老年人萎缩性胃炎和胃癌与胃液pH及微生态环境改变的关系探讨

本实验研究了老年人萎缩性胃炎和胃癌患者的胃液ｐＨ值及胃内部分菌群数量与正常人胃液ｐＨ值及菌群数量的比较,从１５例萎缩性胃炎患者和１５例胃癌患者的胃液中发现ｐＨ值增高,随之肠杆菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌数量也明显高于正常人,而一些胃内的生理菌少于正常人,由此证明胃内微环境的改变与胃癌的发病率有关系     

Effect of experimental conditions on the stomach evacuation of Coregonus lavaretus L.

The gastric evacuation of juveniles of Coregonus lavaretus L. fed on living Daphnia pulicaria was investigated. Three successive stages of stomach evacuation were observed when one meal per day was given: (i) a lag phase between the end of food intake and the beginning of stomach evacuation, (ii) a linear reduction of stomach content, (iii) a long residence time for food relics in the stomach. The initial stomach content and the stomach evacuation time are correlated positively. The stomach content increased during feeding when three meals day ⁻¹ were provided and it decreased when no food was available. During the course of an experiment the highest stomach content found increased with increasing daly ration. Excess feeding resulted in a low stomach content similar to that found with rations about 30–50% of the maximum daily food intake. Therefore the daily food intake cannot be determined by the single parameter of stomach content alone. Identical initial stomach contents showed significantly higher stomach evacuation rates under three meals day⁻¹ conditions than under one meal day⁻¹ conditions.     

家兔胃运动的慢性记录方法

本文介绍了应用霍耳效应原理、借助特殊的胃探头固定装置,记录家兔胃运动的方法。 在胃探头固定装置上安装引导电极,可同时记录胃电变化。本记录方法根据磁块移动距离与电压变化的函数关系,可由测得的电压变化数值,计算出胃平滑肌收缩时移动的距离,并能较好的消除呼吸波,具有较强的抗干扰能力。     

花背蟾蜍蝌蚪胃的发育形态学观察

应用大体解剖、组织切片和扫描电镜3种形态学方法对花背蟾蜍(Bufo raddei)蝌蚪在生长发育和变态过程中胃的形态结构变化进行了观察。结果显示,在蝌蚪发育24期(即G24)消化道呈简单的管状结构,胃与小肠等区分不明显,胃壁由内层矮柱状黏膜上皮细胞和其外的扁平上皮细胞层构成;直到26期胃略膨大,呈短粗管状,与小肠和食道可明显区分,胃壁内层的黏膜上皮细胞呈高柱状,上皮细胞间出现少量杯状细胞;36期的胃管明显膨大,其壁已具有胃的4层基本组织结构,杯状细胞数量增加,黏膜上皮细胞游离面有细长的微绒毛交织成网状覆盖;42期胃发育呈"C"字形,胃壁具备了消化道典型的4层结构,有胃腺芽出现,黏膜细胞的微绒毛短而直立,仅极少数细胞有长的微绒毛;蝌蚪发育到46期,肠道缩短,胃呈"J"字状,占消化道大部分,胃体中胃腺发达。在临近肝一侧,黏膜上皮细胞的微绒毛较短,胃腺少而小;而在相反一侧,微绒毛较长,胃腺多而大。基于上述结果说明,花背蟾蜍蝌蚪胃在36期已经基本完成了组织结构的分化,在变态发育期间结构和功能得到进一步完善,以适应变态后陆地生活的食性变化。     

Distribution of endocrine cells in the digestive tract of Alligator sinensis during the active and hibernating period

The digestive tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body; the distribution pattern of endocrine cells varies with different pathological and physiological states. The aim of the present study was to investigate the distributed density of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), gastrin (GAS), somatostatin (SS) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactive (IR) cells in the digestive tract of Alligator sinensis during the active and hibernating period by immunohistochemical (IHC) method. The results indicated that 5-HT-IR cells were distributed throughout the entire digestive tract, which were most predominant in duodenum and jejunum. The density increased significantly in stomach and duodenum during hibernation. GAS-IR cells were limited in small stomach and small intestine. The density decreased significantly in small stomach during hibernation, while increased in duodenum. What's more, most of the endocrine cells in duodenum were generally spindle shaped with long cytoplasmic processes ending in the lumen during hibernation. SS-IR cells were limited in stomach and small stomach. The density increased in stomach while decreased in small stomach during hibernation, meanwhile, fewer IR cells occurred in small intestine. VIP-IR cells occurred in stomach and small stomach. The density decreased in small stomach, while increased in stomach during hibernation. These results indicated that the endocrine cells in different parts of digestive tract varied differently during hibernation, their changes were adaptive response to the hibernation.     

Gastric digestion and evacuation in whiting, Merlangius merlangus (L.)

Three meal sizes of sandeels were fed to whiting in order to monitor the evacuation of food out of the stomach. The stomach contents were sampled at intervals after feeding, using a stomach pump. In such experiments, the proportion of fish with empty stomachs tends to increase with time and, since stomach contents are limited to zero or positive values, the variance of the stomach contents becomes censored at zero. This tends to produce a curved relationship between mean stomach content and time, which gives the impression that evacuation rate slows down at low levels of stomach fullness. By taking account of censoring, it was shown that the evacuation curve generated for whiting was consistent with and could be generated from a linear model in which the rate of gastric evacuation exhibited by the fish was constant and independent of meal size, level of stomach fullness and time after feeding. The parameters of the linear model were estimated by maximum likelihood and then applied in a second model to predict the observed mean stomach content. The average gastric evacuation rate of whiting of mean weight 268 g at 10°C was 0.31 g h⁻¹.     

Evidence that growth hormone exerts a feedback effect on stomach ghrelin production and secretion

Ghrelin is a recently discovered stomach hormone that stimulates pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion potently. The purpose of these experiments was to test the hypothesis that a stomach-ghrelin-pituitary-GH axis exists in which either an elevation or reduction in systemic GH levels will exert a negative or positive feedback action, respectively, on stomach ghrelin homeostasis. In rats, GH administration decreased stomach ghrelin mRNA levels and plasma ghrelin levels significantly. In GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) transgenic mice, GHRH overexpression decreased stomach ghrelin peptide levels when compared with control mice. In aged rats (25 months) stomach ghrelin mRNA and peptide levels and plasma ghrelin levels were decreased when compared with young rats (5 months). Because GH secretion is reduced in aged rats, the elevated stomach ghrelin production and secretion may reflect a decreased GH feedback on stomach ghrelin, homeostasis, and secretion. Together, these findings suggest that endogenous pituitary GH exerts a feedback action on stomach ghrelin homeostasis and support the hypothesis that a stomach-ghrelin-pituitary GH axis exists.     

Validation of the stomach-flushing technique for obtaining stomach contents of Penguins

The efficiency of the stomach flushing technique in obtaining complete stomach contents was tested on Little, Gentoo and Rockhopper Penguins. This technique was validated by feeding the penguins known amounts of fish and subsequently flushing their stomachs after specified time intervals. Examination of the contents showed that the method is effective and offers an alternative to killing penguins in order to obtain stomach contents. The effects of different states of stomach fullness on food recovery rates highlighted the necessity for multiple flushing. Quantitative information on the effect of time between feeding and stomach flushing on the recovery rates was also obtained. Where stomach contents were relatively undigested the rate of retrieval of fish was 90–100%, but this rate decreased with time and in no cases in which stomach contents were in advanced stage of digestion was the retrieval rate higher than 80^o. Inclusion of the Gentoo and Rockhopper Penguins in the validation trials showed that the size of the penguin does not affect recovery rate.     

幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎内镜下胃黏膜表现与中医辨证分型的相关性研究

目的探讨幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎内镜下胃黏膜表现与中医辨证分型之间的相关性,为临床中医辨证论治提供理论依据。方法收集我院治疗且符合纳入标准的幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎患者212例,记录患者临床资料并进行中医辨证分型,结合内镜下胃黏膜征象,对数据进行统计分析。结果 212例患者内镜下胃黏膜征象与中医辨证分型之间的相关性具有统计学意义(P0.01);所收集的病例中肝胃气滞证(21.7%)脾胃湿热证(20.1%)脾胃气虚证(18.4%)肝胃郁热证(13.7%)胃阴不足证(11.3%)脾胃虚寒证(7.5%)胃络瘀阻证(6.6%),各中医证型的发病率比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。内镜下各胃黏膜征象之间,红斑渗出型以肝胃气滞证居多,隆起糜烂型以脾胃湿热证居多,胆汁反流型以肝胃气滞证居多,皱襞萎缩型以胃阴不足证居多,出血型以胃络瘀阻证居多,均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎内镜下胃黏膜表现与中医辨证分型之间存在一定的相关性和规律性。     

SALMFamide neuropeptides cause relaxation and eversion of the cardiac stomach in starfish

Feeding in starfish of the species Asterias rubens involves eversion of the cardiac stomach over prey such as mussels and oysters. For eversion to be accomplished the cardiac stomach must be relaxed. Here we show that two neuropeptides (S1 and S2) belonging to a family of echinoderm neuropeptides called SALMFamides cause concentration-dependent relaxation of the cardiac stomach in vitro, with S2 being 10 to 20 times more potent than S1. Previously, we have obtained evidence that nitric oxide mediates neural control of cardiac stomach relaxation in Asterias. However, S2-induced relaxation of the cardiac stomach is not affected by an inhibitor of the nitric oxide ''receptor'' soluble guanylyl cyclase. Therefore, cardiac stomach relaxation in starfish appears to be controlled by at least two neural signalling pathways acting in parallel. To assess the involvement of the SALMFamides in mediating cardiac stomach eversion in Asterias, experiments were performed in which water (control) or S1 or S2 was injected into the perivisceral coelom. Cardiac stomach eversion was observed after 5 min in 3% of tests with water, in 11% of tests with S1 and in 57% of tests with S2. Importantly, the effectiveness of S1 and S2 in promoting eversion corresponds with their relative potency as cardiac stomach relaxants in vitro. Collectively, these data indicate that SALMFamide neuropeptides may be involved in regulating the process of cardiac stomach eversion in starfish.     

胃癌组织中端粒酶活性表达的初步研究

目的 :端粒酶的激活与胃癌发生密切相关 ,通过检测胃癌组织中端粒酶活性表达水平 ,为胃癌及其发生的早期诊断提供一种有效的方法。方法 :应用PCR ELISA技术 ,把端粒酶重复序列扩增技术与微孔液相杂交酶联呈色技术有机结合 ,检测胃肠癌组织和腹水标本中的端粒酶活性表达。结果 :1 7例晚期胃癌组织标本中检出 1 3例端粒酶活性表达 ,阳性率为 76 47% ;2 3例中期胃肠癌组织标本中检出 1 9例端粒酶活性表达 ,阳性率为 78 2 6% ;66例早期胃癌组织标本中检出5 7例端粒酶活性表达 ,阳性率为 86 36% ;36例癌旁近端组织标本中检出 1 1例端粒酶活性表达 ,阳性率为 30 5 6% ;36例癌旁远端组织标本中检出 4例端粒酶活性表达 ,阳性率为 1 1 1 1 % ;2 6例胃肠癌腹水标本检出 1 9例端粒酶活性表达 ,阳性率为 73 0 8% ;5 4例正常人胸腹水标本中没有检出端粒酶活性表达。结论 :胃癌组织标本中有较高的端粒酶活性表达 ,端粒酶活性表达可以作为胃癌发生的有效指标 ,而PCR ELISA技术可以定量评价作为端粒酶活性表达从而作为诊断胃癌发生的一种快速简便有效的方法。     

Functional organization of myogenic pacemaker of the stomach in conditions of hunger and satiation

In chronic experiments, we have studied electrical activity of muscles of the gastro-esophageal sphincter, small curvature, corpus and antrum of the stomach in conditions of hunger, food intake behaviour and satiation of the rabbits. The aim of this study involved particularities of the electrical activity of myogenic pacemaker zone of the stomach. It has been shown that function of myogenic pacemaker of the rabbit stomach is performed by smooth muscles of the small curvature of the stomach. Pacemaker properties of muscles of the small curvature of the stomach are performed in conditions of food intake behaviour and satiation.     

洗胃法与剖胃法在四种蛙食性分析中的对比

在动物的食性研究中,剖胃法因要杀死动物,会产生一系列的生态学影响和伦理学问题,在国际上招致了越来越多的反对,而在我国仍广泛使用。尽管洗胃法已用于食性研究,它的效果却从来没有研究过。我们应用洗胃法研究了浙江宁波郭巨镇四种蛙(黑斑蛙、泽蛙、金线蛙和中华蟾蜍)的食性,并与剖胃法所获得的食性结果进行比较。结果显示:尽管洗胃法在四种蛙胃内食物量的总洗出率(在94.50%以上)和食物个体数的洗出率上(均大于93.46%)略低于剖胃法,但胃内未洗出的与洗出的平均食物个体大小间无差异(所有P>0.3061),两种方法获得的四种蛙的平均食物量和食物个体数也无差异(对食物量所有P>0.8680,对食物个体数所有P>0.7923)。结果表明,洗胃法是比较精确的,在动物的食性研究中,应广泛地推广洗胃法,摒弃剖胃法     

In vivo short-term assays for tumor initiation and promotion in the glandular stomach of Fischer rats

Here we summarize the data on 55 compounds tested in in vivo short-term assays for tumor-initiating and tumor-promoting activity in the glandular stomach of male Fischer (F344) rats. Most of the data has been previously published. Tumor-initiating activity was assayed by measuring the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and DNA single strand scission; tumor-promoting activity was assayed by measuring the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, increased replicative DNA synthesis (RDS), and of c-fos and c-myc oncogene expression. The compounds were orally administered. Twenty-nine compounds were tested for UDS. Eight were positive, including 5 glandular stomach carcinogens; 16 were negative, including 5 liver carcinogens; and 5 were equivocal. Twenty compounds were tested for DNA single strand scission. Twelve were positive, including 6 glandular stomach carcinogens; 7 negative, including 2 liver carcinogens; and 1 was equivocal. Thirty-two compounds were tested for RDS. Twenty-six were positive, including 8 glandular stomach carcinogens and 6 glandular stomach tumor-promoters; 4 were negative, including 3 liver carcinogens and a stomach irritant; and 2 were equivocal. Forty-five compounds were tested for ODC. Thirty-seven were positive, including 8 glandular stomach carcinogens and 6 glandular stomach tumor promoters; 7 were negative, including 3 liver carcinogens; and one was equivocal. All glandular stomach carcinogens and tumor-promoters examined were positive in both RDS and ODC. Two compounds were tested for c-fos and c-myc expression; one was a glandular stomach carcinogen and one was a glandular stomach tumor promoter, and both were positive. In addition, 2 compounds inhibited the increase in RDS induced by the tumor promoter NaCl, suggesting anti-tumor-promoter activity. Thus these assays are useful for assessing potential tumor-initiating and tumor-promoting activity in the rat glandular stomach.     

Use of fibre-optic endoscopes in studies of gastric digestion in carnivorous vertebrates

1. Two methods of assessing gastric digestion rates of three prey types fed to Sooty albatrosses Phoebetria fusca were compared: removal of stomach contents, using a water-flushing stomach pump (a technique used commonly in diet studies), and inspection using a fibre-optic gastroscope (a previously unused technique). 2. The stomach pump yielded quantitative information, but proved stressful and resulted in incomplete recovery of meals ingested 3-6 hr before pumping. Gastric morphology of the animals studied and digestion state of their stomach contents may influence the effectiveness of this technique. 3. Inspection using the gastroscope yielded qualitative information only but permitted serial inspection of the same animal, and was less stressful than the stomach pump. Times for total evacuation of the stomach were 6-12 hr less when estimated using the gastroscope than when using the stomach pump. 4. The specifications of endoscopes relevant to their use by biologists are given. 5. Previous non-medical biological uses of endoscopes are given. Potential uses include underwater observations, sampling of digestive juices and stomach linings for enzyme analyses, observations of ingested prey, and assessment of parasite infestation.     

Genetic analysis of the gastric precancer-cancer system. I. Research in different populations

Heredity predisposition was analysed in cancer and precancer stomach diseases in distinct populations. Some phenotypic and genetic characters of the stomach "precancer--cancer" system were studied. Similarity in the degree of stomach cancer inheritance, its segregation frequency and recurrent risk was revealed for populations. However, the degree of correlation between cancer and precancer stomach disease was different in distinct populations, this being more pronounced in "cancer--gastric ulcer" system.     

The Cardiogastric Gland and Alimentary Tract of Caenolestid Marsupials

The stomach of the South American marsupial family Caenolestidae has a gland on its lesser curvature around the cardia. This cardiogastric gland is bi-lobed, typically 11times5 mm and bears a distinctive, highly folded mucosa which forms sac-like invaginations. These open into the stomach lumen via 40–60 slit-like orifices. The gland mucosa contains unbranched gastric glands which are considerably longer than those of other gastric glands present elsewhere in the stomach. The cells within the cardiogastric gland show intense eosinophilic staining properties, with the parietal cells being larger than those found in other regions of the stomach, as well as being arranged in clusters. Argentaffin cells are not present in the stomach mucosa. The gross morphology of the stomach and intestine is similar to that found in small carnivorous marsupials.     

Relationship of glucagon-somatostatin and gastrin-somatostatin cells in the stomach of the monkey

The stomach of the monkey Tupaia belangeri was investigated by serial sections utilizing the indirect immunoperoxidase reaction to demonstrate the distribution of glucagon, gastrin and somatostatin immunoreactive cells. A striking topographical distribution was found. Glucagon and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were located in the upper parts, whereas gastrin and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were situated in the lower parts of the stomach. The remaining regions of the stomach did not contain cells immunoreactive to the antisera applied. Similarly, the ultrastructural study revealed the same distribution of endocrine cell types identified as A-cells, D-cells, and G-cells. Thus, there may be a glucagon-somatostatin area in the upper part and a gastrin-somatostatin endocrine surface in the lower part of the stomach. This spatial relationship of the endocrine cells suggests a functional cell interaction between glucagon and somatostatin cells in the cranial stomach and between gastrin and somatostatin in the caudal parts of the stomach.     

The vascular terminal network device in the anterior stomach wall

The microcirculatory bed of the anterior stomach wall has been studied in man, dog, rabbit, guinea pig and rat, starting from the fact that in the modern gastro-duodenal surgery the various sectors of this stomach part have a special importance. The stomach microvascular network has been rendered manifest by microcorrosion preparations and by intravascular injections with coloured tracers (China Ink-gelatin, silver nitrate, methylene blue). Examinations under biocular magnifying glass and microscope of the histological slides, as well as of the block-transparentized ones in tetraline, have facilitated the microvascular morphometry as well as the calculation of some hemodynamic indices of blood flow evaluation in a limited territory of the anterior stomach wall. The obtained data can be of use when evaluating the microcirculation of the stomach parietal territories in selective vagotomies, anastomoses, plasties, resections and other operations of the stomach.     

Stomach remodeling-associated changes of H+/K+-ATPase beta subunit expression in Xenopus laevis and H+/K+-ATPase-dependent acid secretion in tadpole stomach

Through subtractive hybridization, H+/K+-ATPase beta subunit mRNA, highly expressed in the larval stomach of Xenopus laevis, was isolated. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the H+/K+-ATPase beta subunit mRNA was exclusively expressed in manicotto gland cells of the larval stomach, not in any other cell. Northern blot analysis showed that metamorphosis-associated changes of the H+/K+-ATPase beta subunit mRNA expression in the stomach were characterized by high expression in tadpoles, a considerably lower expression in metamorphosing tadpoles, and a re-increase of expression in froglets. Further in situ hybridization showed that the decrease of expression correlated with the degeneration of larval type epithelium in the manicotto gland, while the re-increase correlated with the differentiation of oxynticopeptic cells of the adult type stomach. Moreover, the H+/K+-ATPase beta subunit mRNA was expressed in adult epithelial primordia. Such changes were found in thyroid hormone-induced precocious metamorphosis. Based on studies using this ATPase as well as xP1 and PgC (pepsinogen C) as molecular markers, this study discusses a probable cell lineage involved in metamorphosis-associated stomach remodeling. The pH of luminal contents of the larval stomach was found to be lower than 2. In addition, the pH of an isolated stomach changed from 7.2 to lower than 4 after incubation in Ringer's solution, suggesting acid production from the larval stomach. This is the first demonstration of the H+/K+-ATPase-mediated acid production and secretion in the larval stomach of Xenopus laevis.