clearly showed that US2, UL13, and gC in combination are essential for horizontal transmission of MDV and that none of the genes alone is able to restore this phenotype.     

Pathogenicity for chicks of line cells from lymphoma of Marek's disease.

Pathogenicity for chicks of the MSB-1 line, a cell line derived from the tumorous tissue of a chick with Marek's disease (MD) and established by Akiyama & Kato, was studied. Five groups, including a control one, of 20 chicks each were inoculated with 1 X 10(3), 1 X 10(4), 1 X 10(5), 1 X 10(6) and no cells of a 180-day culture of the cell line at one day of age. They were housed all together in an isolation unit. An attempt was first made successfully to isolate MD virus (MDV) directly in culture of kidney cells 3 weeks after inoculation. Horizontal infection was first detected 4 weeks after inoculation. From 3 weeks after inoculation on, the disease with almost the same clinical and pathological pictures as the infection with a virulent strain of MDV showed a high incidence. Morbidity was closely related to the number of MSB-1 line cells inoculated. Parenchymal destruction was conspicuous in the central lymphoid organs of four chicks given the largest number of MSB-1 line cells and sacrificed in extremis about 4 weeks after inoculation. Establishment of MD in chicks inoculated with MSB-1 line cells carrying MDV genome seemed to be initiated under the circumstances where the line cells which had come into contact with susceptible cells in the peritoneal cavity released virulent MDV per se. Then host chicks might be infected with MDV and suffer from MD at a high rate. There was no great difference in oncogenic potential between MSB-1 line cells cultivated in vitro for 180 days and virulent MDV serially passaged through one-day-old chicks.     

Marek's disease viral interleukin-8 promotes lymphoma formation through targeted recruitment of B cells and CD4+ CD25+ T cells

Marek''s disease virus (MDV) is a cell-associated and highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens. During lytic and latent MDV infection, a CXC chemokine termed viral interleukin-8 (vIL-8) is expressed. Deletion of the entire vIL-8 open reading frame (ORF) was shown to severely impair disease progression and tumor development; however, it was unclear whether this phenotype was due to loss of secreted vIL-8 or of splice variants that fuse exons II and III of vIL-8 to certain upstream open reading frames, including the viral oncoprotein Meq. To specifically examine the role of secreted vIL-8 in MDV pathogenesis, we constructed a recombinant virus, vΔMetvIL-8, in which we deleted the native start codon from the signal peptide encoding exon I. This mutant lacked secreted vIL-8 but did not affect Meq–vIL-8 splice variants. Loss of secreted vIL-8 resulted in highly reduced disease and tumor incidence in animals infected with vΔMetvIL-8 by the intra-abdominal route. Although vΔMetvIL-8 was still able to spread to naïve animals by the natural route, infection and lymphomagenesis in contact animals were severely impaired. In vitro assays showed that purified recombinant vIL-8 efficiently binds to and induces chemotaxis of B cells, which are the main target for lytic MDV replication, and also interacts with CD4⁺ CD25⁺ T cells, known targets of MDV transformation. Our data provide evidence that vIL-8 attracts B and CD4⁺ CD25⁺ T cells to recruit targets for both lytic and latent infection.