建立慢性阻塞性肺疾病动物模型方法的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种重要的慢性呼吸系统疾病,主要包括慢性支气管炎和肺气肿,患病人数多,病死率高,由于其缓慢进行性发展,严重影响患者的劳动能力和生活质量.为此,国内外许多学者近年来对COPD的发病机制进行了大量的研究工作,但是到目前为止,COPD的研究进展仍然十分缓慢,其主要原因是COPD病因太多,发病机制复杂.本文旨在将国内外有关COPD的实验动物模型进行一次总结,并对各种模型的优缺点给予客观的评价.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病啮齿类动物模型与评估方法的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)是以持续性气流受限为特征的常见呼吸系统疾病,其较高的发病率和死亡率给患者和社会带来了沉重负担。为了复制人类COPD的病理,深入探讨COPD的发病机制、药物开发等,近年来动物模型的研究得到越来越多的重视。本文详细综述了近年来常用复合方法造模的优缺点以及评价模型的方法,为COPD的研究奠定基础。     

COPD评估测试与BODE指数的相关研究

目的：探讨COPD评估测试（COPD Assessment Test,CAT）中文版在我国慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者生活质量评价中的价值,并探讨其与BORD指数相关性。方法：选择2010年6月至2012年6月在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科就诊的89例COPD患者,在急性期和稳定期分别进行CAT评分及BORD指数评分。将结果进行配对t检验,评价CAT量表对COPD患者病情变化的敏感性,再进行相关性检验,评价其有效性。结果：配对t检验显示CAT评分在稳定期较急性期有明显改善（P〈0.01）,与临床症状、肺功能、呼吸困难指数改善一致,CAT评分分值与BORD指数相关性较好（r=0.541,P〈0.000）。结论：CAT评分是评价我国COPD患者生活质量有效、敏感、可行的方法。     

弓形虫感染实验动物模型的特点及建模方案的选择

弓形虫感染对人类生活和畜牧业发展构成严重威胁。弓形虫感染实验动物模型是进行弓形虫学相关研究的基础条件之一。在实际研究工作中,根据不同的实验目的、选取不同的实验动物和以不同的实验方法所建立的实验动物模型,呈现出复杂和多变的特点。这一方面可以满足不同实验的需要,但同时也在实验结果的评价上导致一定程度的不足。根据弓形虫感染实验动物模型的不同特点,针对特定的实验目的,选择适合方法建立适合的实验动物模型,是进行相关弓形虫学研究的有效基础和前提。     

诱发支气管哮喘动物模型气道重塑特征的方法和评价

气道重塑是慢性哮喘最复杂的病理基础之一,建立具有气道重塑特征的支气管哮喘动物模型对评价药效及阐明病理机制的研究具有重要的意义.通过对相关动物模型进行分析比较,总结可行的支气管哮喘气道重塑动物模型构建方法.     

卵巢癌动物模型制备的研究进展

卵巢癌是导致女性癌症死亡的第五大原因,其中75%的卵巢癌患者检出时即为晚期。目前该病缺乏有效的早期筛查手段,同时临床治疗效果较差,已经成为严重威胁妇女健康的重大疾病。借助卵巢癌动物模型开展相关研究工作,是阐明其发病机制或者筛选有效的诊断、治疗措施的重要手段。目前,按照制备方法分类,该疾病模型主要分为有自发型、诱发型、移植型、基因干预型等四类造模方法。该模型所选择的动物主要有小鼠、大鼠、鸡、东方田鼠、长爪沙鼠等。本文结合近年来的文献报道,综述了卵巢癌动物模型制备方法,并介绍了各种方法制备的动物模型的评价标准及主要特点。     

COPD评估测试与BODE 指数的相关研究

目的：探讨COPD 评估测试（COPD Assessment Test, CAT）中文版在我国慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者生活质量评价中的价值,并 探讨其与BORD 指数相关性。方法：选择2010 年6 月至2012 年6 月在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科就诊的 89 例COPD 患者,在急性期和稳定期分别进行CAT 评分及BORD 指数评分。将结果进行配对t 检验,评价CAT 量表对COPD 患者病情变化的敏感性,再进行相关性检验,评价其有效性。结果：配对t 检验显示CAT 评分在稳定期较急性期有明显改善（P<0. 01）,与临床症状、肺功能、呼吸困难指数改善一致,CAT 评分分值与BORD指数相关性较好（r=0.541,P < 0.000）。结论：CAT 评分 是评价我国COPD患者生活质量有效、敏感、可行的方法。     

胃溃疡中医证候动物模型研究进展

胃溃疡是一种常见的消化系统疾病,中医药治疗该病效果显著,但其治疗机制至今尚未明确。建立一套科学客观的胃溃疡中医证候动物模型及模型评价体系,对促进中医药在此领域的发展以及进一步的研究具有重大意义。笔者对近10年中医药治疗胃溃疡相关文献进行整理,总结和分析了胃溃疡中医证候动物模型的制作与评价方法,对肝胃不和证、脾胃湿热证、胃络瘀阻证、脾胃虚寒证、胃阴不足证、肝郁脾虚证等动物模型的制作方法进行总结,发现目前的胃溃疡动物模型存在中医辨证分型不够统一、造模思路与证型局限、造模方法标准不一、模型病证结合不紧密、模型评价体系不规范等问题,并提出模型改进意见,以期为此领域的研究提供参考。     

阿尔茨海默病实验动物模型评述

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是一种病因未明且与年龄相关的不可逆性神经退行性疾病临床表现以认知和记忆功能丧失为主。目前,对于该病的发病机制及药物治疗效用的探索已成为现代脑科学研究的热点之一,但是其复杂的发生机制和病理学变化对实验动物模型的选择提出了重大挑战。本文就常用实验动物种类的特点、多种动物模型的甄选和模型构建方法进行了详细的评述。AD常用动物模型可分为自然动物模型、物理干预模型、化学干预模型、基因干预动物模型,以及其他类型。本文对这些模型构建方法、病理变化情况和适用实验类型进行总结和评述,希望能为研究者选用和建立实验动物模型提供参考。     

基于物理方法的皮肤创伤动物模型构建及评价指标研究进展

皮肤创伤已成为全球性公共问题,尤其是慢性伤口的难愈合严重影响了患者的健康生活。目前,物理方法构建皮肤创伤动物模型是研究皮肤创面的主要方法,而不同的皮肤创伤动物模型其生物学特点不同。因此,本文通过检索Pubmed、中国知网近5年与皮肤创伤动物模型构建的相关资料,以小鼠、大鼠、其他动物的皮肤创伤模型进行分类,总结并分析了基于物理方法的皮肤创伤动物模型的构建方法及评价指标,并评价不同动物模型的优缺点,旨在对皮肤创伤动物模型的合理构建及药物的研究开发提供思路。     

Pathogenic role of matrix metalloproteases and their inhibitors in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and therapeutic relevance of matrix metalloproteases inhibitors.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are an at least 23 member family of calcium and zinc dependent enzymes implicated in many physiological and pathological processes. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema are diseases associated with an inflammation of the airways and lung parenchyma. In this review, we focus on the role played by MMPs in the pathogenesis of inflammation, airway remodelling and alveolar destruction, depicting the observational studies in humans and the experimental studies in animal models. During the course of asthma, MMP-2,-8,-9 and TIMP-1 are expressed at baseline and the allergen exposure or exacerbations of the disease lead to an increase of MMP-9 secretion being at this time much higher than that of TIMP-1, allowing temporarily a matrix damage, possibly followed by abnormal repair. Animal models suggest a predominant role for MMP-9 and MMP-12 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation and link an absence of MMP-2 to an increased parenchymal inflammation. In COPD and emphysema, human studies indicate an over-secretion of MMP-2,-8,-9 and animal models pointout MMP-1 and MMP-12 as being key players in the pathogenesis of emphysema. Taken together, these data identify specific MMP inhibition as appropriate target for therapeutic intervention in asthma or COPD/emphysema They also strongly argue against the widespread use of large spectrum non specific inhibitors that could be detrimental.     

4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal induces chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-like histopathologic changes in mice

The α,β-unsaturated aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is an endogenous product of oxidative stress that is found at increased levels in the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and animal models of this lung disorder. In the present study, levels of 4-HNE adducts were increased in two different mouse models of COPD. Challenging lungs with 4-HNE enlarged the airspace and induced goblet cell metaplasia of the airways in mice, two characteristics of COPD. 4-HNE induced the accumulation of inflammatory cells expressing high levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Our results indicate that 4-HNE production during oxidative stress is a key pathway in the pathogenesis of COPD.     

Animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The mechanisms involved in the genesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are poorly defined. This area is complicated and difficult to model because COPD consists of four separate anatomic lesions (emphysema, small airway remodeling, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic bronchitis) and a functional lesion, acute exacerbation; moreover, the disease in humans develops over decades. This review discusses the various animal models that have been used to attempt to recreate human COPD and the advantages and disadvantages of each. None of the models reproduces the exact changes seen in humans, but cigarette smoke-induced disease appears to come the closest, and genetically modified animals also, in some instances, shed light on processes that appear to play a role.     

阿尔茨海默病转基因小鼠的特点和应用

建立动物模型的目的是在实验动物身上复制人类疾病的模型,用于研究人类疾病的病因、发病、病理变化以及疾病的预防和治疗。目前尚无理想的阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）动物模型,AD实验动物模型的滞后在很大程度上制约了AD治疗药物的筛选。随着AD病因和发病机制研究的不断深入,更完善的AD动物模型也在陆续出现。近年来出现的转基因动物模型属于AD的病因模型,但也不能完整复制出AD的所有特征。最大的缺憾在于缺乏神经原纤维缠结（neurofibrillary tangles,NFTs）和在某些转基因模型中（尤其是单转基因模型）无广泛的神经元丢失。虽然用免疫组化方法检测到tau蛋白,但从未发现成对螺旋纤丝（paired helical filaments,PHF）。     

First Siena International Conference on Animal Models of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Certosa di Pontignano, University of Siena, Italy, September 30-October 2, 2001

The meeting proved of great interest to those developing an animal model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is caused by cigarette smoking, evidenced by deterioration in lung function. Lung function is only rarely assessed in animal models. A cigarette smoke driven pathology should provide the best in vivo model for COPD. However, as lesions produced this way take 8–12 months to develop other strategies have to be employed. Emphysematous lesions were also achieved by treatment with elastase, lipopolysaccharide, ozone and other inducers. Several studies described treatments that have shown activity in these models. Transgenic models were discussed, as was the importance of species and strain selection.     

Mouse models for the study of Crohn's disease

Crohn's Disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract and can cause significant morbidity. A variety of animal models of both acute and chronic intestinal inflammation have been developed to investigate disease pathogenesis and novel treatment modalities. These include chemically induced, genetically manipulated and immune-mediated models of gut inflammation, each of which possesses similarities to human IBD and offers unique advantages for studying specific aspects of disease pathogenesis. However, the majority of these models are characterized by colitis and, unlike human CD, do not involve the small intestine. More recently, murine models of chronic ileal inflammation have been characterized that spontaneously develop and closely resemble human CD with regard to disease location, histologic features and clinical response to therapy. Two mouse models of experimental ileitis will be discussed in this review: the TNF DeltaARE and SAMP1/YitFc strains. Studies using these new models might provide important insight into the pathogenesis of human CD and test the efficacy of potential therapies to treat this devastating disease.     

多囊卵巢综合征动物模型与中医药干预研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是涉及多系统的生殖、代谢障碍疾病,临床表现有高雄激素血症、排卵障碍、高胰岛素血症和高LH血症以及肥胖、不孕等,卵巢呈多囊样改变。因其病因病理复杂,生化改变、临床表现多样,为临床研究带来一定困难。因此,利用动物模型进行相关研究显得尤为必要。近年来所采用的PCOS动物模型造模方法主要有雄激素造模法、胰岛素联合人绒毛膜促性腺激素造模法、雌激素造模法、孕激素联合人绒毛膜促性腺激素造模法和芳香化酶抑制剂造模法等。本文对上述造模方法及相关研究进展进行了综述,并探讨了中药、针灸对模型动物的干预作用。     

免疫性血小板减少性紫癜动物模型建立方法与应用评价

免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(immune thrombocytopenic purpura,ITP)是血液系统自身免疫性疾病,临床以皮肤、黏膜自发性出血为主要症状。鉴于ITP发病机理目前尚不清晰,因此,探讨人类ITP发病相近或相似的动物模型有助于对ITP发病机制的认识与治疗效果的评估。但就目前状况分析,被动型与主动型的ITP造模方法虽对研究ITP发病机制与药理学研究提供了研究工具,但也存在一些尚待解决的实际问题。因此,系统回顾ITP动物模型复制方法,并给予适当评价,有助于发现、应用并完善现有的动物模型,也能更好的探索新的ITP动物模型来研究发病过程与药物治疗的效应机制。     

The value of primate models for studying human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis

Abstract: Research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is compromised by the obvious limitation in having for study only virus-infected individuals or those exposed to the virus. Steps involved in transmission or pathogenesis require planned experimentation. The identification of animal models of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has therefore been helpful for evaluating phases of HIV pathogenesis. Of the seven subgenera of lentiviruses now recognized, two share the characteristics with HIV of a T cell tropism and the associated loss of CD4+ cells in the host associated with disease: the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (Table 1). The other animal lentiviruses grow best in macrophages and their infection generally reflects clinical sequellae of infection of this cell type. This review addresses those features of SIV, HIV, and SHIV infections of non-human primates that illustrate the importance of the animal models of AIDS.