中国的涧黾(半翅目)(英文)

本文简述了中国涧黾属的研究进展和概况。阐述和纠正了过去在种类鉴定和研究中的错误和混乱状况。提供了完整的中国涧黾16个种的检索表及其地理分布。介绍了涧黾属昆虫的典型栖息环境。描述了分别采自湖北和广东的三个新种。     

Marine insects: genital morphology, phylogeny and evolution of sea skaters, genus Halobates (Hemiptera: Gerridae)

Five species of sea skaters, genus Halobates Eschscholtz, are the only insects to have successfully colonized the open ocean. In addition, 36 species are found in sheltered coastal waters throughout tropical Indo-Pacific. The taxonomy of the genus is relatively well known, but reliable hypotheses about phylogenetic relationships are required if the biogeography and evolution of sea skaters is to be discussed in a meaningful way. This work presents the results of a study of new characters from the genital segments, especially those of the male phallus and the female gynatrial complex, and a reinterpretation for several other characters. In total 64 characters were scored for 26 species of Halobates , two species ofAsclepios and one species of Metrocoris. With Asclepios and Metrocoris species as outgroups, the character state sets were analysed cladistically using the computer program Hennig86. After critical evaluations of both characters and clades, a phylogeny for Halobates is presented and its taxonomic implications are discussed. A number of monophyletic species groups are delimited. One genus-level synonymy and three species-level synonymies are suggested. The evolution of Halobates is discussed in the light of the reconstructed phylogeny and present knowledge of the ecology and behaviour of sea skaters. A hypothesis of ecological evolution in halobatine water striders is proposed and tested.     

Territorial behavior of both sexes in the water striderMetrocoris histrio (Hemiptera: Gerridae) during the mating season

Territorial behavior of overwintered individuals of Metrocoris histriowas observed in an upstream area. Adults of both sexes held territories, but male territories were larger than those of females. Severe competition occurred among males for territories which give them access to receptive females. The effects of male body length and midleg length on establishment of territories were not significant. The effect of female midleg length on activity of females entering preferred foraging sites was equally not significant. Instead, territorial behavior increased with male age and males stayed longer at prime sites. Females of intermediate age were likely to occupy prime sites. Females had longer territory residence time than males. The sexes were dimorphic with respect to midleg length, and dimorphism in M. histriomay be related to a difference in life history, in that sexual selection may be relaxed due to asynchronous adult emergence patterns.     

木兰属五种珍贵、稀有植物的生态特性分析

本文通过对黄山木兰、天目木兰、宝华玉兰、小花木兰和凹叶厚朴五种珍贵、稀有木兰属植物的野外调查、引种栽培、幼树生长特性的观测以及植物体元素组成和土壤性质的分析,初步总结了它们的地理分布、幼树生长规律、气候和土壤适应性及其生长过程中矿质元素的吸收和循环等。为保护和发展这几种珍贵、稀有植物提供了科学依据。     

鲂属鱼类的分类整理

鲂属(Megalobrama)隶属于鲤科(Cyprinidae)的鲌亚科(Cultrinae),是一群较大型的经济鱼类,有的种已作为淡水养殖对象。关于鲂属的分类,虽经一些作者整理,但存在不少问题,因而长期未能使用正确的种名。易伯鲁和吴清江(1964)将鲂属鱼类归纳为3种,但个别种的种名厘订有误。Bǎnǎrescu(1970)将华鳊属(Sinibrama)划归为鲂属下的1个亚属,使鲂属共含5个种和亚种。华鳊属的鳔为2室,与鲂属有显著差别,作为亚属对待显然是不妥当的。现根据历年来在各地采得的标本,对鱿属鱼类进行重新整理。计有4种,并对个别种的种名作了订正。       

基于毛髓质指数探讨甘肃鼢鼠、高原鼢鼠、秦岭鼢鼠的分类地位

目前甘肃鼢鼠Myospalax cansus、高原鼢鼠 M.baileyi、秦岭鼢鼠M.rufescens的分类地位一直存有争议,多涉及到与中华鼢鼠M.fontanierii的分类关系.本文分别从成体甘肃鼢鼠、高原鼢鼠、秦岭鼢鼠、中华鼢鼠标本的胡须、头部、背部、腹部、前肢取毛样,经清洗和处理后,在倒置显微镜下观察,用目镜测微尺分别测量和计算其5个部位毛发的毛髓质指数.结果表明:甘肃鼢鼠与中华鼢鼠除胡须髓质指数无显著性差异外,其它部位及各部位综合均有显著差异.高原鼢鼠与秦岭鼢鼠除前肢毛髓质指数无显著性差异外,其它部位及各部位综合均有显著差异;与中华鼢鼠除前肢毛髓质指数无显著差异,其它部位及各部位综合均有显著差异.秦岭鼢鼠除与甘肃鼢鼠的腹部及与中华鼢鼠、高原鼢鼠的前肢毛髓质指数无显著差异外,与其它鼢鼠其余部位及各部位综合均有显著性差异.综合考虑,本研究结果支持甘肃鼢鼠、高原鼢鼠、秦岭鼢鼠各自独立为种的观点.     

根瘤菌新类群代表菌株的16SrDNA全序列测定及其系统发育地位

用双脱氧法测定了一个根瘤菌新类群代表菌株SH2672的16S rDNA全序列,将此全序列与根瘤菌各已知种及相关种的16S rDNA全序列进行了比较及聚类分析,得到系统发育树状图。在系统发育树状图中,菌株SH2672与百脉根中慢生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium loti),华癸中慢生根瘤菌(M. huakuii)、天山中慢生根瘤菌(M. tianshanense)、地中海中慢生根瘤菌(M. mediterraneum)、鹰嘴豆中慢生根瘤菌(M. ciceri)共同构成一个分支,与各已知种的模式菌株16S rDNA相似性分别为:96.3％,96.4％,97.2％,95.1％,95.6％,均在95％以上,它们应归属于同一属。且分支内各种间DNA同源性低于70％,表明它们分别为不同的种,菌株SH2672代表着一个新的根瘤菌种。     

云南含笑苗期生物量及其相对生长关系的初步研究

本文比较研究了二种不同种源即贵州省威宁县河块乡树舍村和云南省安宁县绿乡官地村的云南含笑苗期的地径、苗高、根系、叶面积等因子生长状况及其生物产量;其次,分析了生物量以及各生长因子间的相互关系：第三．根据实际调查与测定数据拟合了关于生物量与各生长因子以及各器官生物量之间的３４个数学模型。文末拟定了云南含笑一年生苗木分级标准。     

桑属（Morus L.）3个种的核型分析

采用火焰干燥涂片法制备染色体标本。对桑属(Morus L.)的广东桑(M. atropurpurea Roxb.)、鲁桑(M. muticaulis Perr.)、瑞穗桑(M. mizuho Hotta.)进行了核型分析。结果表明,广东桑、鲁桑的核型公式是2n=2x=28=24m+4sm,瑞穗桑的核型公式是2n=2x=28=26m+2sm。广东桑与鲁桑的核型相近,可归为同一类,而瑞穗桑核型与之不同。     

十七种一变种美登木叶片解剖与分类的关系

我们从国内外收集美登木属17种1变种,从叶片外部形状及内部结构进行比较,,发现在美登木属17种1变种美登木叶片组织中存在两种晶体(簇晶和方晶),可把美登木属分成三大类,一类具簇晶,二类具方晶,三类具簇晶和方晶。然后根据晶体的大小及其在组织中的分布部位,又将本属中的种分开。另外我们从美登木叶片解剖发现,成熟叶主脉横切面维管束的形状常是固定的,它不受外界环境的影响,也不受地理位置的影响,如滇南美登木分别采自云南省景洪和耿马不同地区不同生境,成熟叶横切面上维管束形状是相同的。成熟叶横切面上维管束的形状较稳定。所以用细胞内的晶体类型和维管束的形状把美登术属不同种进行分类是有意义的。     

三种食肉目动物的核型分析

本文报道了产于我国华北地区的艾鼬、貉和果子狸的核型。其中艾鼬2n=36。组型由20条双臂染色体、14条单臂染色体和一对性染色体组成。貉2n=65,它与wuster等报道过的貉的2n=42的核型表现出同种动物核型间的多态现象。果子狸2n=44,其c带带型中具有一对带有较大异染色质的中部着丝点染色体。     

秦岭六种提灯藓的染色体研究

本文以藓类植物的幼嫩孢蒴及茎尖为材料,对产于中国秦岭的六种提灯藓的染色体进行了观察计数。首次报道了M．pseudolycopodioides的染色体数目为n＝6;M．marginatum和M．lycopoidioides的染色体数分别为n=12及n＝6,与前人报道的结果一致;M．Laevinerve、M．heterophyllum以及M．thomsoii的染色体数目均为n＝6,与前人的报道不完全相同。本文旨在为本属的研究提供一定的细胞学资料。     

Semiaquatic Heteroptera locomotion: coral treaders (Hermatobates weddi, Hermatobatidae), sea skaters (Halovelia septentrionalis, Veliidae), and water striders (Metrocoris histrio, Gerridae). Usual and unusual gaits

Using high-speed video recordings, we carried out an analysis of the locomotion gaits of the following aquatic Heteroptera: coral treaders Hermatobates weddi (Hermatobatidae), sea striders Halovelia septentrionalis (Veliidae), and water striders Metrocoris histrio (Gerridae), in the Island of Amami Oshima, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Most insects use an alternating double tripod gait for walking, whereas species of Gerridae and some Veliidae use a synchronous rowing gait. We found that H. weddi used a peculiar locomotion gait, a modification of the double tripod gait. In this special gait, two alternating dipods (mid and hind legs) are used, while the forelegs remained inactive. Contralateral mid and hind stroked simultaneously. The mid leg recovered immediately after the stroke; however, the hind leg was delayed and remained extended after the stroke. Next, the following bipod stroked, and when that mid leg finished the stroke, both ipsilateral mid and hind (the one which did not recover after the stroke) legs recovered together. Turning is also unique in H. weddi because the body axis rotation and the course turning (deflection) were clearly separated in two phases. We compared the kinematics of H. weddi pattern with the synchronous rowing pattern found in H. septentrionalis and M. histrio and discussed some biomechanical consequences. We also analyzed phylogenetic implications of this gait, and we posit that the modified double dipod gait is a uniquely derived character of the family Hermatobatidae. The synchronous rowing gait would be an autapomorphy for the clade Gerridae + Veliidae. The modified thorax, with the meso and metacoxae horizontally directed, would be a synapomorphy for the superfamily Gerroidea (Hermatobatidae, Gerridae, and Veliidae). Handling editor: Koen Martens     

DNA CONTENT OF SEVEN SPECIES OF ASTEREAE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO THEORIES OF CHROMOSOME EVOLUTION IN THE TRIBE

Relative amounts of nuclear DNA were determined in root tip cells of seven species of Astereae: Aster hydrophilus Greene, A. oblongifolius Nutt., A. riparius H.B.K., Machaeranthera boltoniae (Greene) Turner and Home, M. brevilingulata (Sch-Bip.) Turner and Home, M. parviflora Gray, and M. tenuis (S. Wats.) Turner and Home. The results show that A. hydrophilus and M. brevilingulata, with a chromosome number of n = 9, have less nuclear DNA than other closely related species which are either n = 4 or n = 5. Cytological analyses of meiosis in the intergeneric hybrid M. parviflora X A. hydrophilus showed cells with two or more small chromosomes of the latter species pairing with single large chromosomes of the former. Pachytene cells of the hybrids M. parviflora X A. hydrophilus, M. parviflora X A. riparius, and M. boltoniae X M. tenuis showed some unpaired chromosome segments. The significance of these results to chromosome evolution in the tribe Astereae is discussed.     

中国猕猴的分类及分布

本文根据外部形态、头骨特征及地理分布,对猕猴（Macaca mulatta）在中国的亚种分类进行了重新整理。结果表明M.m.mulatta、M.m.breuvcaudus、M.m.lasiotis、M.m.littoralis和M.m.uestita均为有效亚种,M.m.tcheliensis可能也是一有效亚种。     

四种猕猴属动物精母细胞联会复合体的比较研究

本工作采用去污剂微铺展——硝酸银染色技术研究熊猴、平顶猴、藏酋猴、恒河猴及其亚种毛耳猴的精母细胞联会复合体（SC）核型、SC的结构及其在减数分裂中的行为。结果表明这几种动物的SC核型以及SC的发育过程基本一致。SC的形成开始于偶线期,成熟于粗线期,解体于双线期。在减数分裂前期,性染色体轴呈强嗜银性,配对明显落后于常染色体。根据减数分裂前期性染色体的形态和行为,性染色体的配对可分为五种类型。此外,本文还对XY染色体的同源性和侧轴加粗等现象进行了讨论。     

水在菌紫质光循环和质子泵中的作用

用圆二色仪和闪光动力学先谱仪分别测量了空气干燥紫膜薄层的圆二色谱及紫膜LB膜的M_(412)的衰减过程.在于燥紫膜的圆二色谱上出现412nm的正峰,它是光循环中间体M_(412)的特征峰.在无水介质中,紫膜LB膜中的BR仍能进行先化学循环而检测到中间体M_(412),但M_(412)的衰减速度减慢,产生M_(412)的堆积,质子化过程受阻.在有水的介质中,只要有足够的H~+存在,紫膜LB膜中的BR的中间体M_(412)的衰减速度明显加快.说明水介质的H~+是完成正常光化学循和质子化过程必不可少的.     

长江三角洲石荠苧属植物的精油成分及其与系统发育的关系

本文运用色谱/质谱/计算机联用方法,对长江三角洲地区石荠苧属Mosla 5种植物进行分析比较,发现这5个种在精油成分的组成上基本可分为两个类型:一个类型含有大量的香荆芥酚和其他单萜类化合物,倍半萜成分很少,酚酯类化合物几乎没有;另一个类型则在精油中含有大量的倍半萜和酚酯类化合物。笔者在化学分子水平上探讨了它们的种间亲缘关系和可能的演化途径。     

中国花翅跳小蜂属六新种(膜翅目 :跳小蜂科)(英文)

本文报道采自浙江、福建、广东、云南的跳小蜂六新种 ,即瘤毡蚧花翅跳小蜂MicroterysmetaceronemaeXu、露尾花翅跳小蜂MicroterysnuticaudatusXu、后缘花翅跳小蜂MicroteryspostmarginisXu、拟聂特花翅跳小蜂MicroteryspseudonietneriXu、匀色花翅跳小蜂MicroterysunicolorisXu、赵氏花翅跳小蜂MicroteryszhaoiXu。除露尾花翅跳小蜂MicroterysnuticaudatusXu ,sp .n .寄主尚不明确外 ,其余种类均为林木上各种介壳虫的寄生蜂。对新种进行了详细描述 ,并附特征图。标本存放浙江大学植物保护系。