3类典型温带山地森林的叶面积指数的季节动态: 多种监测方法比较

 叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)是定量描述冠层结构的最有效指标之一。鉴于森林冠层三维结构的高度复杂性和异质性, 迄今仍没有形成统一标准的LAI测量方法。该文利用LAI-2000冠层分析仪、CI-110冠层分析仪和半球摄影法(digital hemispherical photograph, DHP), 对北京东灵山地区以蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)为主的落叶阔叶林、华北落叶松(Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii)林和油松(Pinus tabuliformis)林的有效叶面积指数(effective leaf area index, LAI_e)进行了动态监测, 探寻其季节变化规律。为准确地估算温带山地主要森林类型的LAI, 对光学仪器测量值进行了去除木质成分、聚集效应等校正, 与基于凋落物收集法的相应实测值进行了比较分析。结果表明: 3种典型森林在生长季期间叶片生长均呈现单峰型; 3种光学仪器测量方法的同期LAI_e数值大小顺序为: LAI-2000冠层分析仪>DHP>CI-110冠层分析仪。光学仪器的直接测量值LAI_e包含了木质成分的贡献, 钝化了季节动态的变化幅度, 这对有明显季节交替的落叶林尤为突出。经校正, LAI-2000冠层分析仪和DHP的测量值与实测值都表现出显著的相关性, 其中LAI-2000冠层分析仪最适于采用基于空隙大小的校正方法, 而基于空隙度和空隙大小的综合算法则是校正DHP的最佳选择。结合经济成本和野外实际操作等因素考虑, DHP具有更大的推广优势, 特别适用于温带山地落叶林。     

三峡大老岭山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林林隙干扰研究II.林隙干扰的地形格局

 根据对三峡大老岭地区山地常绿落叶阔叶林林隙的调查结果,运用多种方法定量分析和检验了5种地形要素对林隙和3类林隙形成木(GM)各方面特征的空间格局的影响。结果反映了地形对林隙时空格局的影响,和不同类型林隙形成木的响应特征：1）林隙干扰随海拔上升、坡度增大、坡位从山脊到沟谷、坡形由凸到凹而加剧;坡向影响的规律不明显。林隙特征对各地形因素梯度有显著的响应,其中扩展林隙面积、林隙高度、GM数量、种数以及平均胸径是反映地形影响的敏感指标。2）GM的平均胸径、最大胸径和扩展林隙面积与海拔显著正相关;GM平均胸径还与坡位正相关;GM数量沿N→S的坡向梯度减少,而随坡度增大及坡形由凹转凸而增加;GM种类沿坡度和坡形梯度有相同的变化趋势。林隙高度（亦即植被高度）随海拔和坡度增大而减小,但随坡位上升而增大。地形要素对林隙高度和GM平均胸径的空间格局的贡献最大,分别达到75.9%和67.0%。3）折干特征的空间格局受海拔和坡位的显著影响;枯立木的分布特征主要受小地形的坡位和坡形控制;影响翻倒木的最根本地形因素是坡度。     

三峡大老岭山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林林隙干扰研究II.林隙干扰的地形格局

根据对三峡大老岭地区山地常绿落叶阔叶林林隙的调查结果,运用多种方法定量分析和检验了5种地形要素对林隙和3类林隙形成木(GM)各方面特征的空间格局的影响。结果反映了地形对林隙时空格局的影响,和不同类型林隙形成木的响应特征：1）林隙干扰随海拔上升、坡度增大、坡位从山脊到沟谷、坡形由凸到凹而加剧;坡向影响的规律不明显。林隙特征对各地形因素梯度有显著的响应,其中扩展林隙面积、林隙高度、GM数量、种数以及平均胸径是反映地形影响的敏感指标。2）GM的平均胸径、最大胸径和扩展林隙面积与海拔显著正相关;GM平均胸径还与坡位正相关;GM数量沿N→S的坡向梯度减少,而随坡度增大及坡形由凹转凸而增加;GM种类沿坡度和坡形梯度有相同的变化趋势。林隙高度（亦即植被高度）随海拔和坡度增大而减小,但随坡位上升而增大。地形要素对林隙高度和GM平均胸径的空间格局的贡献最大,分别达到75.9%和67.0%。3）折干特征的空间格局受海拔和坡位的显著影响;枯立木的分布特征主要受小地形的坡位和坡形控制;影响翻倒木的最根本地形因素是坡度。     

林冠结构和地形对亚热带常绿落叶阔叶林林下幼苗物种多样性和功能多样性的影响

森林结构和地形是森林生态系统最明显的特点,也是影响林下幼苗存活和物种多样性的关键因子。该研究采用半球面摄影方法提取八大公山生长监测样地（共1.2 hm²）林冠结构参数,通过调查地表层木本植物幼苗的组成和多度,获取常见植物幼苗叶片功能性状,结合详细的地形信息,利用空间同步自回归模型探究林冠结构变量及地形因子对幼苗物种多样性及功能多样性的影响。结果表明：（1）八大公山亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶林林冠结构复杂度较高,最大林冠高的平均值达到19.94 m,叶面积指数、平均叶倾角和林冠覆盖度分别为2.94、30.88°和0.87;（2）林冠结构变量和地形因子能够解释32.6%~48.4%的林下幼苗物种多样性指数变异和28.5%~70.2%的功能多样性变异,但地形因子对幼苗物种多样性的影响很小;（3）预测在亚热带常绿落叶阔叶林高海拔的山坡上,有较低的叶面积指数和平均叶倾角群落有较高的幼苗物种多样性;而在低海拔山脊上,较低的叶面积指数和平均叶倾角群落林下幼苗层有较高的功能多样性。此结果对科研人员和林业工作者开展野外森林更新情况评估和样方调查将有所帮助。     

自动曝光对半球摄影法测量叶面积指数及其季节变化的影响

自动曝光是影响半球摄影法(DHP)测量叶面积指数(LAI)精度的重要误差源之一.本研究基于小兴安岭地区的阔叶红松林、白桦次生林、红松人工林和兴安落叶松人工林,利用DHP和LAI-2200植物冠层分析仪分别测量6—9月每个月中旬的LAI,首先比较两种方法测量LAI的差异性,再检验森林类型和测量时期对建立两种方法测定值间的相关关系是否存在显著影响,最后构建适于校正不同森林类型不同时期自动曝光对DHP测量LAI产生误差的经验模型.结果表明: 4种森林类型4个时期内,在自动曝光设置下DHP测量的LAI比LAI-2200测量值低估20%～49%;森林类型对构建两种方法测量LAI值的经验模型不存在显著影响,而测量时期存在显著影响.本研究构建的A、B两种分类经验模型,分别适用于校正4种森林类型在6和9月、7和8月DHP测量的LAI.经分类经验模型校正后,DHP测量4种森林类型4个时期的LAI值提高了45%～79%,测量精度可提高到83%～94%.通过DHP和LAI-2200测量LAI值间的经验模型,可有效校正自动曝光对DHP测量LAI的影响,极大地提高其测量精度,为使用DHP快捷、高效地测量不同森林类型的LAI及其季节动态提供技术支持.     

Seedling regeneration,environment and management in a semi‐deciduous African tropical rain forest

Questions: How is seedling regeneration of woody species of semi‐deciduous rain forests affected by (a) historical management for combinations of logging, arboricide treatment or no treatment, (b) forest community type and (c) environmental gradients of topography, light and soil nutrients? Location: Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Methods: Seedling regeneration patterns of trees and shrubs in relation to environmental factors and historical management types were studied using 32 0.5‐ha plots laid out in transects along a topographic gradient. We compared seedling species diversity, composition and distribution patterns along topographic gradients and within types of historical management regimes and forest communities to test whether environmental factors contributed to differences in species composition of seedlings. Results: A total of 85 624 woody seedlings representing 237 species and 46 families were recorded in this rain forest. Cynometra alexandri C.H. Wright and Lasiodiscus mildbraedii Engl. had high seedling densities and were widely distributed throughout the plots. The most species‐rich families were Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae and Rutaceae. Only total seedling density was significantly different between sites with different historical management, with densities highest in logged, intermediate in logged/arboricided and lowest in the nature reserve. Forest communities differed significantly in terms of seedling diversity and density. Seedling composition differed significantly between transects and forest communities, but not between topographic positions or historical management types. Both Chao‐Jaccard and Chao‐Sørensen abundance‐based similarity estimators were relatively high in the plot, forest community and in terms of historical management levels, corroborating the lack of significant differences in species richness within these groups. The measured environmental variables explained 59.4% of variance in seedling species distributions, with the three most important being soil organic matter, total soil titanium and leaf area index (LAI). Total seedling density was positively correlated with LAI. Differences in diversity of >2.0 cm dbh plants (juveniles and adults) also explained variations in seedling species diversity. Conclusions: The seedling bank is the major route for regeneration in this semi‐deciduous tropical rain forest, with the wide distribution of many species suggesting that these species regenerate continuously. Seedling diversity, density and distribution are largely a function of adult diversity, historical management type and environmental gradients in factors such as soil nutrient content and LAI. The species richness of seedlings was higher in soils both rich in titanium and with low exchangeable cations, as well as in logged areas that were more open and had a low LAI.     

Leaf area index for northern and eastern North America at the Last Glacial Maximum: a data–model comparison

Aim To estimate the effects of full‐glacial atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and climate upon leaf area index (LAI), using both global vegetation models and palaeoecological data. Prior simulations indicate lowered LAIs at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), but this is the first attempt to corroborate predictions against observations. Location Eastern North America and eastern Beringia. Methods Using a dense surface pollen data set and remotely sensed LAIs from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, we evaluate the ability of analogue‐based techniques to reconstruct modern LAIs from pollen data. We then apply analogue techniques to LGM pollen records, calculate the ratio of LGM to modern LAIs (RLAI) and compare reconstructed RLAIs to RLAIs simulated by BIOME4. Sensitivity experiments with BIOME4 distinguish the effects of CO₂ and climate on glacial LAIs. Results Modern LAIs are skilfully predicted (r²= 0.83). Data and BIOME4 indicate that LAIs at the LGM were up to 12% lower than modern values in eastern North America and 60–94% lower in Beringia. In eastern North America, LGM climates partially counteracted CO₂‐driven decreases in LAI, while in Beringia both contributed to lowered LAIs. Main conclusions In both regions climate is the primary driver of LGM LAIs. The decline in eastern North America LAIs is smaller than previously reported, so regional vegetation feedbacks to LGM climate may have been less significant than previously supposed. CO₂ exerts both physiological and community effects upon LAI, by regulating resource availability for leaf production and by influencing the competitive balance among species and hence the composition and structure of plant communities. Pollen‐based reconstructions using analogue methods do not incorporate the physiological effect and so are upper estimates of full‐glacial LAIs. BIOME4 sensitivity experiments indicate that the community and physiological effects together caused 10% to 20% decrease in LAIs at the LGM, so simulated RLAIs that are 80–100% of reconstructed RLAIs are regarded as consistent with data.     

复杂地形草地植被碳储量遥感估算研究进展

草地生态系统是我国最大的陆地生态系统,其植被碳储量的准确评估对维护国家生态安全和指导畜牧发展有重要作用。植被生物量和草地面积是草地植被碳储量估算的关键,随着遥感技术的发展,两者估算精度和效率显著提高,先后发展出多种草地生物量遥感估算模型和土地覆被产品,并已在平坦地区取的较好估算结果。然而,复杂地形区迥异于平地的几何形态和水热分布所产生的不均一的生态系统结构和功能,给草地生物量和草地面积的遥感估算带来诸多困难,影响对草地植被碳储量的准确判定。本文在回顾国内外草地植被碳储量遥感估算方法与所需关键参数的基础上,对遥感估算复杂地形草地植被碳储量过程中所面临“遥感影像地形效应的去除和尺度选择”、“植被指数与地形指标的选取”、“过程模型植被生长参数的率定”、“草地面积估算”以及“气象数据与复杂地形上微气候的匹配”等问题进行了总结并提出相应的解决思路,以期为草地植被碳储量遥感估算模型的合理构建以及估算精度的提高提供参考。     

Linking plant growth responses across topographic gradients in tallgrass prairie

Aboveground biomass in grasslands varies according to landscape gradients in resource availability and seasonal patterns of growth. Using a transect spanning a topographic gradient in annually burned ungrazed tallgrass prairie, we measured changes in the height of four abundant C₄ grass species, LAI, biomass, and cumulative carbon flux using two closely located eddy flux towers. We hypothesized that seasonal patterns of plant growth would be similar across the gradient, but the magnitude of growth and biomass accumulation would vary by topographic position, reflecting spatial differences in microclimate, slope, elevation, and soil depth. Thus, identifying and measuring local growth responses according to topographic variability should significantly improve landscape predictions of aboveground biomass. For most of the growth variables measured, classifying topography into four positions best captured the inherent spatial variability. Biomass produced, seasonal LAI and species height increased from the upland and break positions to the slope and lowland. Similarly, cumulative carbon flux in 2008 was greater in lowland versus upland tower locations (difference of 64 g m⁻² by DOY 272). Differences in growth by topographic position reflected increased production of flowering culms by Andropogon gerardii and Sorghastrum nutans in lowland. Varying growth responses by these species may be a significant driver of biomass and carbon flux differences by topographic position, at least for wet years. Using a digital elevation model to classify the watershed into topographic positions, we performed a geographically weighted regression to predict landscape biomass. The minimum and maximum predictions of aboveground biomass for this watershed had a large range (86–393 t per 40.4 ha), illustrating the drastic spatial variability in growth within this annually-burned grassland.     

Are cloud forest tree structure and environment related in the Venezuelan Andes?

Cloud forest vegetation structure and composition were studied in the Venezuelan Andes at three sites in Mérida State. Although the sites are within 10 to 30 km of each other, climatic, geologic and topographic differences are remarkable. The main purpose of the study was to determine the relationship of specific environmental variables to forest vegetation characteristics, including basal area, tree height, density and diversity, and leaf area index (LAI). At 51 plots, all trees' diameter at breast height >10 cm were recorded and identified. Although the environment at the three sites is distinctive, the tree species composition of the most abundant species was very similar. None of the measured environment variables were significantly correlated with the measured vegetation structure variables, except LAI, which was correlated with slope orientation; LAI showed higher values at south‐facing plots. Tree height was relatively uniform, while basal area was highly variable and reached very high values. Stem densities were in the range reported elsewhere in cloud forests. Multivariate analysis using structure or composition data shows segregation of the plots by site. Principal component analyses by site indicate a minor impact of environmental factors on forest variables. At each site, a particular group of species are correlated with the ordination axes. We conclude that species pools and forest dynamics add to the complexity of the structure of the studied cloud forests.     

Satellite‐derived estimates of forest leaf area index in southwest Western Australia are not tightly coupled to interannual variations in rainfall: implications for groundwater decline in a drying climate

There is increasing concern that widespread forest decline could occur in regions of the world where droughts are predicted to increase in frequency and severity as a result of climate change. The average annual leaf area index (LAI) is an indicator of canopy cover and the difference between the annual maximum and minimum LAI is an indicator of annual leaf turnover. In this study, we analyzed satellite‐derived estimates of monthly LAI across forested coastal catchments of southwest Western Australia over a 12 year period (2000–2011) that included the driest year on record for the last 60 years. We observed that over the 12 year study period, the spatial pattern of average annual satellite‐derived LAI values was linearly related to mean annual rainfall. However, interannual changes to LAI in response to changes in annual rainfall were far less than expected from the long‐term LAI‐rainfall trend. This buffered response was investigated using a physiological growth model and attributed to availability of deep soil moisture and/or groundwater storage. The maintenance of high LAIs may be linked to a long‐term decline in areal average underground water storage and diminished summer flows, with an emerging trend toward more ephemeral flow regimes.     

Microtopography and distribution of canopy trees in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the northern part of Okinawa Island,Japan

The spatial distribution of trees in relation to topography was investigated using two topographic indices, slope steepness and slope configuration, in a 4-ha plot in a subtropical evergreen forest in the northern part of Okinawa Island, Japan. Most species showed an aggregated distribution and patch size was related to various microtopographical features, including small ridges and valleys. In a cluster analysis based on the dissimilarity of each species distribution, the species were divided into three major clusters. A significant correlation between the dissimilarity and the distance between each species on the axis of the two topographic indices indicated that species association was, in part, explained by the topographic indices. I suggest that species distributed on steep and concave slopes regenerate depending on disturbances such as landslides on unstable topography, whereas species distributed on ridges and upper slopes regenerate depending on the canopy gap. A number of species that were less abundant in the 4-ha plot occurred in the riparian area near a stream, where the density of more abundant species was low. The results of this study support the existence of habitat niche divergence related to topography in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest.     

Effects of the topographic niche differentiation on the coexistence of major and minor species in a species-rich temperate forest

Topographic niche differentiation (TND) is believed to facilitate the coexistence of tree species, but its effects are not well established for minor species or for life stages beyond recruitment. In this study, the effects of topography (slope inclination and topographic configuration) on the demographic parameters (mortality, diameter growth rate and recruitment rate) of both major and minor species in a species-rich temperate forest were examined using a mixed-model approach. The model selection analysis detected interspecies difference in the response of recruitment rate to topographic configuration. However, mortality and diameter growth rate of stems with DBH ≥ 5 cm did not show any species-specific response to two topographic parameters. The recruitment rate of major species tended to be higher under topographic conditions where many stems of the species already existed, suggesting significant habitat segregation. No such correlation was found for minor species. These results suggest TND has a limited effect on habitat segregation among species, and that other mechanisms also contributed to coexistence, especially when considering minor species.     

Topographic and Bioclimatic Determinants of the Occurrence of Forest and Grassland in Tropical Montane Forest-Grassland Mosaics of the Western Ghats,India

The objective of this analysis was to identify topographic and bioclimatic factors that predict occurrence of forest and grassland patches within tropical montane forest-grassland mosaics. We further investigated whether interactions between topography and bioclimate are important in determining vegetation pattern, and assessed the role of spatial scale in determining the relative importance of specific topographic features. Finally, we assessed the role of elevation in determining the relative importance of diverse explanatory factors. The study area consists of the central and southern regions of the Western Ghats of Southern India, a global biodiversity hotspot. Random forests were used to assess prediction accuracy and predictor importance. Conditional inference classification trees were used to interpret predictor effects and examine potential interactions between predictors. GLMs were used to confirm predictor importance and assess the strength of interaction terms. Overall, topographic and bioclimatic predictors classified vegetation pattern with approximately 70% accuracy. Prediction accuracy was higher for grassland than forest, and for mosaics at higher elevations. Elevation was the most important predictor, with mosaics above 2000m dominated largely by grassland. Relative topographic position measured at a local scale (within a 300m neighbourhood) was another important predictor of vegetation pattern. In high elevation mosaics, northness and concave land surface curvature were important predictors of forest occurrence. Important bioclimatic predictors were: dry quarter precipitation, annual temperature range and the interaction between the two. The results indicate complex interactions between topography and bioclimate and among topographic variables. Elevation and topography have a strong influence on vegetation pattern in these mosaics. There were marked regional differences in the roles of various topographic and bioclimatic predictors across the range of study mosaics, indicating that the same pattern of grass and forest seems to be generated by different sets of mechanisms across the region, depending on spatial scale and elevation.     

Coastal dune topography as a determinant of abiotic conditions and biological community restoration in northern KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

Topography is rarely considered as an independent goal of restoration. However, topography determines microenvironmental conditions and hence living conditions for species. Restoring topography may therefore be an important first step in ecological restoration. We aimed at establishing the relative importance of topography where coastal dunes destroyed by mining are rebuilt as part of a rehabilitation program. We assessed the response of (1) microclimatic and soil conditions, and (2) woody plant and millipede species richness and density, to location-specific topographic profiles. We enumerated the topographic profile using variables of dune morphology (aspect, elevation, and gradient) as well as relative position on a dune (crest, slope, and valley). Temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity varied with aspect, elevation, gradient, and position. However, regeneration age was a better predictor of soil nutrient availability than these topographic variables. Age also interacted with topographic variables to explain tree canopy density and species richness, as well as millipede species richness. The density of keeled millipedes (forest specialists) was best explained by topographic variables alone. The transient nature of these new-growth coastal dune forests likely masks topography-related effects on communities because age-related succession (increasing structural complexity) drives the establishment and persistence of biological communities, not habitat conditions modulated by topography. However, our study has shown that the microhabitats associated with topographic variability influence specialist species more than generalists.     

Spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of high‐elevation forest stands in southern Siberia

Aim To evaluate the hypothesis that topographic features of high‐elevation mountain environments govern spatial distribution and climate‐driven dynamics of the forest. Location Upper mountain forest stands (elevation range 1800–2600 m) in the mountains of southern Siberia. Methods Archive maps, satellite and on‐ground data from1960 to 2002 were used. Data were normalized to avoid bias caused by uneven distribution of topographic features (elevation, azimuth and slope steepness) within the analysed area. Spatial distribution of forest stands was analysed with respect to topography based on a digital elevation model (DEM). Results Spatial patterns in mountain forests are anisotropic with respect to azimuth, slope steepness and elevation. At a given elevation, the majority of forests occupied slopes with greater than mean slope values. As the elevation increased, forests shifted to steeper slopes. The orientation of forest azimuth distribution changed clockwise with increase in elevation (the total shift was 120°), indicating a combined effect of wind and water stress on the observed forest patterns. Warming caused changes in the forest distribution patterns during the last four decades. The area of closed forests increased 1.5 times, which was attributed to increased stand density and tree migration. The migration rate was 1.5 ± 0.9 m year^–1, causing a mean forest line shift of 63 ± 37 m. Along with upward migration, downward tree migration onto hill slopes was observed. Changes in tree morphology were also noted as widespread transformation of the prostrate forms of Siberian pine and larch into erect forms. Main conclusions The spatial pattern of upper mountain forests as well as the response of forests to warming strongly depends on topographic relief features (elevation, azimuth and slope steepness). With elevation increase (and thus a harsher environment) forests shifted to steep wind‐protected slopes. A considerable increase in the stand area and increased elevation of the upper forest line was observed coincident with the climate warming that was observed. Warming promotes migration of trees to areas that are less protected from winter desiccation and snow abrasion (i.e. areas with lower values of slope steepness). Climate‐induced forest response has significantly modified the spatial patterns of high‐elevation forests in southern Siberia during the last four decades, as well as tree morphology.     

Seedling establishment of deciduous trees in various topographic positions

Abstract. We investigated the effect of topography‐related environmental factors (i.e., ground‐surface stability and soil moisture) on seedling establishment of 8 deciduous tree species. A field experiment was carried out using canopy species, which were classified into 3 groups based on the spatial distribution of adult trees (ridge, slope and valley). Demographic parameters were compared among species during the early stage of seedling establishment among 3 topographic positions in combination with gap and canopy conditions. The percentage of emerging seedlings tended to be lower on the ridge irrespective of the adult topographical distribution patterns. There was no clear trend in seedling emergence among the species groups classified by their spatial distribution. Seedling survival during 2 growing seasons was significantly different among species, topographic positions and light conditions. On the ridge, seedlings of the species dominating ridge tops had greater survival than those of other species, probably due to differences in demand for soil moisture. On the slope, frequent physical damage caused by surface material movement was observed and some species showed greater adaptability to the disturbed slope habitat. Survival of all seedlings was highest in the valley plots. Light conditions were the critical factor for seedling survival in some species. The results of this study suggest that topography creates diverse habitats for the establishment of tree seedlings. In addition to soil moisture, surface material movement may be a significant factor affecting seedling establishment.     

数字高程模型在群落内物种共存研究中的应用——以神农架米心水青冈-曼青冈群落的地形模型建立为例

地形是环境异质性产生的原因之一。受技术条件的限制, 以往研究中地形因子只能作为背景因子介入, 无法分析地形的细微变化对植物分布格局的影响。该文将数字高程模型引入群落内物种多样性研究, 以神农架米心水青冈 (Fagusengleriana) _曼青 冈 (Cyclobalanopsisoxyodon) 群落固定样地的地形分析为例, 介绍DEM的建立及地形因素的提取。摸拟 0.96hm2 样地的地形变化, 发现样地总坡向为西偏北 30°, 总坡度为 4 0.0 1°, 最大坡度为74.6°, 最小坡度为 18.2°, DEM的精度为 0.4m。选择群落中 2 4种植物与坡度、坡向及坡位等地形因素进行相关分析, 发现不同的种对地形变化的反应不同。该次研究中, DEM量化了地形数据, 使之可以参与到生物多样性研究中, 为在连续面上分析地形因素对群落内植物分布的影响提供了极大的便利。DEM在小尺度中应用的主要问题是原数据的采集, 该次研究中的地形数据为人工野外测量, 研究规模受到一定限制。     

六盘山南坡华北落叶松人工林冠层LAI的坡面尺度效应

叶面积指数(LAI)是评价森林的生长、结构及众多服务功能的重要参数,受坡面上环境条件变化影响而有坡面变化与尺度效应,对此需要深入理解和精细刻画。在六盘山半湿润区香水河小流域选择了33年生华北落叶松人工林的一个斜坡长480.6m、水平长398.2m的东南坡向的典型坡面,在整个坡面上建立了宽30 m的调查样带,均匀分为空间连续的16个样地,在2014年生长季中期测定了林冠层LAI,并分析其坡面变化规律。结果表明:林冠层LAI存在明显的坡面差异,其坡面平均值为3.11,变化在2.66—3.49,变幅为0.83,变异系数为0.09;LAI总体上随着从坡顶向下的坡长增加呈波动性增大趋势,在坡面中部(水平坡长188.45 m时)达到最大,之后稍微减小。森林冠层LAI存在着坡面空间尺度效应,即冠层LAI的顺坡滑动平均值(Y_1)随水平坡长(X,m)增加而逐渐增大,平均每100 m升高0.12,其回归关系式为:Y_1=-2×10~(-8)X~3+8×10~(-6)X~2+5×10~(-4)X+2.6523,(R~2=0.99);各样地LAI与整个坡面平均值的比值(Y_2,小数)随水平坡长(X_1,m)增加呈现为波动性的非线性变化,其回归关系式为:Y_2=-9×10~(-9)X_1~3+2×10~(-6)X_1~2+1×10~(-3)X1+0.829,(R~2=0.78),可基于此式将特定坡位样地的实测LAI推算整个坡面的估计值。造成研究坡面上LAI坡位变化的主要原因是不同坡位(海拔)样地的气温与土壤含水量的差异。     

云冷杉针阔混交林叶面积指数的空间异质性

叶面积指数(Leaf area index,LAI)是森林生态过程的关键参数和描述森林冠层结构的重要指标。用半球摄影技术对吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场的10块1 hm2云冷杉针阔混交林的LAI进行测定,采用地统计学的半变异函数和普通克里格法对研究区的LAI的空间异质性进行了分析。结果表明:10块样地的10 m×10 m小样方内以及样地间的LAI离散程度较小,但分布有一定的规律。LAI的空间相关性存在不确定性,可由线性、孔状、高斯3种模型有效的描述,空间相关性存在的尺度范围变异大,中等和强空间相关性的影响范围在15—155m之间,10块样地LAI的空间相关性的影响范围平均为65.637m。普通克里格插值结果显示,LAI的空间分布呈明显的条带状和斑块状的梯度变化。LAI与林分平均胸径、林分平均高和林分平均冠长呈显著负相关,与林分平均冠幅、林分密度以及树种个数呈显著正相关。研究结果可为不同尺度云冷杉针阔混交林LAI的估计提供依据。