转GAFP基因棉花生态适合度及其对棉田昆虫群落的影响

新型转基因棉花生态适合度及其对棉田昆虫群落的影响是转基因棉花环境安全评价的重点内容.本文选用新型转GAFP(Gastrodia anti-fungal protein)基因棉花及其非转基因亲本棉花为试验材料,于2013和2014年在河南安阳研究了田间棉花生态适合度及其对昆虫群落的影响.结果表明: 转基因棉蕾期、花铃期和铃期叶片干物质量与其亲本无显著差异;苗期比叶面积显著低于亲本,蕾期、花铃期和铃期叶面积显著大于亲本;苗期株高显著低于亲本,蕾期、花铃期和铃期株高与亲本无显著差异;棉花生长的4个关键时期(苗期、蕾期、花铃期和铃期),转基因棉单株果枝数、蕾数和脱落数均与亲本无显著差异,而铃期单株大铃数显著低于亲本.棉铃虫发生的3个高峰期,转基因棉对棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾无明显控制作用,且对棉田昆虫群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的昆虫个体总数、昆虫群落结构与组成、均匀性指数、多样性指数和优势集中性指数均无显著影响.表明外源基因GAFP导入后,新型转基因棉花营养生长增强,产量构成性状整体无显著变化,未引起棉田昆虫群落变化.研究初步明确了新型转基因棉花生存竞争势态和棉田昆虫群落发生规律与动态,可为新型转基因棉花环境安全评价提供理论依据,同时为转基因棉花环境安全评价积累科学数据.     

转GAFP基因棉花生态适合度及其对棉田昆虫群落的影响

新型转基因棉花生态适合度及其对棉田昆虫群落的影响是转基因棉花环境安全评价的重点内容.本文选用新型转GAFP(Gastrodia anti-fungal protein)基因棉花及其非转基因亲本棉花为试验材料,于2013和2014年在河南安阳研究了田间棉花生态适合度及其对昆虫群落的影响.结果表明: 转基因棉蕾期、花铃期和铃期叶片干物质量与其亲本无显著差异;苗期比叶面积显著低于亲本,蕾期、花铃期和铃期叶面积显著大于亲本;苗期株高显著低于亲本,蕾期、花铃期和铃期株高与亲本无显著差异;棉花生长的4个关键时期(苗期、蕾期、花铃期和铃期),转基因棉单株果枝数、蕾数和脱落数均与亲本无显著差异,而铃期单株大铃数显著低于亲本.棉铃虫发生的3个高峰期,转基因棉对棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾无明显控制作用,且对棉田昆虫群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的昆虫个体总数、昆虫群落结构与组成、均匀性指数、多样性指数和优势集中性指数均无显著影响.表明外源基因GAFP导入后,新型转基因棉花营养生长增强,产量构成性状整体无显著变化,未引起棉田昆虫群落变化.研究初步明确了新型转基因棉花生存竞争势态和棉田昆虫群落发生规律与动态,可为新型转基因棉花环境安全评价提供理论依据,同时为转基因棉花环境安全评价积累科学数据.     

Recovery of bacillus spore contaminants from rough surfaces: a challenge to space mission cleanliness control

Microbial contaminants on spacecraft can threaten the scientific integrity of space missions due to probable interference with life detection experiments. Therefore, space agencies measure the cultivable spore load ("bioburden") of a spacecraft. A recent study has reported an insufficient recovery of Bacillus atrophaeus spores from Vectran fabric, a typical spacecraft airbag material (A. Probst, R. Facius, R. Wirth, and C. Moissl-Eichinger, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:5148-5158, 2010). Here, 10 different sampling methods were compared for B. atrophaeus spore recovery from this rough textile, revealing significantly different efficiencies (0.5 to 15.4%). The most efficient method, based on the wipe-rinse technique (foam-spatula protocol; 13.2% efficiency), was then compared to the current European Space Agency (ESA) standard wipe assay in sampling four different kinds of spacecraft-related surfaces. Results indicate that the novel protocol out-performed the standard method with an average efficiency of 41.1% compared to 13.9% for the standard method. Additional experiments were performed by sampling Vectran fabric seeded with seven different spore concentrations and five different Bacillus species (B. atrophaeus, B. anthracis Sterne, B. megaterium, B. thuringiensis, and B. safensis). Among these, B. atrophaeus spores were recovered with the highest (13.2%) efficiency and B. anthracis Sterne spores were recovered with the lowest (0.3%) efficiency. Different inoculation methods of seeding spores on test surfaces (spotting and aerosolization) resulted in different spore recovery efficiencies. The results of this study provide a step forward in understanding the spore distribution on and recovery from rough surfaces. The results presented will contribute relevant knowledge to the fields of astrobiology and B. anthracis research.     

Clinical implications of different calculation algorithms in breast radiotherapy: A comparison between pencil beam and collapsed cone convolution

BackgroundThis investigation focused on the clinical implications of the use of the Collapsed Cone Convolution algorithm (CCC) in breast radiotherapy and investigated the dosimetric differences as respect to Pencil Beam Convolution algorithm (PBC).Material and methods15 breast treatment plans produced using the PBC algorithm were re-calculated using the CCC algorithm with the same MUs. In a second step, plans were re-optimized using CCC algorithm with modification of wedges and beam weightings to achieve optimal coverage (CCCr plans). For each patient, dosimetric comparison was performed using the standard tangential technique (SWT) and a forward-planned IMRT technique (f-IMRT).ResultsThe CCC algorithm showed significant increased dose inhomogeneity. Mean and minimum PTV doses decreased by 1.4% and 2.8% (both techniques). Mean V95% decreased to 83.7% and 90.3%, respectively for the SWT and f-IMRT. V95% was correlated to the ratio of PTV and lung volumes into the treatment field. The re-optimized CCCr plans achieved similar target coverage, but high-dose volume was significantly larger (V107%: 7.6% vs 2.3% (SWT), 7.1% vs 2.1% (f-IMRT). There was a significantly increase in the ipsilateral lung volume receiving low doses (V5 Gy: 31.3% vs 26.2% in SWT, 27.0% vs 23.0% in f-IMRT). MUs needed for PTV coverage in CCCr plans were higher by 3%.ConclusionsThe PBC algorithm overestimated PTV coverage in terms of all important dosimetric metrics. If previous clinical experience are based on the use of PBC model, especially needed is discussion between medical physicists and radiation oncologists to fully understand the dosimetric changes.     

转cry1Ac+cry2Ab基因棉与转cry1Ac+EPSPS基因棉荒地的生存竞争能力

【背景】此研究为"十二五"转基因生物新品种培育国家项目中创建新的转基因棉花品种环境安全评价技术而设。【方法】以转双价双Bt抗虫基因(cry1Ac+cry2Ab)棉和转双价抗虫、抗除草剂基因(cry1Ac+EPSPS)棉为观察品种,非转基因棉赣棉11号为对照品种,在荒地用撒播和3cm深度播种2种方式,于2011年5月～2012年3月对棉花出苗率、株高、生育进程、棉吐絮瓣数、絮瓣脱落率、自生苗等生存竞争能力进行比较,检测、评价其杂草化的风险,并探讨、验证检测技术的可行性。【结果】在荒地条件下,以2种方式播种的转cry1Ac+cry2Ab基因棉和转cry1Ac+EPSPS基因棉与非转基因棉相比,上述各项指标的竞争能力总体上未表现显著优势。【结论与意义】转cry1Ac+cry2Ab基因棉和转cry1Ac+EPSPS基因棉在荒地条件下生长无杂草化风险。同时,研究证明,在荒地自然生态条件下,可以采用撒播和3cm深度播种方法检测新的转基因棉花品种在生存竞争能力上的杂草化风险,在测评上有互为参照效应,为定性评价新的转基因棉花品种的杂草化风险提供了保障。     

Standardized sampling plan for Aphis gossypii based on the cotton cultivar,plant phenology and crop size

A standardized sampling plan is the starting point for developing a decision‐making system for pest control. Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a destructive sap‐feeding pest on cotton worldwide. However, research addressing cotton cultivar, plant phenology and field size with the aim of developing a sampling plan for A. gossypii has not been done. Therefore, in this study, we developed a standardized sampling for A. gossypii as a function of these factors. To accomplish this, A. gossypii densities in four experimental cotton cultivars were sampled weekly during year one to determine the ideal aphid characteristic to sample (by individual or colony). During year one and two, A. gossypii densities were sampled weekly in the same cultivars to determine sampling unit, sampling technique and the number of samples for an A. gossypii sampling plan. Using the sample number determined, the sampling time was recorded for cotton field size of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 150 ha in order to estimate the sampling cost. In cotton, the count of individuals was the best characteristic for the assessment of A. gossypii. Leaves of the most apical branches for the vegetative and reproductive cotton plant stage were the best sampling units. The best sampling technique was direct counting. The cotton cultivar did not affect the development of the sampling plan. The A. gossypii sampling plan involved the evaluation of 58 samples per zone and required 20 min (<0.35 min/sample) for the evaluation of these samples. However, the walking time between samples was the main factor responsible for the total sampling time and cost in cotton fields, and this factor strongly depends on the size of the cotton field.     

江苏沿海农区转Bt基因抗虫棉的研究进展

对当地推广种植的Bt棉进行了9个方面的专题研究,包括：(1)棉花种植结构调整与Bt棉的推广过程,(2)Bt棉应用中存在的问题,(3)Bt棉田靶标和非靶标害虫的发生规律,(4)棉铃虫对Bt棉的为害损失和防治指标,(5)适用于本农区种植的Bt棉品种的筛选与评价,(6)Bt棉不同种植比例对棉铃虫的发生程度的影响,(7)Bt棉田天敌种群的消长动态与原因,(8)Bt棉田主要害虫的监测要点,(9)Bt棉田棉铃虫的协调防治措施。     

棉花种质资源光子性状的遗传分析

文章利用来源于不同国家和地区的102份陆地棉材料和85份海岛棉材料分别与陆地棉遗传标准系TM-1和海岛棉毛子品种新海13号杂交,得到陆地棉和海岛棉两种F₁群体,同时从陆地棉F₁群体中随机选取呈隐性性状的材料"库光子"、"SA65"和"陆无絮"后代,配制3个F₂分离群体,用于进一步研究陆地棉和海岛棉光子性状遗传特征。结果表明:（1）同一材料种植于不同生态区,其种子短绒多少存在变化,新疆和海南要少于安阳,说明棉花短绒多少和生态环境有关系;（2）陆地棉光子材料中26份（25.49%）呈显性遗传,8份（7.84%）呈不完全显性遗传,22（21.57%）份呈隐性遗传;海岛棉光子材料中5份（5.88%）呈显性遗传,16份（18.82%）呈部分显性遗传,9份（10.59%）呈隐性遗传。其余为隐性性状或显性性状不明显材料和毛子材料;（3）库光子的光子性状由两对隐性等位基因控制,并且有互补效应;陆无絮的光子性状由两对隐性等位基因控制,基因间呈积加作用;SA65的光子性状由单隐性基因控制。大量光子材料的初步鉴定为深入研究棉花纤维发育和育种利用提供了基础材料和理论依据。     

性信息素水盆诱捕器和黑光灯诱捕棉铃虫成虫数量的比较

棉铃虫 (Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ(Ｈ櫣ｂｎｅｒ) )已成为我国头号害虫 ,1 992年在华北棉区暴发 ,造成直接经济损失 1 0 0亿元 ,此后种群水平居高不下 ,严重威胁我国棉花的正常生产。为避免大面积防治失效 ,标准化测报是重要前提[1 ,2 ] 。根据目前我国棉铃虫测报标准化方法 ,黑光灯 ( 2 0Ｗ)诱蛾是成虫种群动态监测的主要手段 ,对越冬代更是唯一手段[3] 。然而 ,近年报道黑光灯在气温低时诱效低 ,前期诱蛾少 ,对防治指导性差[4] ,而全季性信息素(性诱剂 )水盆诱捕器的诱蛾效率均高于黑光灯[5] 。为进一步明确性信息素的监测…     

膜下分区交替滴灌和施氮对棉花干物质累积与氮肥利用的影响

设置高水(260 mm)、中水(200 mm)、低水(140 mm)3水平的灌水量和高氮(270 kg·hm^-2)、中氮(180 kg·hm^-2)、低氮(90 kg·hm^-2)3水平的施氮量,进行完全组合设计,研究膜下分区交替滴灌和施氮对棉花干物质累积与氮肥利用的影响.结果表明：膜下分区交替滴灌棉花干物质量在中氮高水和高氮高水处理最高;与高氮高水处理相比,中氮高水处理干物质累积的施氮利用效率提高了34.0%～ 44.6%（平均提高34.7%）,灌水利用效率降低了6.4%～10.7%（平均降低10.2%）.对于棉花氮素累积,中氮高水处理的的施氮利用效率最高,高氮中水处理的灌水利用效率最高;与高氮中水处理相比,中氮高水处理的施氮利用效率提高了29.0%～41.7%,灌水利用效率下降了5.5%～14.0%.在棉花产量较高的水氮耦合处理中,中氮高水处理的棉花氮回收率、氮肥农学利用效率和表观利用效率均高于高氮中水和高氮高水处理,而氮肥吸收比例和氮肥生理利用效率无显著差异.表明中氮高水处理最有利于膜下分区交替滴灌水氮耦合效应的发挥.     

亏缺灌溉对棉花生长和水分利用效率的影响研究进展

棉花是世界上最主要的农作物之一。随着全球水资源的日益紧张,灌溉用水将成为限制棉花生产的主要因素。亏缺灌溉是一种低于作物正常腾发量的灌溉方式,可以在保证棉花产量和品质的前提下提高水分利用效率,是一种有效的节水灌溉方式。本文综述了亏缺灌溉对棉花生长和水分利用效率的影响。亏缺灌溉可以通过促进棉花由营养生长向生殖生长转化,降低棉花株高、叶面积、总生物量,从而提高收获指数、茎粗和水分利用效率。最后,综合现有的研究,结合棉花生产实际,提出亏缺灌溉应用推广建议,以期为旱区棉花可持续发展提供理论指导。     

Cardiac torsion-strain relationships in fatigued primary biliary cirrhosis patients show accelerated aging: a pilot cross-sectional study

The autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is associated with life-altering fatigue in ～50% of patients. Previous work suggests that fatigued PBC subjects have evidence of autonomic dysfunction and may be at a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. The manifestation of this risk is not clear. This pilot study investigated whether alterations in cardiac torsion and strain could be detected in fatigued or nonfatigued early-stage PBC patients. We performed cardiac tissue tagging and anatomical cine-imaging in 13 early-stage PBC patients (including 7 with significant fatigue) and 10 control subjects to calculate cardiac torsion and strain throughout systole and diastole. From the cardiac tagging, we calculated the torsion-to-shortening ratio (TSR), a measure of subepicardial torsion exerting mechanical advantage over subendocardial shortening. Autonomic function testing was performed to evaluate baroreceptor effective index on standing. TSR was markedly increased in the fatigued PBC patients (0.70 ± 0.13) compared with both controls (0.46 ± 0.11, P = 0.002) and nonfatigued PBC patients (0.44 ± 0.12, P = 0.003). Decreased baroreceptor effective index on standing strongly correlated with increased TSR within the whole PBC group (r = -0.71, P = 0.007). Fatigued PBC patients demonstrate a redistribution of myocardial strain characteristic of a reduced relative contribution to contraction from the subendocardium. This is analogous to the changes found in healthy aging for subjects ～16 yr older than the fatigued PBC patients. Hence the hearts of fatigued PBC patients may be subject to processes of accelerated aging.     

Chemical xenobiotics and mitochondrial autoantigens in primary biliary cirrhosis: identification of antibodies against a common environmental, cosmetic, and food additive, 2-octynoic acid

Emerging evidence has suggested environmental factors as causative agents in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We have hypothesized that in PBC the lipoyl domain of the immunodominant E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC-E2) is replaced by a chemical xenobiotic mimic, which is sufficient to break self-tolerance. To address this hypothesis, based upon our quantitative structure-activity relationship data, a total of 107 potential xenobiotic mimics were coupled to the lysine residue of the immunodominant 15 amino acid peptide of the PDC-E2 inner lipoyl domain and spotted on microarray slides. Sera from patients with PBC (n = 47), primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 15), and healthy volunteers (n = 20) were assayed for Ig reactivity. PBC sera were subsequently absorbed with native lipoylated PDC-E2 peptide or a xenobiotically modified PDC-E2 peptide, and the remaining reactivity analyzed. Of the 107 xenobiotics, 33 had a significantly higher IgG reactivity against PBC sera compared with control sera. In addition, 9 of those 33 compounds were more reactive than the native lipoylated peptide. Following absorption, 8 of the 9 compounds demonstrated cross-reactivity with lipoic acid. One compound, 2-octynoic acid, was unique in both its quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis and reactivity. PBC patient sera demonstrated high Ig reactivity against 2-octynoic acid-PDC-E2 peptide. Not only does 2-octynoic acid have the potential to modify PDC-E2 in vivo but importantly it was/is widely used in the environment including perfumes, lipstick, and many common food flavorings.     

A lipoyl synthetic octadecapeptide of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase specifically recognized by anti-M2 autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis.

Close to 95% of patients with established clinical, biochemical and histologic features of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) possess antimitochondrial M2 antibodies reacting with the E2 component, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. We examined the ability of synthetic peptides of E2 to be recognized in ELISA by sera from patients with PBC and autoimmune-related disorders. Sera from 14 PBC M2+ patients, 1 PBC M2- patient, 5 non-PBC M2+ patients, and 6 patients with chronic active hepatitis were studied. Among the seven E2 synthetic peptides tested (namely peptides 87-119, 167-184, 169-202, 267-302, 456-477, 498-513 and 530-543), only peptide 167-184 used as OVA conjugate and prepared with lipoic acid (LA) located on lysine 173 (natural inner lipoyl-binding site) was recognized in direct ELISA by PBC M2+ sera. The conjugated peptide 167-184 LA was not recognized in direct ELISA by non-PBC M2+ sera or by sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis. The free peptide 167-184 LA inhibited the ELISA reaction of PBC antibodies to PDH and totally abolished the typical immunofluorescence reaction of PBC sera on rat kidney, stomach and liver, or human HEp-2 cell substrates. No inhibition of ELISA or immunofluorescence reaction was found with the other E2 fragments including peptide 167-184 without LA. Our results show that the lipoyl moiety forms an integral part of a dominant conformational epitope recognized by PBC sera. Inasmuch as the peptide 167-184 LA was not recognized by non-PBC sera in direct ELISA, it could be used as a valuable probe for PBC diagnosis.     

微血管减压与经皮穿刺球囊压迫治疗原发性三叉神经痛的临床观察

目的:对比微血管减压(MVD)和经皮穿刺球囊压迫(PBC)治疗原发性三叉神经痛(PTN)的疗效。方法:选择2010年5月至2013年11月在我院接受治疗的PTN患者124例进行研究,根据数字法随机分成MVD组及PBC组各62例,两组分别行对应手术,随访18个月,对比两组手术相关指标、疗效以及术后并发症。结果:MVD组的手术时间与术中出血量,以及住院时间和住院费用均分别大于PBC组(均P0.05)。MVD组治疗后完全无痛的比例显著高于PBC组,轻度复发的比例显著低于PBC组(均P0.05)。MVD组的麻木及总并发症发生率均分别显著低于PBC组(均P0.05)。结论:MVD术式与PBC术式在治疗PTN时均具有较好的疗效,MVD术后无痛和并发症情况较好,而PBC创伤较小,较适合高龄体弱而无法耐受较大手术者,临床治疗时应合理地选用相关术式。     

Serum Cell Death Biomarkers for Prediction of Liver Fibrosis and Poor Prognosis in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

The development of simple, noninvasive markers of liver fibrosis is urgently needed for primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). This study examined the ability of several serum biomarkers of cell death to estimate fibrosis and prognosis in PBC. A cohort of 130 patients with biopsy-proven PBC and 90 healthy subjects were enrolled. We assessed the utility of the M30 ELISA, which detects caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 (CK-18) fragments and is representative of apoptotic cell death, as well as the M65 and newly developed M65 Epideath (M65ED) ELISAs, which detect total CK-18 as indicators of overall cell death, in predicting clinically relevant fibrosis stage. All 3 cell death biomarkers were significantly higher in patients with PBC than in healthy controls and were significantly correlated with fibrosis stage. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the M65 and M65ED assays for differentiation among significant fibrosis, severe fibrosis, and cirrhosis were 0.66 and 0.76, 0.66 and 0.73, and 0.74 and 0.82, respectively. In multivariate analysis, high M65ED (hazard ratio 6.13; 95% confidence interval 1.18–31.69; P = 0.031) and severe fibrosis (hazard ratio 7.45; 95% confidence interval 1.82–30.51; P = 0.005) were independently associated with liver-related death, transplantation, or decompensation. High serum M65ED was also significantly associated with poor outcome in PBC (log-rank test; P = 0.001). Noninvasive cell death biomarkers appear to be clinically useful in predicting fibrosis in PBC. Moreover, the M65ED assay may represent a new surrogate marker of adverse disease outcome.     

Microbial contamination associated with the Apollo 6 spacecraft during final assembly and testing

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) requires that microorganisms which could contaminate the surface of the moon as the result of lunar missions be enumerated and identified so that life forms in lunar materials returned to earth may be more easily recognized as being of native or terrestrial origin.Assessment of microbial contamination in the intramural environments used for the assembly and test of the manned lunar spacecraft (Apollo) was made using fallout strips and air samplers. Microbial contamination on the surfaces of Apollo Command and Lunar Modules was determined by use of the swab-rinse method.Preliminary results indicate that the levels of microbial contamination which accumulated on exposed stainless steel surfaces, as well as airborne microbial contamination in the high bay assembly areas, were similar to those encountered in the unmanned spacecraft assembly areas. However, higher levels of microbial contamination were detected on the Apollo spacecraft than on the unmanned lunar spacecraft.     

Sampling methods, dispersion patterns, and fixed precision sequential sampling plans for western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and cotton fleahoppers (Hemiptera: Miridae) in cotton

A 2-yr field study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of two sampling methods (visual and plant washing techniques) for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and five sampling methods (visual, beat bucket, drop cloth, sweep net, and vacuum) for cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), in Texas cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), and to develop sequential sampling plans for each pest. The plant washing technique gave similar results to the visual method in detecting adult thrips, but the washing technique detected significantly higher number of thrips larvae compared with the visual sampling. Visual sampling detected the highest number of fleahoppers followed by beat bucket, drop cloth, vacuum, and sweep net sampling, with no significant difference in catch efficiency between vacuum and sweep net methods. However, based on fixed precision cost reliability, the sweep net sampling was the most cost-effective method followed by vacuum, beat bucket, drop cloth, and visual sampling. Taylor's Power Law analysis revealed that the field dispersion patterns of both thrips and fleahoppers were aggregated throughout the crop growing season. For thrips management decision based on visual sampling (0.25 precision), 15 plants were estimated to be the minimum sample size when the estimated population density was one thrips per plant, whereas the minimum sample size was nine plants when thrips density approached 10 thrips per plant. The minimum visual sample size for cotton fleahoppers was 16 plants when the density was one fleahopper per plant, but the sample size decreased rapidly with an increase in fleahopper density, requiring only four plants to be sampled when the density was 10 fleahoppers per plant. Sequential sampling plans were developed and validated with independent data for both thrips and cotton fleahoppers.     

免耕法对棉田生态系统能流功能的影响

比较了常规与免耕法对棉田生态系统中土壤微生物、害虫、天敌、棉株及其整个棉田生态系统能流功能的影响 .结果表明 ,免耕棉田土壤微生物量与年呼吸耗氧量均明显高于常规棉田 ,分别为常规棉田的 1 .32倍和 1 .63倍 ;免耕棉田的苗蚜与秋蚜、2代与 4代棉铃虫种群生产力下降 ,而伏蚜与 3代棉铃虫种群生产力增加 ;免耕棉田内天敌种群生产力及其捕食利用效率下降 ;免耕可提高棉田系统的光能利用率和总生产力 ,减少辅助能的投入 ,具有低耗、高效的特点 .     

Stimulation of interleukin-6 release by interleukin-1beta from isolated human adipocytes

The secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) is modulated by immune, hormonal and metabolic stimuli in a cell-specific manner. We investigated the effect of cytokines, TNFalpha and IL-1beta, and insulin on IL-6 release from human adipocytes and peripheral blood cells (PBC). Adipocytes released IL-6 constitutively (after 5 h: 5.64 [1.61-15.30]pg ml(-1), after 10 h: 15.95 [2.34-45.59]pg ml(-1), p = 0.007), while PBC secretion did not change significantly over this period. LPS stimulated IL-6 secretion in PBC after 5 h but was without effect on adipocytes. TNFalpha and insulin induced IL-6 production from PBC, but had no effect on adipocytes. IL-1beta, however, induced a substantial increase in IL-6 release in adipocytes and PBC (all p < 0.05). Adipose tissue production of IL-1beta was assessed in vivo by measuring arterio-venous differences across the subcutaneous abdominal adipose bed. Net release of IL-1beta was not observed, suggesting that under basal conditions there is no detectable release of this cytokine into the circulation from this depot. In conclusion (1) PBC demonstrate regulated IL-6 release, while the adipocyte release has a large constitutive component; (2) immune modulators, such as LPS, TNFalpha and IL-1beta, all induce PBC IL-6 release, but only IL-1beta stimulates adipocyte release. Though IL-1beta is not an endocrine signal from adipose tissue, it is an autocrine/paracrine stimulator of IL-6 release from human adipocytes.