黍稷的名实考证及规范

黍稷是起源于中国最古老的作物,糯者为黍,粳者为稷。长期以来对黍稷的称谓一直不能统一,特别是对稷的称谓在农史界一直争论不休,难以定论。本文从黍稷的起源演化过程、细胞学和遗传学的研究、黍稷是人类最早驯化的作物、我国甲骨文和古农书的记载等方面,论证了黍稷的起源早于粟。并以此为据,进一步辩证了稷不是粟,同时指出将黍稷称为软糜和硬糜、糜黍、糜子、黍子等不同称谓的不足之处,进而认为以黍稷作为规范称谓为好。     

沙冬青淀粉粒及其与叶绿体发育的关系

沙冬青叶绿体中的淀粉粒一般为１－３个,主要有４种类型。第１种外周部分电子密度较高,中央部分较低,但每个部分的电子密度十分均匀。它们近似椭圆形,附近的类囊体形态正常,结构清晰。第２种电子密度由外向内逐渐变低,多为椭圆形,附近的类囊体较清晰。第３种外周部分的电子密度很高,中央部分不均匀,形状多种多样,附近的类囊体有的不清晰。第４种电子密度很低,十分均匀,形状不规则,附近的类囊体已经解体或正在解体。分析表明,淀粉的形态变化明显与叶绿体发育有关。     

A general-purpose framework to simulate musculoskeletal system of human body: using a motion tracking approach*

Computation of muscle force patterns that produce specified movements of muscle-actuated dynamic models is an important and challenging problem. This problem is an undetermined one, and then a proper optimization is required to calculate muscle forces. The purpose of this paper is to develop a general model for calculating all muscle activation and force patterns in an arbitrary human body movement. For this aim, the equations of a multibody system forward dynamics, which is considered for skeletal system of the human body model, is derived using Lagrange–Euler formulation. Next, muscle contraction dynamics is added to this model and forward dynamics of an arbitrary musculoskeletal system is obtained. For optimization purpose, the obtained model is used in computed muscle control algorithm, and a closed-loop system for tracking desired motions is derived. Finally, a popular sport exercise, biceps curl, is simulated by using this algorithm and the validity of the obtained results is evaluated via EMG signals.     

短柄五加大,小孢子发生和雌,雄配子体发育的研究

短柄五加花药５枚,每个花药四个花粉囊。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型,产生正四面体形的四分体。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层四层细胞组成,其发育类型为双子叶型。腺质绒毡层,其细胞为二核。三细胞型花粉。子房５室,每室两个胚珠,上胚珠败育,下胚珠可育。下胚珠倒生,具单珠被,厚珠心。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线性排列的四个大孢子,雌配子体发育属蓼型。开花当天,花粉散开,雌配子体尚未成熟,处     

山西省种子植物多样性分布格局与环境关系的研究

采用除趋势对应分析(DCA)、典范对应分析(CCA)对山西省12个区域的种子植物多样性及区系地理成分的分析表明,全省种子植物多样性格局可分为3类:第1类为山西省西部和北部山地,热量相对较低,海拔较高,降水随海拔升高而增加,气候垂直变化明显,小生境类型较多,分类强度大,区系成分中以北温带、旧世界温带属占绝对优势。第2类为山西中部地区,地势相对较低,水热条件中等,北温带成分仍为优势种,但旧世界温带分布属和泛热带分布属的比例增加。第3类为山西南部和东南部山区,降水量相对较高,但温度也高,蒸发量大,属的区系成分中以北温带成分为优势,但第二优势成分为泛热带亚洲成分,与前2类地区相比,热带成分明显增加。     

马蹄香种子生物学特性研究

马蹄香的雌蕊子房半下位,心皮6枚,蒴果蓇葖状,果实成熟时沿腹缝线开裂。种子呈三角状倒椭圆形,其背面凸出,具明显横皱纹,腹面凹入。马蹄香种子由种皮、胚乳和胚三部分构成。种皮由多层细胞组成;核型胚乳,种子成熟时游离胚乳核形成胚乳细胞,而胚尚未分化,仍停留在原胚阶段。种子发芽试验表明,马蹄香种子萌发率极低,具有种子休眠的生物学特征。对马蹄香种子的化学成分作了分析研究,种子胚乳中富含营养物质,其中粗蛋白含量为17.3(g/100g)。此外,种子含有丰富的镁、锰、钙、铁、锌等矿质元素。     

四川自贡发现合川马门溪龙新材料

记述了产自四川自贡上侏罗统的一具较完整的蜥脚类恐龙骨架 ,将其归入合川马门溪龙 (Mamenchisaurushochuanensis)中。新材料的发现弥补了合川种正型标本的不足 ,对合川种的特征作了重要补充 ,同时也使我们对马门溪龙的末端尾椎形态有了新的认识。     

激光技术在农产品质量检测中的研究进展

近年来激光在农业领域得到广泛的应用和研究,其中的一个最新进展是将激光技术应用于农产品内部品质和安全性检测。本文介绍了农产品质量检测中的几种激光技术,包括应用激光的吸收与反射技术来检测农产品糖酸度、质地、PH值、成熟度、干物质等;应用激光诱导荧光技术来检测农产品的农药残留、叶绿素、成熟度;应用激光拉曼光谱技术来检测农产品水果损伤、农药残留。对农产品激光检测的未来发展趋势进行了探讨和展望。     

Oxidation of glycine by Phaseolus leghaemoglobin with associated catabolic reactions at the haem.

Leghaemoglobin from the root nodules of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) reacts in alkaline glycine solutions as a glycine oxidase in a reaction that may also be regarded as a coupled oxidation. Leghaemoglobin is reduced to the ferrous form by glycinate, the oxygen complex is formed, and finally the haem is attacked to yield a green reaction product. Glycine is simultaneously oxidized to glyoxylate, and hydrogen peroxide is generated. The initial velocity of the formation of the green product is proportional to the concentrations of leghaemoglobin and glycine, and the optimum pH for the reaction is 10.2. The green product is not formed if carbon monoxide, azide of imidazole is bound to the haem, whereas oxidation of glycine to glyoxylate is not inhibited by azide and not essentially by carbon monoxide. Haem breakdown is activated by digestion of leghaemoglobin by carboxypeptidase, and partly inhibited by catalase and superoxide dismutase.     

糖、糖、“糖”——什么是糖?

糖类是自然界中最常见的一类生物分子,但是糖类因不同的人群可以有三种不同的理解.一是科学上的糖类,二是生活中的糖类,三是作为甜味剂的"糖"类.因为甜味是一个生理上的感觉,凡能与甜味受体相互作用的均是甜味剂,其中有些是糖的"糖",也有不是糖的"糖".     

Association with membrane protrusions makes ErbB2 an internalization-resistant receptor

In contrast to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, ErbB2 is known to remain at the plasma membrane after ligand binding and dimerization. However, why ErbB2 is not efficiently down-regulated has remained elusive. Basically, two possibilities exist: ErbB2 is internalization resistant or it is efficiently recycled after internalization. By a combination of confocal microscopy, immunogold labeling electron microscopy, and biochemical techniques we show that ErbB2 is preferentially associated with membrane protrusions. Moreover, it is efficiently excluded from clathrin-coated pits and is not seen in transferrin receptor-containing endosomes. This pattern is not changed after binding of EGF, heregulin, or herceptin. The exclusion from coated pits is so pronounced that it cannot just be explained by lack of an internalization signal. Although ErbB2 is a raft-associated protein, the localization of ErbB2 to protrusions is not a result of raft binding. Also, an intact actin cytoskeleton is not required for keeping ErbB2 away from coated pits. However, after efficient cross-linking, ErbB2 is removed from protrusions to occur on the bulk membrane, in coated pits, and in endosomes. These data show that ErbB2 is a remarkably internalization-resistant receptor and suggest that the mechanism underlying the firm association of ErbB2 with protrusions also is the reason for this resistance.     

羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)部分脏器特点的观察

本文对2只羚牛的雌性生殖器官及肝、肾、脾等脏器进行了形态描述,并与黄牛及羊的相应器官进行了比较,为探讨羚牛的分类地位提供了解剖学资料。     

Two types of hormone-responsive adenylate cyclase in the rat liver

We have demonstrated the existence of two types of hormone-responsive adenylate cyclase in the isolated perfused rat liver. One, less abundant, is linked to glycogenolysis and the other is not. Glucagon stimulates mainly the glycogenolysis-linked fraction and, to a lesser extent, the fraction which is not linked to glycogenolysis. The suppressive effect of insulin is specific for the glucagon-responsive adenylate cyclase and is inhibited by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). However, this mechanism can explain only partly the ability of insulin to suppress glycogenolysis, and is not observed when cAMP is increased sufficiently by glucagon. Secretin-responsive adenylate cyclase is not linked to glycogenolysis and is suppressed specifically by oxymetazoline. The capacity of this suppressive effect is large and not inhibited by IBMX. These results suggest that there is a functional compartmentalization of cAMP within the hepatocyte or among hepatocytes.     

从姜黄中提取姜黄素的研究

本文利用75％乙醇浸提姜黄得到姜黄素粗提物,然后分别采用吸附分离法和沉淀法对粗提物进一步分离提纯得到纯度较高的姜黄素产品。在吸附分离法提取姜黄素实验中,考察了不同洗脱剂组成对洗脱率的影响,实验发现90％乙醇洗脱效果最好;在沉淀法实验中,考察了不同pH值条件下的姜黄素沉淀量,发现pH值为7．0时,姜黄素沉淀量最大。实验结果表明,沉淀法得到的姜黄素产品纯度比吸附分离法得到的高,但沉淀法产品收率比吸附分离法低,吸附分离法比沉淀法更适合工业应用。     

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC. Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.     

Morphological appraisal of Collembola phylogeny with special emphasis on Poduromorpha and a test of the aquatic origin hypothesis

Phylogenetic relationships within Collembola were determined through the cladistic analysis of 131 morphological characters and 67 exemplar taxa representing the major families of the group, with special emphasis on Poduromorpha. The results show that the order Poduromorpha is monophyletic and the sister group to the remaining Collembola, with Entomobryomorpha monophyletic and the sister group to the clade Neelipleona + Symphypleona. In Entomobryomorpha, Actaletidae is the sister group of the remaining families. In Poduromorpha, Tullbergiinae is monophyletic as well as Onychiurinae and the group Tetrodontophorinae + Onychiurinae which is the sister group of the remaining Poduromorpha; Tetrodontophorinae is paraphyletic; Onychiuridae is polyphyletic; Isotogastruridae is not an intermediate between Poduromorpha and Entomobryomorpha, it is the sister group of Tullbergiinae; Odontellidae is monophyletic and the sister group to the clade Neanuridae + Brachystomellidae; in Neanuridae, Frieseinae and the group Pseudachorutinae + Morulinae + Neanurinae are monophyletic; Morulinae is the sister group of Neanurinae; Pseudachorutinae is paraphyletic; Hypogastruridae is polyphyletic; Podura aquatica (Poduridae) is not 'primitive', it clusters with the genera Xenylla and Paraxenylla in Hypogastruridae. On the basis of these relationships and the position of the aquatic species, the most parsimonious hypothesis is a terrestrial edaphic origin for the springtails.     

Is NO the king? Pathophysiological benefit with uncertain clinical impact

NO is the "hero" molecule of the last few decades. It is a ubiquitous and omnipotent radical with both hemodynamic and antiproliferative effects within the cardiovascular system. NO is an important counterregulatory factor for vasoconstrictors and growth promoting substances. Endothelial dysfunction with decreased NO production is related to many cardiovascular disorders, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure and hypertension. Despite the important role of NO within the circulation, there is only limited evidence in the form of large clinical trials that NO delivery can reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Thus, NO donors are not in the first line therapy in ischemic heart disease, heart failure or arterial hypertension and NO delivery is recommended only in particular clinical situations, when a well established treatment is contraindicated or has an insufficient effect. It is concluded that the insufficient NO production is the principal disorder in endothelial dysfunction, which is related to cardiovascular pathology with deteriorated prognosis, but the impact of therapeutically increased NO bioactivity on the morbidity and mortality is inferior to well established treatment with ACE-inhibitors, AT(1) receptor blockers, beta-blockers, statins and certain antihypertensive drugs. There is little doubt that NO is king in the circulation, but kings seldom decide the battles.     

Equipoise, knowledge and ethics in clinical research and practice

It is widely maintained that a clinical trial is ethical only if some form of equipoise between the treatments being compared obtains. To be in equipoise between two treatments A and B is to be cognitively indifferent between the statement 'A is strictly more effective than B' and its negation. It is natural to claim that equipoise regarding A and B is necessary for randomised assignment to treatments A and B to be beneficent and non-maleficent and is sufficient for such an assignment to be fair. Cashing this out precisely is difficult, and various forms of equipoise have been discussed which consider whose equipoise is relevant to the decision. This is to make judgement of equipoise something to be managed socially, while its prima facie significance is supposedly cognitive. Recent reconstructions of equipoise-like concepts in epistemology give clues about how to understand equipoise cognitively. In this paper I examine some of this work and discuss how successful it has been. I suggest that while this work is promising, it still has far to go, and that while equipoise remains the best theory we have of the cognitive justification for clinical trials, it is nonetheless incoherent.     

The embryology and systematic relationships of Prionium serratum (Juncaceae: Juncales)

Although Prionium is included in Juncaceae, rbcL sequence data indicate that Juncaceae is paraphyletic, with most genera closer to Cyperaceae than to Prionium. Cyperaceae and Juncales have embryological synapomorphies: thus embryology is used to test the monophyly of Juncaceae. The embryology of Prionium is described and its systematic position discussed. Material was prepared using standard methods of paraffin embedding. Additional embryological data were extracted from the literature. The anther in Prionium is tetrasporangiate, and the wall has an epidermis, an endothecium and middle layer, and an irregularly bilayered, glandular secretory tapetum. Microsporogenesis is probably simultaneous; pollen is ulcerate with a granular exine, in tetrahedral and cross tetrads, and trinucleate at release. The trilocular ovary contains many crassinucellate ovules probably having a Polygonum-type embryo sac. Endosperm is helobial and the embryo is of the Onagrad type, Juncus variation. The seed is testal-tegmic and germination is epigeal. The embryology of Prionium is most like that of Juncaceae, which shares several synapomorphies with Cyperaceae. Some of the characters in Cyperaceae may be interpreted as specialized forms of those found in Juncaceae. Embryology supports the monophyly of Cyperaceae and Juncales, but not Juncaceae; thus the position of Prionium remains unresolved.     

清栓酶治疗脑血栓冠心病微循环变化初步观察

本文报导40例脑心血管疾病在清栓酶治疗前后进行甲皱微循环对比观察,其中脑血栓组20例,冠心病组20例,两组均在清栓酶治疗2～3疗程后复查,分别对其甲皱微循环微血管袢的形态及功能,血液流态和微血管周围变化等三方面进行治疗前后对比观察,结果发现,治疗前甲皱微循环改变是明显的,临床症状较重,治疗后甲皱微循环障碍均得到了明显改善,临床症状也随着减轻或消失。治疗前后比较,其差异有显著的意义 P<0.05,P<0.01.从临床对比观察所见,脑心血管疾病的微循环改变与病情有关,其改变与病情轻重相吻合,与疾病转归相一致,提示微血管病变是动脉硬化临床可识别的象征.微循环障碍与疾病的发生发展有着内在联系,是脑心血管疾病的病因和发病的中间环节.治疗后微循环障碍的明显改善,提示清栓酶有着较好的改善微循环的功能.