Phytochemical investigation on Mercurialis annua

A new natural flavonol glycoside, isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside-4′-glucoside, together with rutin, narcissin, quercetin-3-(2^G-glucosyl)-rutinoside and isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside-7-glucoside, was identified from the MeOH extract of Mercurialis annua L. The structures were established on the basis of chemical and spectral (¹H and ¹³C NMR, FAB MS) data.     

Iridoid glycosides of Cornus canadensis: a comparison with some other Cornus species

The iridoid glycosides scandoside, scandoside methyl ester, monotropein, and galioside were found in Cornus canadensis from several widely distributed collection sites. Cornin and hastatoside were isolated from C. nuttallii. No iridoids were found in C. stolonifera, that instead yielded cornoside and halleridone, also independent of collection location. The results were compared with previous studies and current phylogenetic work on the genus Cornus.     

Antioxidant efficacy of iridoid and phenylethanoid glycosides from the medicinal plant Teucrium chamaedris in cell-free systems

Twelve glycosides, seven iridoids and five phenylethanoids, have been isolated from leaf and root methanolic extracts of Wall Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys), a Mediterranean species historically used as a medicinal plant. Among them, three iridoid and one phenylethanoid glycosides have been isolated and characterized for the first time. All of the structures have been elucidated on the basis of their spectral data, especially 1D and 2D NMR experiments.The antioxidative properties of pure metabolites, as well as of crude organic extracts of the plant, have been analyzed on the basis of their DPPH radical scavenging capability. The antioxidant capacity in cell-free systems of the isolated metabolites was carried out by measuring their capabilities to inhibit the synthesis of thiobarbituric acid reactive species in assay media using as oxidable substrates a vegetable fat and the pentose sugar 2-deoxyribose and to prevent oxidative damage of the hydrosoluble bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. Phenylethanoid glycosides resulted efficacious DPPH radical, while iridoid glycosides prevent massively the 2-deoxyribose and BSA oxidations in assay media.     

Anthocyanins of Cephaelis, Cynomorium, Euterpe, Lavatera and Pinanga

The two malonylated pigments, malonylmalvin and malvidin 3-malonylglucoside, were identified in petals of Lavatera maritima, which belongs to the Malvaceae, a family known to synthesise such pigments. Zwitterionic anthocyanins could not be detected in four other newly examined sources and common unacylated pigments were recorded. Thus, the fruits of the palms Euterpe edulis and Pinanga polymorpha have a mixture of cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside, while the fruit of Cephaelis subcoriacea is coloured by cyanidin 3-glucoside. The latter pigment was also obtained from the reddish brown inflorescence of the parasitic plant Cynomorium coccineum.     

Iridoids and phenylethanoids in Lagotis integrifolia and Wulfeniopsis amherstiana (Plantaginaceae)

In a chemosystematic investigation of Wulfeniopsis amherstiana we have isolated four common iridoid glucosides as well as the esters 3″- and 4″-Cinnamoyl 6-O-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol. Furthermore the plant contained mannitol, arbutin, and four caffeoyl phenylethanoid glucosides, namely plantamajoside, aragoside and two new acetyl derivatives of the latter, named amherstianoside A and B. From Lagotis integrifolia we have obtained mannitol and three common iridoid glucosides together with the 8,9-unsaturated iridoids arborescosidic acid and anagalloside. The results show that the genus Wulfeniopsis is chemically different from Wulfenia and that it is closer related to Veronicastrum.     

Chemical markers in Veronica sect. Hebe. III

In a continued chemosystematic investigation of the water-soluble compounds in Veronica sect. Hebe, we have investigated two more of the species formerly classified as Parahebe. Both species contained mannitol in considerable amounts and in addition some glucosides of iridoid acids. Veronica cheesemanii was characterised by aucubin and its esters: 2′-O-benzoylaucubin and an aucubin diester named cheesemanioside. The main iridoid compounds in Veronica hookeriana were catalpol and its ester verminoside, but this species also contained the sugar ester methyl 1-O-benzoyl-3-α-glucuronosylglycerol and a caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside (CPG) named parahebeoside, a 2′-O-β-xylopyranosyl derivative of the known plantamajoside. The results show that the studied species of the former genus Parahebe are very different with regard to their chemical content. This is in agreement with the DNA sequence data and implies the genus was polyphyletic as previously circumscribed.     

苦绳（Dregea sinensis）中多氧化孕烷糖苷与免疫蛋白相互作用的研究

目的 基于化学结构特点研究植物苦绳（Dregea sinensis）中多氧孕烷糖苷的生物活性,以及化合物分子与靶蛋白分子间的作用机理。方法 本研究采用分子对接和表面等离子体共振方法,对191个多氧化孕烷糖苷类成分（>800 u）进行了免疫活性及其与免疫蛋白的动力学评价。结果 通过分子对接方法筛选出7个配体分子（6、18、23、30、78、79和80）和3个免疫相关蛋白（IL-2Rα、TLR4和TNF-α）。研究表明,化合物30和78在SPR实验中与靶蛋白IL-2Rα和TLR4具有显著的结合趋势,与IL-2Rα的结合常数K_D分别为2.41×10^-6和2.14×10^-6 mol/L,与TLR4则分别为1.96×10^-5和5.60×10^-6 mol/L。分子动力学研究进一步表征SPR阳性分子6、18、30、78和80与靶蛋白之间的相互作用基团。结论 研究揭示多氧化孕烷糖苷类成分可以通过形成氢键和Pi-Pi相互作用与靶蛋白结合。研究内容对快速评价多氧化孕烷糖苷类成分的活性具有重要意义,为揭示低丰度药效物质的潜在作用机制进行了有益探索。     

Essential oil composition of two endemic Centaurea species from Turkey, Centaurea mucronifera and Centaurea chrysantha, collected in the same habitat

The essential oils of two endemic Centaurea species from Turkey, C. mucronifera and C. chrysantha, collected in the same habitat, have been studied. The main compounds of the former were germacrene D (29.3%), β-eudesmol (17.4%) and β-caryophyllene (7.3%), while in the latter germacrene D (27.4%), caryophyllene oxide (9.5%) and bicyclogermacrene (5.4%) were detected among its major constituents. The two species produced many similar compounds in their essential oils that could be justified by the similar ecological conditions of their habitat, but also many differences were found that could confirm their taxonomic separation.     

红树白骨壤果实中酚苷类化学成分研究

采用柱色谱、凝胶层析和高效液相色谱分离技术,从白骨壤果实中分离获得6个酚苷类单体化合物。运用波谱分析和文献对照方法,分别鉴定为Rhyncoside A(1)、松柏苷(2)、对羟基苯甲酰葡萄糖(3)、顺式香豆酸-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、香草酸4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、苯基-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)。化合物1-6均是首次从该种海洋植物中分离得到。     

Genetic diversity in natural Cupressus sempervirens L. populations in Turkey

Nine polymorphic out of 13 isoenzymes (Gdh-A, Lap-A, Mdh-B, Mdh-C, Ndh-A, 6Pgd-B, Pgi-B, Pgm-A and Pgm-B) were used to assess genetic diversity in seven natural Cupressus sempervirens populations in South-western Anatolia. Except for Pgi-B, all loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. A high level of genetic diversity was observed within populations. The mean number of alleles was 2.3±0.08, the effective number of alleles was 1.53±0.10, the percentage of polymorphic loci was 82.6±8.7%, expected heterozygosity was 0.350±0.039, observed heterozygosity was 0.326±0.039, and the fixation index was 0.049. Interpopulation differentiation was moderate, with differentiation indices of G_ST=0.073 and δ=0.104. A UPGMA tree and differentiation (D_j) showed that Kumluca, Kemer and Kas were the most differentiated populations. Pgm-B was one of the loci contributing most to interpopulation differentiation (G_ST=0.119; D_i=0.201), clearly distinguishing Eastern populations, as indicated by a highly significant correlation coefficient between D_j and longitude (R²=0.88^**). No other significant correlation was found between genetic measures and geographical traits for the Turkish cypress populations. A metanalysis of these and other cypress populations from Crete and the Aegean islands, that had been characterised previously using the same isoenzymes, showed no significant relationship between altitude and genetic measures (within-population differentiation or δ_T, observed heterozygosity, fixation index and D_j). Observed heterozygosity and latitude were negatively correlated. Longitude was found to be correlated with heterozygosity, fixation index and differentiation. Genetic and geographic distances were positively correlated over loci. Deviations from selective neutrality by Ewens–Watterson test were observed for Pgm-B, Ndh-A and 6Pgd-B.     

Essential oils composition of Eupatorium species growing wild in the Amazon

The essential oils of six Eupatorium species were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-MS. The oil of E. macrophyllum was rich in sabinene (46.7%) and limonene (23.3%). The oil of E. laevigatum was mainly constituted by a mixture of aristolone+laevigatin (23.6%), globulol (16.2%) and germacrene D (8.6%). The principal constituents of the oils of the chemotypes A and B of E. squalidum, E. amygdalinum and E. conyzoides were caryophyllene oxide (17.4–30.1%), globulol (25.1%), germacrene D (10.4–21.6%), spathulenol (14.2%) and β-caryophyllene (7.1–12.3%). The oils of the chemotypes A and B of E. marginatum were dominated by α-zingiberene (57.5%), α-gurjunene (19.5%), germacrene D (14.8%), (E)-8-bisabolene (9.7%) and α-selinene (9.0%).     

基于Penman-Monteith方程模拟青海云杉生长季日蒸腾过程

青海云杉（Picea crassifolia）作为我国黄土高原与青藏高原地区的主要造林树种,对其林分蒸腾耗水特征的研究,能够更合理的指导该地区植被重建与林分调控,以加强林分的稳定性,提高水分利用效率。为了揭示青海云杉在生长季内的冠层蒸腾规律以及冠层整体气孔阻力与环境因子的响应,评价Penman-Monteith方程在青海云杉冠层尺度上的适用性,采用探针式热扩散茎流计（TDP）进行测定,同步长期监测了环境数据,利用反推法建立冠层整体气孔阻力（r_sT）与环境因子之间的回归模型,结合Penman-Monteith方程模拟出青海云杉生长季的日蒸腾量,采用均方根误差、平均绝对误差和平均相对误差对蒸腾量的实测值与模拟值进行误差分析,以验证模型的准确性。得出的主要结论有：（1）生长季内青海云杉日蒸腾量随月份变化呈先增高后降低的趋势;各月蒸腾量占潜在蒸散量的比例为7月（79.68%） > 8月（72.71%） > 6月（72.53%） > 5月（67.08%） > 9月（66.48%） > 10月（64.29%）;（2）树干液流对气象因子的滞后时间为0.5 h;（3）不同月份云杉冠层整体气孔阻力（r_sT）与空气相对湿度（RH）呈正相关关系,与大气温度（T）、饱和水汽压差（VPD）呈负相关关系;（4）应用所建立的多因素回归模型结合Penman-Monteith方程对青海云杉蒸腾量进行模拟验证,累计平均相对误差为14.381%,平均绝对误差为0.160 mm,均方根误差为0.2。综上所述,Penman-Monteith方程在林分冠层尺度上有较好适用性根据所建立的多因素回归模型并结合Penman-Monteith方程,可以利用饱和水汽压差、温度和空气相对湿度三个气象因子较好地模拟日蒸腾过程。     

矿区道路两侧雪岭云杉叶片重金属富集效应

采矿及矿产品运输过程会对环境造成重金属污染进而对生物体产生危害。为定量描述艾维尔沟矿区道路两侧重金属污染程度、明确雪岭云杉叶片对重金属的吸收富集效应,通过采集雪岭云杉叶片和土壤样品,测试其铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)的含量,分析重金属的富集效应和空间分异特征。结果表明:(1)雪岭云杉叶片和土壤中各重金属含量差异显著(P0.05),叶片中Pb的含量显著高于其余重金属(P0.05),平均达86.28μg/g,土壤中Zn、Cu超过了国家土壤质量标准的一级限制值,而As比三级限制值大41%;(2)以背景区(板房沟林场)的土壤和雪岭云杉叶片重金属为评价标准,研究区雪岭云杉叶片重金属综合污染指数为2.05,属中度污染,其中As和Pb单项污染指数较高,达3.65和2.57。研究区土壤重金属综合污染指数为1.69,属轻度污染;(3)随距离增加,除土壤和叶片中Pb含量表现为负线性递减外,As和Cu均表现为先升高后降低,土壤中Cr、Zn逐渐升高,但叶片中Cr逐渐降低,Zn变化不大;(4)冗余分析(RDA)结果显示土壤中Cu、As、Pb与雪岭云杉死树胸径和树高呈正相关关系,而Cr、Zn与其呈负相关。采矿及运输已对土壤和雪岭云杉的生长造成影响,本文对天山雪岭云杉森林的生态修复与保育具有一定的借鉴作用。     

曼地亚红豆杉春梢生长过程生理生化变化研究

测定自然生长状态下曼地亚红豆杉春梢的生理生化指标(过氧化物酶、蛋白质、硝态氮),以了解和研究它们的变化趋势。结果表明,过氧化物酶活性、蛋白质含量和硝态氮含量的变化都呈现出先升后降的过程;在春梢生长的第4～8天都为积累上升过程,到第8天达到了最大值;8～12 d过氧化物酶活性和蛋白质含量急剧下降,硝态氮含量也在8～28 d间下降幅度较大;1 2 d或28 d之后过氧化物酶活性、蛋白质含量和硝态氮含量都维持较低的水平,但变化幅度不大。因此,在自然状态下,应及时给予土壤更多的肥料,才能为植物供给营养并为其生长提供充足的条件。