细胞氧化还原调控与衰老

利用酵母、线虫、果蝇、小鼠等模式生物进行的研究表明,细胞的衰老过程与氧化还原紧密相关.伴随衰老,细胞内GSSG水平升高,GSH、NADPH等水平降低,而氧化还原状态变化将直接影响蛋白质的功能,特别是氧化还原敏感的含巯基蛋白质的功能,从而影响细胞信号转导和细胞命运.氧化还原失衡可能是衰老发生的重要因素.本综述将从氧化还原平衡与衰老、氧化还原调控与信号转导及衰老、氧化损伤与衰老等方面阐述细胞氧化还原调控与衰老研究的最新进展,提出并探讨氧化还原平衡的维持、氧化还原平衡的系统调控及氧化还原调控的个体化等延缓衰老及健康衰老的新策略.     

细胞的氧化还原平衡调控及巯基修饰

生物大分子的功能受细胞氧化还原环境影响和调控,细胞内氧化还原平衡的维持对于细胞的正常生长至关重要,与多种生理和病理过程密切相关。现将细胞内氧化还原平衡体系、氧化还原调控的主要信号通路及生物学过程、活性氧及活性氮通过蛋白质巯基修饰发挥生物学功能的分子机制,尤其是巯基亚硝基化修饰机制,以及还原应激效应的最新研究予以综述。     

运动与衰老:线粒体功能和氧化还原的调控

衰老与线粒体功能衰退和氧化还原失衡紧密相关。随着年龄的增加,肌肉线粒体的DNA丰度和蛋白质的合成不断的下降,线粒体代谢过程中的副产物自由基增加导致脂质,蛋白质和核酸等大分子的氧化损伤不断累积。衰老相关的线粒体功能的下降和氧化还原失衡影响运动功能,导致胰岛素抵抗和神经退行性疾病,因而对于调节寿命起到重要的作用。因而线粒体可能是决定寿命的重要因素。大量研究证实长期运动训练可以很大程度预防和改善衰老相关疾病,其机制可能是通过促进线粒体生成和激活内源性抗氧化防御体系而提高线粒体功能和调控氧化还原平衡。因此,长期的运动训练预防衰老相关疾病和提高老年人的生命质量很可能是通过调控线粒体功能和氧化还原平衡而发挥作用。     

亚细胞区室氧化还原状态的调控及其对细胞的影响

细胞氧化还原状态(redox status)或氧化还原势能(redox potential)是细胞重要的生理指标之一,它的稳态影响细胞的功能活动和生命活动。氧化还原状态主要指细胞的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,受活性氧生成系统与清除系统共同调控,同时也能够对下游大分子、亚细胞区室及细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等产生影响。虽然对分子及细胞水平的氧化还原调控及其对细胞整体的影响研究相对较多,但对细胞器自身或亚细胞区室水平的关注不多,这些变化在细胞整体应激应答中的贡献也不清楚。该文简介细胞内主要的ROS生成系统与清除系统,并对目前各亚细胞区室的氧化还原状态及其调控的研究和认识进行主要综述,以期能够深入而全面地理解细胞的氧化还原调控及其影响。     

DNA损伤监测及修复相关酶与细胞衰老

衰老是细胞的重要生命现象之一,衰老假说之一认为细胞中残留DNA损伤的积累可加速细胞的衰老.因此,细胞内DNA损伤监测及修复系统的正常运行与细胞衰老调控密切相关,DNA损伤监测及修复相关酶如PARP、DNA-PK、ATM、p53等在细胞衰老中的调控作用日益受到广泛关注.研究这些蛋白质分子间的相互作用及其在细胞衰老过程中的调控功能,有利于揭示DNA损伤应激、损伤修复调控与细胞衰老之间的内在联系,为抗衰老研究及从衰老角度治疗肿瘤提供新的思路.     

microRNA在衰老性肌萎缩和运动干预中的调节作用

衰老性肌萎缩症是由于衰老所致的骨骼肌质量减少及功能减退的增龄性机能退化症,运动干预是其防治的最有效措施之一。研究表明,microRNAs (miRNAs)作为基因表达的调控因子,通过调节骨骼肌发育(增殖、分化)、线粒体生物发生、蛋白质合成与降解、炎症反应和代谢途径来维持衰老骨骼肌细胞稳态。此外,运动可改变miRNAs表达水平,调节骨骼肌细胞的代谢平衡,从而改善衰老相关的骨骼肌质量、组成和功能的变化。本文综述了miRNAs在衰老性肌萎缩症中的调节机制,阐述在运动条件下miRNAs在衰老性肌萎缩症中的调控作用和分子机制,以期为预防和治疗衰老性肌萎缩症提供新的思路。     

ROS 的信息分子功能

ROS在机体内主要由NADPH氧化酶系统产生,ROS作为信息分子对细胞功能如细胞生长,转化,凋亡,转录和衰老的调节及相关信息传递等方面的研究,在90年代后期有了明显的进展。并从细胞内环境的氧化还原状态变化和蛋白质的氧化修饰角度初步探讨了ROS参与信息传递的机理。     

细胞工厂氧化还原状态的荧光探针检测与调控

氧化还原反应贯穿于细胞的整个生命历程,与细胞的新陈代谢息息相关。细胞的氧化还原平衡对细胞的能量代谢、生长代谢及合成代谢有着重要的影响。因此,细胞氧化还原状态的实时监测以及调控对于细胞工厂的高效生产有着重要意义。由于参与氧化还原反应的物质种类多、活性高、寿命短且相关代谢网络复杂,氧化还原状态的实时监测与调控一直是研究的热点与难点。本文中,笔者通过对影响细胞氧化还原反应的代谢物进行分析,以基因编码的荧光探针为主,介绍了检测细胞氧化还原状态的荧光探针,并阐述了调控氧化还原状态的常用方法及其在细胞工厂中的应用,为更好地实现细胞工厂的高效生物转化奠定基础。     

硫氧还蛋白的结构及在生物抗氧化中的功能

硫氧还蛋白(thioredoxin,Trx)是广泛存在于原核与真核生物体内的氧化还原调节蛋白。Trx通过对目标蛋白质进行还原,从而调节机体的氧化还原平衡。Trx与硫氧还蛋白还原酶(thioredoxin reductase,TrxR)及NADPH共同组成硫氧还蛋白系统参与众多生理过程。细胞中的活性氧是导致生物氧化胁迫的一个主要方面。Trx可以通过对细胞内被氧化的二硫键的还原来修复机体的氧化损伤,并通过这种方式防止机体衰老。同时,Trx系统可以与其它氧化还原系统如谷胱甘肽(GSH)系统协调配合,并消除体内过多的活性氧。     

苹果酸酶1及其对疾病调控的研究进展

苹果酸酶1(malic enzyme 1,ME1)是调节苹果酸代谢的关键酶,主要的生物学功能是维持细胞内氧化还原稳态、调节细胞能量代谢和合成生物分子,可影响细胞生长、分化、增殖和衰老等重要生命活动。近年来的研究表明,ME1与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关,且目前作为多种疾病潜在的治疗靶点备受关注。因此,本文将针对ME1的结构、生物学功能和转录调控机制以及与疾病的关系进行综述。     

活性氮、活性氧及植物激素在种子休眠解除中的作用及相互关系研究进展

休眠是植物种子对环境变化的适应机制,其机理至今未完全清楚阐明。前期对种子休眠机制的研究主要集中在激素调节上,近期的研究结果表明,一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）参与打破种子的休眠,并与其所引起的种子中活性氧的变化有关。本文简要综述活性氮（reactive nitrogen species,RNS）、活性氧（reactive oxygen species,R0s）和植物激素在种子休眠解除中的作用及相互关系研究进展。     

Redox signaling

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have recently been shown to be involved in a multiplicity of physiological responses through modulation of signaling pathways. Some of the specific signaling components altered by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) have begun to be identified. We will discuss RONS signaling by detailing the chemistry of signaling, the roles of antioxidant enzymes as signaling components, thiol chemistry in the specificity of RONS signaling, NO-heme interactions, and some do's and don'ts of redox signal research. The principal points raised are that: (1) as with classic signaling pathways, signaling by RONS is regulated; (2) antioxidant enzymes are essential 'turn-off' components in signaling; (3) spatial relationships are probably more important in RONS signaling than the overall 'redox state' of the cell; (4) deprotonation of cysteines to form the thiolate, which can react with RONS, occurs in specific protein sites providing specificity in signaling; (5) although multiple chemical mechanisms exist for producing nitrosothiols, their formation in vivo remains unclear; and (6) caution should be taken in the use of 'antioxidants' in signal transduction.     

Insulin resistance and diabetes in hyperthyroidism: a possible role for oxygen and nitrogen reactive species

In addition to insulin, glycemic control involves thyroid hormones. However, an excess of thyroid hormone can disturb the blood glucose equilibrium, leading to alterations of carbohydrate metabolism and, eventually, diabetes. Indeed, experimental and clinical hyperthyroidism is often accompanied by abnormal glucose tolerance. A common characteristic of hyperthyroidism and type 2 diabetes is the altered mitochondrial efficiency caused by the enhanced production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It is known that an excess of thyroid hormone leads to increased oxidant production and mitochondrial oxidative damage. It can be hypothesised that these species represent the link between hyperthyroidism and development of insulin resistance and diabetes, even though direct evidence of this relationship is lacking. In this review, we examine the literature concerning the effects of insulin and thyroid hormones on glucose metabolism and discuss alterations of glucose metabolism in hyperthyroid conditions and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that may underline them.     

JNK介导的信号转导途径以及活性氧在其中的作用

JNK是一个受外界应激因素调控的信号分子,调节包括凋亡在内的一系列细胞内的反应,但目前越来越多的报道证实了JNK信号途径具有促凋亡和抗凋亡的双重功能,这种双重功能受到细胞类型、刺激物的种类、剂量和持续时间以及胞内其他信号途径的影响。活性氧作为一种常见的外界应激因素也部分参与了JNK信号途径的激活,对细胞的生死产生了重要的影响。本文将主要总结JNK介导的信号转导途径及活性氧在这一途径中所发挥的作用。     

Prior exposure to restraint stress enhances 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced DNA damage in rats

Over the years, several lines of evidence have emerged supporting the role of stress in the development and progression of cancer. Stress can cause an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease in the in vivo antioxidant defense systems. A ROS-induced DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes, liver and skin cells may be revealed by Comet assay. To test whether DNA is damaged by stress/DMBA/stress and DMBA, rats were exposed to multiple doses of DMBA in the presence and absence of restraint stress, and DNA damage was evaluated. Insignificant differences were detected in all the three cells tested (peripheral lymphocytes, liver and skin cells) between control and stress treatment in terms of frequencies of damaged DNA. The extent of DNA migration was enhanced in DMBA treated rats in a dose dependent manner. Pre-stress DMBA treatment showed still higher frequencies of damage in comparison with control, stress alone or DMBA alone groups. Thus, prior exposure to stress clearly enhanced the DMBA induced DNA damage, especially so in the skin cells (target organ of the carcinogen application) than liver and peripheral lymphocytes as observed on the basis of the extent of DNA migration (tail DNA) during single cell gel electrophoresis.     

Bordetella bronchiseptica responses to physiological reactive nitrogen and oxygen stresses

Bordetella bronchiseptica can establish prolonged airway infection consistent with a highly developed ability to evade mammalian host immune responses. Upon initial interaction with the host upper respiratory tract mucosa, B. bronchiseptica are subjected to antimicrobial reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), effector molecules of the innate immune system. However, the responses of B. bronchiseptica to redox species at physiologically relevant concentrations (nM-microM) have not been investigated. Using predicted physiological concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on low numbers of CFU of B. bronchiseptica, all redox active species displayed dose-dependent antimicrobial activity. Susceptibility to individual redox active species was significantly increased upon introduction of a second species at subantimicrobial concentrations. An increased bacteriostatic activity of NO was observed relative to H2O2. The understanding of Bordetella responses to physiologically relevant levels of exogenous RNS and ROS will aid in defining the role of endogenous production of these molecules in host innate immunity against Bordetella and other respiratory pathogens.     

Cytotoxicity of yellow sand in lung epithelial cells

The present study was carried out to observe the cytotoxicity of yellow sand in comparison with silica and titanium dioxide in a rat alveolar type II cell line (RLE-6TN). Yellow sand (China Loess) was obtained from the loess layer in the Gunsu Province of China. The mean particle diameter of yellow sand was about 0.003 +/- 0.001 mm. Major elements of yellow sand were Si(27.7 +/- 0.6%), Al(6.01 +/- 0.17%), and Ca(5.83 +/- 0.23%) in that order. Silica and yellow sand significantly decreased cell viability and increased [Ca2+]i. All three particles increased the generation of H2O2. TiO2 did not change Fenton activity, while silica induced a slight increase of Fenton activity. In contrast, yellow sand induced a significant increase of Fenton activity. Silica, yellow sand and TiO2 induced significant nitrite formations in RLE-6TN cells. Silica showed the highest increase in nitrite formation, while yellow sand induced the least formation of nitrite. Silica and yellow sand increased the release of TNF-a. Based on these results, we suggest that yellow sand can induce cytotoxicity in RLE-6TN cells and reactive oxygen species, Fenton activity and reactive nitrogen species might be involved in this toxicity.     

氧化还原与细胞凋亡的关联

细胞内氧化还原状态与细胞凋亡相互关联的机理仍然存在很大争议。细胞内氧化还原状态的改变促进了氧自由基(ROS)的产生和凋亡诱导因子的激活,致使细胞凋亡的同时又加剧了细胞内氧化还原状态的改变。通过激活细胞凋亡信号激酶(ASK-1)、氧化还原转录因子NF-κB、AP-1及Caspase激活,揭示了细胞内氧化还原状态伴随细胞凋亡的不同阶段。     

NADPH氧化酶与ROS信号区域化

最近有关活性氧物质 (ROS)的研究取得了突飞猛进的进展,尤其是其作为第二信使介导了许多生理性与病理性细胞事件,包括细胞分化、过度生长、增殖及凋亡.为了避免ROS的毒性产生特异性的信号转导,ROS的产生与代谢必须被严格调控;其具体的调控机制一直是人们关注的焦点. 最近有关ROS区域化观点的提出解决了这一问题. NADPH是生成ROS的主要来源. 研究发现,NADPH氧化酶及其衍生的ROS存在于机体的多种组织内,且在细胞中呈区域化分布,对细胞内信号的精确调控具有至关重要的作用. NADPH一方面通过小窝/脂筏组装成功能型复合物,从而产生ROS区域化;另一方面,NADPH通过其不同亚细胞定位亚基与各种靶蛋白之间的相互作用,产生ROS特异性. 本文系统综述了NADPH衍生的ROS信号区域化,为进一步理解ROS信号在各种生理或病理过程的分子调控机制提供理论依据.     

5种石斛及其组织培养物对活性氧的清除作用

采用化学发光法,以3种活性氧R0S(02、