无腥味大豆种质创新与利用

大豆是植物油和植物蛋白的主要来源,但大豆蛋白中含有3种结构不同的脂肪氧化酶同功酶,是产生豆腥味的根源,使大豆利用及加工受到限制。从1994年开始我们进行大豆脂氧酶缺失基因的转育与种质创新研究,目前获得了一批综合农艺性状优良的低腥味材料,其中绥无腥豆1号已于2002年3月通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定,并开始应用于生产和加工领域。     

大豆脂肪氧化酶同工酶全缺失种质的创新

大豆脂肪氧化酶(Lipoxygenase,Lox)是豆腥味因子。利用脂肪氧化酶双缺失的优质大豆新品系96P17(Lox-2.3)作母本,93704(Lox-1．3)作父本进行有性杂交,采用等电聚焦聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(IEF—PAGE)技术,对杂种后代脂肪氧化酶3种同T酶进行缺失检测及多年辅助选择,创造大豆脂肪氧化酶3种同工酶全缺失(Lox-1．2．3)的大豆优质新种质,为大豆品质育种及食品加工提供优异的种质材料。     

大豆优异种质资源的利用与创新

黑龙江省农科院利用已获得的具有野生大豆(含半野生大豆)多花荚、多分枝、高蛋白等有益性状基因的优异种间杂交新种质(G.max×G.soja)与栽培大豆(G.max)回交,一方面继续拓宽大豆育种遗传基础,另一方面改善现有种间杂交种质的农艺性状和品质,并提高产量水平,已选育出外贸制纳豆、豆芽、制酱及青瓤黑豆等特用大豆品种(系).实践表明,利用野生大豆及种间杂交新种质,对拓宽大豆育种遗传基础,提高大豆育成品种水平,尤其对特用大豆品种(系)的选育是有效可行的.     

大豆脂肪氧化酶及Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂缺失种质的创新

脂肪氧化酶和胰蛋白酶抑制剂是大豆蛋白中2种重要的抗营养因子。以黄淮海主栽品种鲁豆4号、中品661、豫豆8号、91D15、潍8640作母本,美国引进缺失Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂品种P．I．L83-4387和优良品种Century缺失脂肪氧化酶的近等位基因系Century-2、Century-2．3和Century-1．3作父本进行有性杂交,利用大豆脂肪氧化酶缺失基因及胰蛋白酶抑制剂缺失基因的生化标记对杂种后代进行多年辅助选择,培育脂肪氧化酶缺失基因(lx1、lx2、lx3)、胰蛋白酶抑制剂缺失基因(ti)等优质多基因聚合的大豆新种质,为我国大豆品质育种、生产及加工利用提供优异种质材料。     

利用野生大豆资源创新优质抗病大豆新种质

利用野生大豆与栽培大豆种间杂交中间材料与高产栽培大豆回交转育,创新选育出蛋白质含量45％以上,蛋脂总含量63％以上,分别抗大豆疫霉根腐病,抗大豆灰斑病,农艺性状优良的大豆创新种质资源3份。其中,龙品8802-1抗大豆疫霉根腐病兼抗大豆灰斑病,蛋白质含量45．64％,脂肪含量18．42％,蛋脂总含量64．06％;龙品01-757抗大豆灰斑病,蛋白质含量45．99％,脂肪含量19．4％,蛋脂总含量65．39％;龙品9501,中抗大豆灰斑病,蛋白质含量45．11％,脂肪含量18．32％,蛋脂总含量63．43％。研究结果表明,利用含有野生大豆血缘的种间杂交材料与高产栽培大豆回交,是拓宽大豆遗传基础,创新选育优质、抗病、农艺性状优良大豆新种质资源的有效途径。     

大豆脂肪氧化酶的研究动态

本文介绍了大豆种子脂肪氧化酶（Lox）同工酶的生物化学特性、缺失体的分子结构、氨基酸同源性等的分子生物学特性以及Lox与生长发育、调节分子合成、衰老和逆境反应等生理学功能的相关性的研究动态。     

2002年我国大豆(Glycine max)品种及种质资源的蛋白质和脂肪含量分析

对2002年全国14个主要大豆种植省(区)的大豆品种及其种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪含量进行了分析。结果表明,种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪平均含量均高于生产用品种。其中种质资源脂肪含量的变化幅度较大,显示了在未来的育种中更强的高脂肪含量的选择优势。国内种质资源蛋白质平均含量高于国外种质资源。国外种质资源脂肪含量总体上高于国内种质资源。黄淮海生态区品种蛋白质平均含量高于北方生态区品种。新育成黄淮海区域试验品种蛋白质平均含量高于目前黄淮海生态区生产用品种。同品种异地种植,其脂肪含量有明显变化。     

国外大豆种质资源在菏泽大豆育种中的应用

上世纪80年代以来,菏泽市农科所以Williams、Clark63、SRF等国外大豆种质作亲本,杂交育成菏7308、菏84—1、菏84—5等8个大豆新品种,已累计推广105万hm^2,国外亲本遗传贡献率为13／32。     

大豆种质对SMV成株和种粒斑驳抗性的SSR标记辅助鉴定

对186份大豆种质资源进行了成株和种粒斑驳抗性鉴定,并利用与成株抗性及种粒斑驳抗性分别相关的SSR标记验证抗病毒分子辅助选择的可行性。结果表明：接种SMV1,选出成株和种粒双抗种质38份,成株抗病种质149份,种粒抗病种质45份,成株和种粒双感种质26份。利用与成株抗性相关的SSR标记Sat_229、Sat_317、Satt335、Satt160、Satt516、Sat_309进行检测,抗病毒资源筛选的准确率分别达到68．9％、74．3％、71．1％、69．8％、77．4％和68．2％。利用与种粒斑驳抗性相关的SSR标记Sat_297、Sat_229、Sat_317、Satt335、Set_188、Satt160、Satt516、Sat_133进行检测,Sat_317标记准确率达79．1％,标记Sat_229、Satt335、Satt516和Sat_133抗病毒资源筛选的准确率均达70％以上,可以用作抗病毒分子辅助育种的选择标记。     

Molecular characterization and genetic diversity analysis of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) germplasm accessions in India

Molecular characterization and genetic diversity among 82 soybean accessions was carried out by using 44 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Of the 44 SSR markers used, 40 markers were found polymorphic among 82 soybean accessions. These 40 polymorphic markers produced a total of 119 alleles, of which five were unique alleles and four alleles were rare. The allele number for each SSR locus varied between two to four with an average of 2.97 alleles per marker. Polymorphic information content values of SSRs ranged from 0.101 to 0.742 with an average of 0.477. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient was employed to study the molecular diversity of 82 soybean accessions. The pairwise genetic similarity among 82 soybean accessions varied from 0.28 to 0.90. The dendrogram constructed based on genetic similarities among 82 soybean accessions identified three major clusters. The majority of genotypes including four improved cultivars were grouped in a single subcluster IIIa of cluster III, indicating high genetic resemblance among soybean germplasm collection in India.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12298-014-0266-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

国家种质库保存大豆和菜豆种质的种传病毒检测

以国家种质中期库提供的300份大豆、100份菜豆种质为材料,分别采用血清学和分子生物学方法,对种传病毒的种类进行了检测。结果表明:在大豆种质中检测出大豆花叶病毒(SMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)、苜蓿花叶病毒(AMV)3种病毒,阳性检出率分别为25.33%(76份)、13.67%(41份)和4.67%(14份)。大豆种质中还存在大豆花叶病毒与黄瓜花叶病毒、大豆花叶病毒与苜蓿花叶病毒的复合侵染。在菜豆种质中检测出菜豆普通花叶病毒(BCMV)阳性材料92份,种质带毒率高达92%。这些信息将会对今后采取相关措施提高国家种质库保存的豆类种质的质量提供帮助。     

Rollers smell the fear of nestlings

Many animals react to danger by producing chemical cues that can be smelled by others, which is called the smell of fear. Some bird species produce chemical compounds when threatened, such as nestlings of the Eurasian roller Coracias garrulus that vomit an odorous orange liquid when scared in their nests. Here, we experimentally explore the possibility that parents were informed about recent predation attempts at their nests through the olfaction of this vomit. Parents of nests treated with nestling vomit delayed their entrance to nests and decreased their provisioning rate in comparison with parents of nests treated with an odorous control. These results demonstrate that adult rollers are able to smell the fear of offspring and show for the first time in birds that a scent produced during an interspecific challenge has a role in an intraspecific communication scenario.     

Temporal synchrony and integration of sub-threshold taste and smell signals

The importance of stimulus timing and location on the perceptual integration of taste and odour was studied based on a sub-threshold methodology. From a panel of 16 people, 12 showed the integration effect previously reported while 4 showed no effect. The experiment was repeated using retronasal and orthonasal delivery of the odour and with tastant present or absent in the mouth. Integration of taste and odour only occurred when both stimuli were present at the same time. Retro- or orthonasal presentation both produced integration providing that tastant delivery was synchronous but the threshold values for the two presentation methods were different. The relevance of these findings to flavour perception under realistic conditions is considered.     

Metallic taste and retronasal smell

A series of experiments investigated the nature of metallic taste reports and whether they can be attributed to the development of a retronasal smell. Two studies showed that the metallic sensation reports following oral stimulation with solutions of FeSO4 were reduced to baseline when the nose was occluded. No such reduction was seen for CuSO4 or ZnSO4, which were more bitter and astringent, respectively, and less metallic. A discrimination test based on weak but equi-intense levels of FeSO4 and CuSO4 showed that FeSO4 could be discriminated from water with the nose open but not when occluded, but that discrimination of CuSO4 from water was not impaired by nasal occlusion. A discrimination test demonstrated that the headspace over solutions of FeSO4 was not different from water, although some subjects could discriminate FeSO4 solutions from water in the mouth when the nose was occluded, perhaps by tactile or astringent cues. These results confirm that metallic taste reports following oral stimulation with FeSO4 are likely due to development of a retronasal smell, possibly following a lipid oxidation reaction in the mouth. However, metallic taste reports may arise from different mechanisms with copper and zinc salts.     

保存大豆种质遗传完整性的策略:Ⅰ细化表型分级标准精细整理大豆库存种质

以中国大豆种质资源在美国的种植调查数据为资料,并与中国的调查数据进行比较,旨在研究大豆种质的遗传完整性,为中国大豆资源的繁种保存策略提供参考。中国大豆种质资源2093份在美国利用不同的调查标准进行农艺性状重新鉴定评价,30%的中国大豆种质资源可进一步分为不同的纯系,使种质的数量增加到3062份。以纯化后种质份数增加到9份的资源ZDD4572为例,对其纯化过程进行了详细分析。研究表明,现有的大豆资源在纯合保存前提下,用更多的评价性状、每个性状划分更多的等级,将有助于大豆种质资源的纯化及其数量的增加,从而更方便繁种和实际利用。     

Sit up and smell the roses better: olfactory sensitivity to phenyl ethyl alcohol is dependent on body position

Previous studies have demonstrated that body position can alter auditory sensitivity. Here we demonstrate for the first time that olfactory sensitivity for the commonly used odor phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) (rose odor) is also dependent on body position. By using successive dilutions presented in a staircase protocol, we determined olfactory thresholds for PEA in 36 healthy participants (18 women) in both an upright and a supine position. Participants had a significantly greater olfactory sensitivity when tested in an upright than a supine position, with no significant differences between the sexes. This preliminary study sets the stage for further work on the interaction between olfactory functions and our biology. The implications for olfactory neuroimaging studies are discussed.