氮磷添加对荒漠草原植物-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征的影响

为明确植物、凋落物和土壤养分含量及化学计量比对土壤中添加多种限制性养分的响应,阐明“植物-凋落物-土壤”连续体化学计量动态及各组分之间的协同作用,以宁夏荒漠草原为研究对象,于2018年开始进行氮(N)、磷(P)养分添加控制试验。试验处理包括对照(CK)、N添加、P添加、NP共同添加4个处理。结果表明：(1)NP共同添加显著增加了荒漠草原植物N和P含量、以及凋落物和土壤P含量,显著降低了荒漠草原植物C∶N和C∶P、以及土壤和凋落物C∶P和N∶P。P添加显著增加了荒漠草原植物、凋落物和土壤P含量,显著降低了植物、凋落物、土壤C∶P和N∶P。N添加分别增加了植物、凋落物N含量和N∶P,但对植物N含量影响未达到显著水平。(2)C、N、P含量和N∶P大小均表现为植物>凋落物>土壤,C∶N和C∶P均表现为凋落物>植物。(3)N添加提高了荒漠草原植物对P再吸收效率,降低了荒漠草原植物对N利用效率;P添加提高荒漠草原植物对N再吸收效率,降低荒漠草原对P的利用效率;NP共同添加提高了荒漠草原植物对N和P再吸收效率,降低了荒漠草原植物对N和P利用效率。(4)植物-凋落物-土壤的N、P含量...     

亚热带红壤侵蚀区马尾松针叶养分含量及再吸收特征

叶片衰老过程中的养分再吸收是植物适应养分贫瘠生境的一种重要策略,一直是生态学领域的研究热点。以亚热带红壤侵蚀区生态恢复先锋树种马尾松为研究对象,分析4种不同恢复水平下马尾松叶片养分含量随叶龄的变化情况及养分再吸收特征。结果表明:(1)叶片中N、P、K含量变化范围分别在(6.10±0.52)—(12.02±0.85)mg/g、(0.17±0.03)—(1.02±0.01)mg/g、(1.58±0.49)—(9.46±0.90)mg/g,随叶龄增长整体呈先增加后降低的趋势,具有一个快速积累期和一个相对漫长衰减期的动态特征,这表明叶龄也是影响叶片养分含量的重要因素;(2)叶片N、P、K含量随生境恢复水平的提高而增加,且N、P含量在除凋落叶外的叶龄阶段均表现出显著正相关,表明叶片中这两种营养元素在动态变化上存在协同性;(3)在叶片N、P、K再吸收效率中,P、K再吸收效率较高,而N相对较低。养分再吸收受生境中营养元素的含量水平、循环方式等因素的综合影响表现出一定选择性,对生境中较为贫瘠或使其生长受到限制的元素具有较高的再吸收效率。这不仅可以减小植物对外源养分的依赖性,同时也维持了体内重要营养元素的平衡。随叶龄增长叶片中N/P逐渐增大,反映出在叶片衰老过程中对限制元素P具有较强的再吸收能力,这种反馈调节提高了马尾松对养分贫瘠环境的适应性。本文的研究结果可为亚热带红壤侵蚀退化区先锋物种在贫瘠生境条件下的养分利用机制与适应对策方面的研究提供理论依据。     

不同林龄和密度对马尾松人工林凋落叶养分变化的影响

该文选择广西南宁市横县镇龙林场的4种林龄(幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林和过熟林)和4种密度(低密度林、中低密度林、中高密度林和高密度林)马尾松人工林共8种林分作为研究对象,分析了未破碎和破碎两个不同降解阶段的凋落叶C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量学特征。结果表明:(1)不同林龄中,凋落叶初始C、N含量在过熟林和成熟林中较高,P含量没有显著变化,且C∶N比值和C∶P比值从幼龄林到成熟林逐渐升高,说明较高林龄马尾松对N和P重吸收较低,而较低林龄马尾松对N和P重吸收较强,需要较大。(2)不同密度林中,随着林木密度的增加,凋落叶初始C含量逐渐升高,N含量无显著变化,P含量降低;高密度林凋落叶的初始C∶P比值和N∶P比值较高,说明高种植密度下马尾松可能对N和P养分的需求较大,P重吸收较强。(3)不同林龄和不同密度马尾松林的破碎凋落叶C含量、C∶N比值、C∶P比值和N∶P比值比未破碎凋落叶的低,N和P含量较高,说明凋落物在降解过程中出现N和P养分的富集现象。(4)中林龄和较高种植密度的马尾松破碎凋落叶与未破碎凋落物的C含量差值最大,C∶N比值和C∶P比值较低,说明这两种林分的凋落叶C的降解速率可能较大。上述结果说明,中龄林和中高、高密度林的马尾松可能对N和P养分的需求较大,重吸收效率较高,且凋落叶C的潜在分解速率较高,可能利于有机碳较快进入土壤中。     

黄土丘陵区氮磷添加对草地群落优势种养分利用特征的影响

为阐明黄土丘陵区氮磷添加对草地群落优势种养分利用特征的影响,探究群落结构和物种多样性的变化机制,选取5个典型优势种,即白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)、长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)和猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)为研究对象,采用裂区试验设计,以氮添加为主区处理, 包括:0(N0)、25(N25)、50(N50) 和100(N100) kg N hm^-2 a^-1;以磷添加为副区处理,包括:0(P0),20(P20),40(P40) 和80(P80) kg P₂O₅ hm^-2 a^-1,测定了各物种叶片氮磷比、氮磷重吸收效率、氮磷利用效率和相对生物量等参数。5种植物的氮和磷重吸收效率正相关,对氮磷添加量的响应具有耦合性。不同氮磷添加处理下,达乌里胡枝子叶片氮磷比最高,而氮磷重吸收效率最低;白羊草和长芒草的氮磷利用效率和重吸收效率高于其他物种。单施磷或N25与磷配施下,各物种相对生物量与氮磷比和磷利用效率呈正相关关系,与氮利用效率和氮磷重吸收效率呈负相关关系。单施氮、N50和N100与磷配施下,各物种相对生物量与氮磷利用效率和重吸收效率呈正相关,与氮磷比呈负相关。不施肥处理下,白羊草和长芒草相对生物量最高,低氮高磷下达乌里胡枝子相对生物量最高,高氮高磷下铁杆蒿和猪毛蒿相对生物量最高。不同优势种对氮磷添加的响应不同,生理生态过程各异,决定了其在群落中的优势度,这是氮磷添加后草地群落结构和物种多样性发生变化的关键机制。     

氮素添加对黄土高原典型草原长芒草氮磷重吸收率及C:N:P化学计量特征的影响

 为了解氮素沉降对草地群落的影响, 通过人工氮肥添加模拟试验, 研究了黄土高原天然草地优势植物长芒草(Stipa bungeana)在不同施氮水平下叶片和立枯物碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素含量的变化特征, 探讨了N素增加对N、P重吸收率和C : N : P化学计量比的影响及其内在联系。结果表明: 氮素添加显著增加了长芒草叶片的C、N和立枯物的N、P含量, 对叶片P和立枯物C含量无显著影响; 氮素添加显著降低了长芒草的N、P重吸收率, 对照处理的N、P重吸收率最高, 分别为60.35%和
71.75%, 并且, 在相同氮素处理条件下P的重吸收率显著大于N重吸收率; 随着氮素添加量的增大, 叶片的C : N降低, N : P和C : P增加, N : P为18.25–29.01。研究表明, 黄土高原天然草地群落主要受P限制, 随氮素沉降增加, P限制进一步加剧; 长芒草较高的N、P重吸收率是保证其在贫瘠的土壤中生存的重要机制。     

Nutrient Addition Differentially Affects Ecological Processes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Avicennia germinans</Emphasis> in Nitrogen versus Phosphorus Limited Mangrove Ecosystems

Nutrient over-enrichment is a major threat to marine environments, but system-specific attributes of coastal ecosystems may result in differences in their sensitivity and susceptibility to eutrophication. We used fertilization experiments in nitrogen (N)- and phosphorus (P)-limited mangrove forests to test the hypothesis that alleviating different kinds of nutrient limitation may have different effects on ecosystem structure and function in natural systems. We compared a broad range of ecological processes to determine if these systems have different thresholds where shifts might occur in nutrient limitation. Growth responses indicated N limitation in Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) forests in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, and P limitation at Twin Cays, Belize. When nutrient deficiency was relieved, A. germinans grew out of its stunted form by increasing wood relative to leaf biomass and shoot length relative to lateral growth. At the P-limited site, P enrichment (+P) increased specific leaf area, N resorption, and P uptake, but had no effect on P resorption. At the N-limited site, +N increased both N and P resorption, but did not alter biomass allocation. Herbivory was greater at the P-limited site and was unaffected by +P, whereas +N led to increased herbivory at the N-limited site. The responses to nutrient enrichment depended on the ecological process and limiting nutrient and suggested that N- versus P-limited mangroves do have different thresholds. +P had a greater effect on more ecological processes at Twin Cays than did +N at the IRL, which indicated that the P-limited site was more sensitive to nutrient loading. Because of this sensitivity, eutrophication is more likely to cause a shift in nutrient limitation at P-limited Twin Cays than N-limited IRL.     

生态恢复对马尾松叶片化学计量及氮磷转移的影响

为了解生态恢复对侵蚀红壤恢复的马尾松林叶片碳氮磷化学计量及氮磷养分转移的影响,在福建省长汀县河田镇典型侵蚀红壤区选取恢复13、30、33a的马尾松林为研究对象,并以未治理侵蚀地(CK1)和次生林(CK2)分别作为恢复前和恢复后的对照,通过测定马尾松叶片的碳、氮、磷含量,计算其计量比,内稳性指数和氮磷转移率,分析了侵蚀红壤生长的马尾松养分限制与养分转移的关系。结果表明:在侵蚀红壤恢复过程中,马尾松1年龄叶片C、N、P含量及1年龄叶片C∶N、C∶P、N∶P变化较小,这与马尾松较高的内稳性有关(N和P内稳性指数分别为7.57和3.89)。所有实验地马尾松1年龄叶片N∶P处于11.0—13.4之间,表明马尾松的生长受N、P共同限制,其中马尾松叶片N转移率显著低于P转移率,这与生态恢复过程中马尾松养分利用效率、生长需求以及土壤养分供应状况有关。1年龄叶片C∶N、C∶P分别与马尾松N、P转移率成负相关关系,当马尾松叶片C∶N、C∶P较低时,表明N、P利用效率较低,叶片衰老时更多的N和P被转移利用;反之,则N、P利用效率较高,转移率低。同时,C∶N、C∶P分别与树高、胸径成显著负相关关系,即马尾松生长对N、P的需求同样会影响化学计量比的变化,从而影响养分转移。虽然侵蚀地生态恢复过程中土壤N、P含量增加,但仍较贫瘠,不足以满足马尾松的生长,马尾松养分转移率较高,因此,为了提高侵蚀地恢复的马尾松林的生产力,建议下一步恢复措施中适当施加N肥和P肥。该研究将侵蚀红壤不同生态恢复年限的马尾松叶片C、N、P化学计量及养分转移结合,有助于全面、系统地揭示生态恢复过程马尾松林的养分循环,对指导侵蚀红壤恢复和提高马尾松生产力具有重要意义。     

油茶低产林养分需求和时间配置动态变化研究

以常宁油茶低产林为研究对象,分析了油茶低产林树体各器官及土壤养分时间动态变化。结果表明:油茶低产林树体在不同生长期需求的大量元素均为全N、Ca和全K最多,而需求的Mg和全P最少;需求的微量元素均为Mn和Fe最多,Cu和Cd最少;春梢期供应的土壤养分元素是速效N和Mg,夏梢期主要供应的土壤元素是速效K、全N、全P、Fe和有机质,果实成熟期主要供应的土壤养分元素是全K,开花期主要供应的土壤元素是速效P和Ca;不同时间油茶低产林养分需求为春梢期(28.36%)夏梢期(26.17%)果实成熟期(22.75%)开花期(22.73%);土壤养分供应为夏梢期(2999.83±87.04 mg/kg)果实成熟期(2703.93±292.26 mg/kg)开花期(2554.60±508.84 mg/kg)春梢期(2385.88±199.62 mg/kg);油茶低产林在不同生长期需要的养分和土壤供应的养分并不一一对应。研究结果可为油茶低产林的施肥时间配置和养分时间变化提供科学依据,在春梢期多施肥。     

秦岭中幼林龄华北落叶松针叶与土壤的碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

为探究华北落叶松人工林物质循环规律与养分元素的分配格局,将华北落叶松针叶和土壤结合起来,以秦岭地区7年(7a)、12年(12a)、22年(22a)生华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,综合探究中幼林龄华北落叶松针叶和土壤的C、N、P含量及C∶N∶P化学计量特征。结果表明,不同林龄间土壤C和P含量的差异显著,7a和12a的C和P含量显著高于22a的,N含量差异不显著,随土层深度的增加,土壤C、N、P均呈下降趋势;22a土壤的C∶P和N∶P显著高于7a和12a,说明随着林龄增加,P限制了人工林正常的生长发育,C∶N在林龄之间的差异不显著;不同林龄针叶C差异不显著,N和P差异显著,N和P含量在中龄林中最高;22a针叶的C∶N和C∶P均表现为显著下降,3种林龄华北落叶松针叶的N∶P在6.8—9.3之间,说明幼、中林龄华北落叶松主要受N的限制;华北落叶松针叶和土壤的C、C∶N之间呈显著的正相关,P、C∶P之间呈显著的负相关,N、N∶P之间相关性不显著。中林龄华北落叶松人工林土壤P元素含量低,主要是通过养分的再吸收来满足植株的生长需求,而非通过吸收土壤养分。     

长白山林线主要木本植物叶片养分的季节动态及回收效率

植物叶片养分含量的季节动态和回收效率对植被生态系统的养分循环和植物生长策略具有重要意义。以长白山高山林线上分布的3种主要木本植物——岳桦(Betula ermanii),牛皮杜鹃(Rhododendron aureum)和笃斯越橘(Vaccinium uliginosum)为研究对象,通过测定叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe等6种养分元素含量,分析在林线处植物叶片养分含量的季节动态及其与土壤养分含量的关系。结果表明岳桦和笃斯越橘叶片中养分元素的季节动态基本一致,即:N、P、K含量在生长季内逐渐降低,而Ca的含量逐渐增加;Mg在生长季旺盛期最低,而Fe含量却最高。牛皮杜鹃作为常绿灌木,叶片养分的季节动态与其余两种植物明显不同,表现为在生长季初期6种养分元素含量最低。岳桦和笃斯越橘植物叶片中N、P、K、Fe都有一定程度的回收,但笃斯越橘叶片的养分回收率更高,反映了笃斯越橘更能适应相对贫瘠的环境。3种林线植物叶片中养分含量与土壤养分并不存在显著的相关性,说明长白山林线上土壤中养分的分布没有对林线上3种主要的木本植物的生长和分布产生直接的影响。     

不同林龄刺槐叶片养分重吸收特征及其对土壤养分有效性的响应

为揭示丘陵沟壑区刺槐的养分重吸收特征及其驱动因素,研究该区不同林龄刺槐叶片全氮和全磷的浓度,以及土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、铵态氮、硝态氮和速效磷浓度及其化学计量,分析了叶片氮磷重吸收效率与土壤养分特性之间的关系。结果表明: 植物和土壤的养分随林龄增长发生显著变化,而土壤总磷和速效磷浓度较低。氮重吸收效率随林分生长先增加后降低,范围为48.2%～54.0%,平均为48.5%;磷重吸收效率则显著增加,范围为45.2%～49.4%,平均为46.9%。氮重吸收效率与土壤氮素和氮磷比呈负向响应,而磷重吸收效率与氮磷比呈显著正相关,与土壤速效磷呈负相关。表明土壤养分有效性的变化负向驱动养分重吸收效率。由于该生境中刺槐林的固氮效应及磷限制,叶片养分重吸收策略对土壤氮磷比响应强烈。     

Foliar nutrient resorption patterns of four functional plants along a precipitation gradient on the Tibetan Changtang Plateau

Nutrient resorption from senesced leaves as a nutrient conservation strategy is important for plants to adapt to nutrient deficiency, particularly in alpine and arid environment. However, the leaf nutrient resorption patterns of different functional plants across environmental gradient remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a transect survey of 12 communities to address foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption strategies of four functional groups along an eastward increasing precipitation gradient in northern Tibetan Changtang Plateau. Soil nutrient availability, leaf nutrient concentration, and N:P ratio in green leaves ([N:P]_g) were linearly correlated with precipitation. Nitrogen resorption efficiency decreased, whereas phosphorus resorption efficiency except for sedge increased with increasing precipitation, indicating a greater nutrient conservation in nutrient‐poor environment. The surveyed alpine plants except for legume had obviously higher N and P resorption efficiencies than the world mean levels. Legumes had higher N concentrations in green and senesced leaves, but lowest resorption efficiency than nonlegumes. Sedge species had much lower P concentration in senesced leaves but highest P resorption efficiency, suggesting highly competitive P conservation. Leaf nutrient resorption efficiencies of N and P were largely controlled by soil and plant nutrient, and indirectly regulated by precipitation. Nutrient resorption efficiencies were more determined by soil nutrient availability, while resorption proficiencies were more controlled by leaf nutrient and N:P of green leaves. Overall, our results suggest strong internal nutrient cycling through foliar nutrient resorption in the alpine nutrient‐poor ecosystems on the Plateau. The patterns of soil nutrient availability and resorption also imply a transit from more N limitation in the west to a more P limitation in the east Changtang. Our findings offer insights into understanding nutrient conservation strategy in the precipitation and its derived soil nutrient availability gradient.     

Combined effects of nitrogen addition and litter manipulation on nutrient resorption of Leymus chinensis in a semi‐arid grassland of northern China

Plant growth in semi‐arid ecosystems is usually severely limited by soil nutrient availability. Alleviation of these resource stresses by fertiliser application and aboveground litter input may affect plant internal nutrient cycling in such regions. We conducted a 4‐year field experiment to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) addition (10 g N·m^?2·year^?1) and plant litter manipulation on nutrient resorption of Leymus chinensis, the dominant native grass in a semi‐arid grassland in northern China. Although N addition had no clear effects on N and phosphorus (P) resorption efficiencies in leaves and culms, N fertilisation generally decreased leaf N resorption proficiency by 54%, culm N resorption proficiency by 65%. Moreover, N fertilisation increased leaf P resorption proficiency by 13%, culm P resorption proficiency by 20%. Under ambient or enriched N conditions, litter addition reduced N and P resorption proficiencies in both leaves and culms. The response of P resorption proficiency to litter manipulation was more sensitive than N resorption proficiency: P resorption proficiency in leaves and culms decreased strongly with increasing litter amount under both ambient and enriched N conditions. In contrast, N resorption proficiency was not significantly affected by litter addition, except for leaf N resorption proficiency under ambient N conditions. Furthermore, although litter addition caused a general decrease of leaf and culm nutrient resorption efficiencies under both ambient and enriched N conditions, litter addition effects on nutrient resorption efficiency were much weaker than the effects of litter addition on nutrient resorption proficiency. Taken together, our results show that leaf and non‐leaf organs of L. chinensis respond consistently to altered soil N availability. Our study confirms the strong effects of N addition on plant nutrient resorption processes and the potential role of aboveground litter, the most important natural fertiliser in terrestrial ecosystems, in influencing plant internal nutrient cycling.     

The effect of phosphorus on nodule formation and function in the Casuarina-Frankia symbiosis

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus on nodule formation and function in the Casuarina-Frankia symbiosis. The effects of P on growth and survival of Frankia in the rhizosphere was assessed by examing Frankia growth and survival in flasks of basal nutrient solution. There was no growth in the nutrient solution during the experimental period. However, the viability of Frankia in the nutrient solution without P supply was half that of the initial level, whereas, with P supply, there was only a minor decline during the first week. In a growth pouch experiment, supplying P increased plant and nodule growth, irrespective of P status of the inoculant Frankia culture. There were no effects of P status on any growth or nodulation parameters measured when the inoculants had been standardized on the basis of viability. In a split root experiment, Frankia inoculation and application of P together or separately did not cause any significant difference. This suggests that growth and nodulation respond only to total P supply. Increasing P from 0.1 to 10 M significantly increased plant growth but not N concentrations. Both nitrogen-fixation and nitrate supported growth were strongly increased as P increased from 0.1 to 1.0 M. This study indicates that P deficiency limits the growth of host plants more severely than nitrogen fixation processes and P deficiency on nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Casuarina cunninghamiana operated indirectly via reducing host plant growth.     

Biogeographic patterns of nutrient resorption from Quercus variabilis Blume leaves across China

The variation in nutrient resorption has been studied at different taxonomic levels and geographic ranges. However, the variable traits of nutrient resorption at the individual species level across its distribution are poorly understood. We examined the variability and environmental controls of leaf nutrient resorption of Quercus variabilis, a widely distributed species of important ecological and economic value in China. The mean resorption efficiency was highest for phosphorus (P), followed by potassium (K), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), magnesium (Mg) and carbon (C). Resorption efficiencies and proficiencies were strongly affected by climate and respective nutrients concentrations in soils and green leaves, but had little association with leaf mass per area. Climate factors, especially growing season length, were dominant drivers of nutrient resorption efficiencies, except for C, which was strongly related to green leaf C status. In contrast, green leaf nutritional status was the primary controlling factor of leaf nutrient proficiencies, except for C. Resorption efficiencies of N, P, K and S increased significantly with latitude, and were negatively related to growing season length and mean annual temperature. In turn, N, P, K and S in senesced leaves decreased with latitude, likely due to their efficient resorption response to variation in climate, but increased for Mg and did not change for C. Our results indicate that the nutrient resorption efficiency and proficiency of Q. variabilis differed strongly among nutrients, as well as growing environments. Our findings provide important insights into understanding the nutrient conservation strategy at the individual species level and its possible influence on nutrient cycling.     

Influence of Norway spruce seedlings on the nutrient availability in mineral soil and forest floor material

A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings on net nutrient availability in five different growing media containing F- or H-layer and mineral soil originating from a haplic podzol in northern Sweden. The initial total amounts of eight nutrient elements (N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn) and exchangeable amounts of the same elements were analyzed in pots with or without spruce seedlings. In the planted pots seedling nutrient uptake was also estimated. After 26 weeks, higher net nutrient availability with seedlings was found in 25 out of the 40 (62%) growing media and nutrient element combinations. A positive seedling effect on net nutrient availability might be explained by rhizodeposition stimulating the soil microorganism activity and accelerating the weathering of minerals or by seedling roots promoting the nutrient providing processes through changes in soil chemical and physical properties. Nitrogen availability was primarily affected by what part of the forest floor the growing medium contained although the positive response to seedling presence was apparent. The positive net availability response of P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn to seedling presence was on the other hand relatively strong. In the case of P, K, and Zn the growing medium composition (if the F- and H-layer was pure or mixed with mineral soil) was also an important factor for the estimated net availability. Pure F-and H-layer provided greater P- and K-availability while the availability of Zn increased when mineral soil was added. The influence of growing plants ought to be considered when soil samples are used for assessing the nutrient availability.     

苦竹叶片碳氮磷化学计量特征的海拔梯度效应

为揭示海拔梯度对苦竹林立竹叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征的影响,该文以3个海拔梯度[低海拔,(200±10) m;中海拔,(400±10) m;高海拔,(800±10) m]苦竹林为研究对象,测定1至3年生立竹叶片C、N、P含量,分析其化学计量特征和异速增长关系。结果表明:(1)立竹年龄对苦竹叶片C、N、P含量及其化学计量特征影响明显,随立竹年龄的增大,苦竹叶片C、N、P含量和N∶P总体上均呈降低趋势,而C∶N、C∶P总体上呈升高趋势。(2)海拔对苦竹叶片C、N、P含量及其化学计量特征有重要影响,随海拔梯度升高,不同年龄立竹叶片C含量呈先升高后下降变化趋势,N、P含量总体上呈降低趋势,而C∶N、C∶P和N∶P均呈升高趋势。(3)不同海拔梯度苦竹林立竹叶片C、N、P含量和C∶N、C∶P差异显著,中、高海拔苦竹林立竹叶片N∶P无显著差异,均显著高于低海拔苦竹林;不同海拔梯度苦竹林立竹叶片C、N、P间呈显著的正异速增长关系,随海拔梯度的升高,C-N、C-P异速增长指数显著升高,而N-P异速增长指数显著下降。综上结果表明,高海拔苦竹林虽然N、P利用效率提高,但立竹叶片C含量较低,P限制性作用增强;中海拔苦竹林不但具有较高的N、P利用效率,而且立竹叶片C含量高,说明中海拔是苦竹林丰产培育的适宜海拔。     

The effects of varying culture nitrogen and phosphorus levels on nutrient uptake and storage by the waterhyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms

The uptake of nitrogen (N) by waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was maximal when the culture solution contained a combination of 36 ppm N and 6,53 ppm phosphorus (P). N uptake was inhibited by increasing P or decreasing N in the culture medium. Uptake of P was stimulated by the elevation of either N or P or both. An increase of P above O ppm inhibited the accumulation of N. Similarly, the accumulation of P was enhanced by increasing levels of P but was reduced with increasing levels of N. Both N and P levels were always greatest in leaves; next highest in floats and lowest in roots. High tissue levels of these two nutrients and the capacity for nutrient removal from water by waterhyacinth indicates a possible role for this plant in the reduction of eutrophication in nutrient polluted waters as well as the use of harvested, dried tissue for fertilizer.     

Eutrophication and macroalgal blooms in temperate and tropical coastal waters: nutrient enrichment experiments with Ulva spp.

Receiving coastal waters and estuaries are among the most nutrient‐enriched environments on earth, and one of the symptoms of the resulting eutrophication is the proliferation of opportunistic, fast‐growing marine seaweeds. Here, we used a widespread macroalga often involved in blooms, Ulva spp., to investigate how supply of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), the two main potential growth‐limiting nutrients, influence macroalgal growth in temperate and tropical coastal waters ranging from low‐ to high‐nutrient supplies. We carried out N and P enrichment field experiments on Ulva spp. in seven coastal systems, with one of these systems represented by three different subestuaries, for a total of nine sites. We showed that rate of growth of Ulva spp. was directly correlated to annual dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations, where growth increased with increasing DIN concentration. Internal N pools of macroalgal fronds were also linked to increased DIN supply, and algal growth rates were tightly coupled to these internal N pools. The increases in DIN appeared to be related to greater inputs of wastewater to these coastal waters as indicated by high δ¹⁵N signatures of the algae as DIN increased. N and P enrichment experiments showed that rate of macroalgal growth was controlled by supply of DIN where ambient DIN concentrations were low, and by P where DIN concentrations were higher, regardless of latitude or geographic setting. These results suggest that understanding the basis for macroalgal blooms, and management of these harmful phenomena, will require information as to nutrient sources, and actions to reduce supply of N and P in coastal waters concerned.     

Seasonal changes in element contents in mangrove element retranslocation during leaf senescene

The concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and chlorine (Cl) were followed monthly in pre-senescence leaves and post-abscission leaves of Kandelia candel (L.) Druce at the Jiulongjiang estuary, and Fujian, China. The element retranslocation efficiency (RE) was studied during leaf senescence. The element RE's evaluated using different methods were compared and a new method was put forward to evaluate element RE during leaf senescence in evergreen trees without concentrated leaf fall. The results showed that during leaf senescence, 77.22% N, 57.53% P, and 44.51% K were translocated out of senescing leaves. Translocation of nutrients out of senescing leaves back into shoots was an important nutnent-conservation mechanism for N and P, was less important for K, and did not occur for Ca, Mg, Na, or Cl. One of the reasons for the high primary productivity of mangroves in nutrient poor sites (especially with low N) is the high nutrient use efficiency.