玉米雌,雄穗与叶片内几种激素含量的比较

以甜玉米的材料,采用扫描电镜观察雌,雄花序发育过程,并用ＥＬＩＳＡ和ＨＰＬＣ检测雌,雄花序发育过程中内源激素和内源玉米赤霉烯含量,分析激素含量变化与玉米性别决定的关系。结果表明：玉米花序经过了无性,双性到单性的发育过程,在茎尖长和小穗原基突起时期雄花序中内源ｉＰＡｓ,ＺＲｓ,ＧＡ３和ＺＥＮ含量最高并高于雌花序;在玉米性别的关键时期即花器官原基突起到雌,雄性器官选择退化阶段,雄花序中ｉＰＡｓ,ＺＲｓ     

不同成熟型苹果果实生长发育过程中几种内源植物激素含量变？…

酶联免疫（ＥＬＩＳＡ）分析方法测定中熟品种玫瑰红与晚熟品种红富士苹果果实发育期间内源激素含量变化的结果表明,盛花期两个品种幼果中的ＧＡ４／７、ＺＲｓ及ｉＰＡ含量较高,盛花后第５周,玫瑰红种子的ｉＰＡ、ＧＡ１／３、ＩＡＡ含量明显较高。至盛花后１５～１７周的采收期,玫瑰红果肉及种子内的ｉＰＡ、ＬＡＡ、ＧＡ和ＡＢＡ变化真挚与玫瑰红相似,但时间进程落后于玫瑰红。     

Ri T-DNA转化对黄瓜毛状根内源激素水平的影响

利用酶联免疫法和气相色谱法分别测定发根农杆菌Ｒ１０００转化黄瓜子叶产生的三种毛状根内源ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ、ｉＰＡｓ、ＺＲｓ、ＧＡ１＋３、ＧＡ４＋７和乙稀含量的变化。结果表明：内源ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ和ＧＡ１＋３含量都以Ⅲ型毛状根最高,Ⅱ型毛状根次之,Ｉ型毛状根最低;但ＧＡ４＋７含量顺序恰好与之相反,Ⅲ型毛状根ＧＡ４＋７含量低检测不出。黄瓜对照根和毛状根的ＧＡ１＋３和ｉＰＡｓ含量都分别比ＧＡ４＋７和ＺＲｓ高得     

菊苣薄层培养花芽,营养芽分化中内源激素的动态变化

菊苣（Ｃｉｃｈｏｒｉｕｍ ｉｎｔｙｂｕｓＬ．）花梗薄层细胞培养于ＭＳ附加ＮＡＡ 和ＢＡ 或ＩＡＡ 和ＢＡ 的ＭＳ培养基上有花芽或营养芽分化． 花芽分化中内源ＩＡＡ、ＤＨＺ＋ ＤＨＺＲ、ｉＰＡ 含量明显增加,而Ｚ＋ ＺＲ变化不明显．营养芽分化中内源细胞分裂素含量增加明显,而ＩＡＡ 在培养前７ ｄ 含量下降,随后有所增加,在原基形成时含量达原初水平的２／３． 可见,花芽分化比营养芽分化所需内源ＩＡＡ／ＣＴＫ 比值要高     

不同成熟型苹果果实生长发育过程中几种内源植物激素含量变化的比较

酶联免疫（ＥＬＩＳＡ） 分析方法测定中熟品种玫瑰红与晚熟品种红富士苹果果实发育期间内源激素含量变化的结果表明,盛花期两个品种幼果中的ＧＡ４／７ 、ＺＲｓ 及ｉＰＡ含量较高,盛花后第５ 周,玫瑰红种子的ｉＰＡ、ＧＡ１／３ 、ＩＡＡ 含量明显较高。至盛花后１５～１７ 周的采收期,玫瑰红果肉及种子内的ｉＰＡ、ＩＡＡ、ＧＡ和ＡＢＡ含量均较高。红富士中ｉＰＡ、ＩＡＡ、ＧＡ和ＡＢＡ变化趋势与玫瑰红相似,但时间进程落后于玫瑰红。     

小麦与玉米及鸭茅状摩擦禾杂交后胚发育过程中内源激素的动态变化

小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）与玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍ ａｙｓＬ．）及鸭茅状摩擦禾（Ｔｒｉｐｓａｃｕｍ ｄａｃｔｙｌｏｉｄｅｓ Ｌ．）杂交后,由于胚乳组织不能正常形成,从而导致胚很难在母本小麦植株上发育至成熟。通过对杂交后的胚不同发育时期的子房内源ＩＡＡ、玉米素（Ｚ）及玉米素核苷（ＺＲ）和ＡＢＡ 的ＥＬＩＳＡ 分析,发现远缘杂交后的胚发育过程中子房内源ＩＡＡ 的浓度明显低于正常发育的子房;而且Ｚ＋ ＺＲ 和ＡＢＡ 的含量的动态变化也和正常自交发育的子房不同,然而ＩＡＡ／（Ｚ＋ ＺＲ）和ＩＡＡ／ＡＢＡ 的比率变化在远缘杂交与正常自交的子房之间有某些相似趋势。ＩＡＡ、Ｚ＋ ＺＲ和ＡＢＡ 与这３ 种激素之和的比率变化在上述两类子房中也有相似之处。可以推断,植物胚胎的正常发育需要多种激素的动态平衡及某一时期某一激素的主导性作用。远缘杂交后的胚之所以不能够顺利发育至成熟,除了缺乏胚乳组织的营养保护之外,或许也和其内源激素的水平及多激素平衡体系偏离常规动态变化有关联     

大豆花荚败育期间的植物激素变化

大豆开花结荚期,不同发育阶段的幼蕾与花荚的脱落率不同,其中以花后５ｄ内的幼荚脱落最严重。与败育花荚相比,正常花荚中的干物质积累量均较高。细胞分裂素（ＤＨＺＲｓ,ＺＲｓ,ｉＰＡ）含量也较高,花后３～５ｄ的幼荚中表现更明显。脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）则是以败育幼蕾及花后３～５ｄ的幼荚中含量较高。不同发育阶段的大豆生殖器官中,正常开放花中的玉米赤霉烯酮（ＺＥＮ）含量最高     

用免疫亲和层析和ELISA测定百合花粉萌发过程中细胞分裂素含量的变化

兰州百合（Ｌｉｌｉｕｍ ｄａｖｉｄｉｉＤａｃｈ．）花粉在ＰＥＧ－４００ 中萌发,用高度灵敏和特异的ｔ－ＺＲ－ＩｇＧ和ｉＰＡ－ＩｇＧ 免疫亲和层析分离纯化萌发花粉和萌发液中细胞分裂素,并用酶检疫连锁鉴定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）测定Ｎ６－异戊烯腺嘌呤核苷（ｔ－ＺＲ）和异戊烯基腺苷（ｉＰＡ）含量。结果表明每克鲜重花粉含有３９ ｎｇ ｔ－ＺＲ和４８ ｎｇ ｉＰＡ。花粉水合后ｔ－ＺＲ 含量略有下降,而ｉＰＡ 含量明显增高,细胞分裂素总量几乎不变。水合过程中有细胞分裂素的消长,这种变化与花粉管的启动有关。在萌发的前３ 小时,花粉管生长速度最快,ｔ－ＺＲ和ｉＰＡ 在花粉管和萌发液中的含量也随着增加,其增长趋势和花粉管生长速度同步     

土壤干旱条件下玉米叶片内源激素含量及光合作用的变化

利用ＨＰＬＣ和ＥＬＩＳＡ技术研究了土壤干旱条件下玉米叶片内源ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ、ＺＲ、ＤＨＺＲ、ｉＰＡ含量的变化情况,以及叶片光合作用过程中,光合速率（Ｐｎ）,气孔导度（Ｇｓ）,ＰＳⅡ光化学效率（Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ）的变化情况,结果发现：叶片中ＩＡＡ浓度,在整个干旱过程中变化不大,与对照相比下降不明显;ＩＡＡ的浓度对干旱的反应不敏感;叶片中ＡＢＡ浓度在干旱最初３ｄ里急剧升高,直至最大值,之后有所下降;ＡＢＡ的     

苹果梨花芽分化期内源激素含量的变化(简报)

苹果梨花芽分化期间,可测到Ｚ、ＺＲ、ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ、ＧＡ３ 。生理分化期（ 花芽诱导期） ,ＧＡ３ 、ＡＢＡ含量降低,Ｚ、ＺＲ、ＩＡＡ 增加;形态分化期,ＩＡＡ 降低,ＧＡ３ 、Ｚ、ＺＲ增加,ＡＢＡ初期降低,后期增加。在分化期间,Ｚ／ＧＡ３ 、ＺＲ／ＧＡ３ 、Ｚ／ＡＢＡ、ＺＲ／ＡＢＡ、ＩＡＡ／ＡＢＡ比值均增高。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.