转反义trxs基因小麦籽粒后熟过程中水解酶活性的变化

以小麦品种'生抗1号'(对照)及其转反义trxs基因纯合株系为材料,测定了它们在种子后熟过程中硫氧还蛋白h(Trxh)、淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性以及呼吸速率等生理指标,以探讨转反义trxs基因小麦籽粒在后熟过程中的生理生化变化规律,为提高小麦耐储性探索有效途径.结果显示,在小麦后熟过程中,转基因小麦籽粒的Trxh活性、淀粉酶活性、蛋白水解酶活性和种子呼吸速率均比对照明显下降;后熟0～30 d,转基因小麦种子的Trxh活性、α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、脱支淀粉酶、蛋白酶活性和种子呼吸速率平均比对照分别降低16.07%、31.64%、6.44%、21.63%、27.67%和52.90%.研究表明,反义trxs基因导入干扰或部分抑制了小麦内源同源基因的表达,致使小麦种子Trxh活性、呼吸速率和水解酶活性降低,从而延缓了籽粒储藏物质的转化速率,提高了小麦种子的耐贮藏性.     

转反义trxs基因对小麦种子萌发过程中淀粉水解酶的影响

检测转反义trxs基因小麦种子萌发过程中胚乳内α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和支链淀粉酶活性变化的结果表明,在种子萌发4d内,转基因小麦3种酶的活性态酶活性均低于野生型小麦,而3种酶的抑制态酶活性则均高于野生型小麦,转基因小麦淀粉酶的抑制程度高于野生型小麦,这可能是转基因小麦酶活性降低的原因之一。     

转trxS基因大麦发芽种子水解酶活性的变化

利用转基因技术是改良大麦品种品质的有效途径.研究了转trxS基因对大麦种子发芽过程中水解酶活性的影响,结果表明转基因种子中α-淀粉酶、自由态β-淀粉酶和极限糊精酶的活性比未转基因种子高;转基因种子醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白中巯基的含量提高,说明该基因能够表达,为大麦育种和品质改良提供新的途径.     

Sh-2超甜玉米乳熟期籽粒大小糖分积累酶活性变化及其相关性分析

试验研究了夏季两个不同播期的sh-2超甜玉米乳熟期籽粒大小、糖分积累、酶活性的变化及其相关性．结果表明,由于籽粒乳熟后期脱水,籽粒长度、宽度、厚度、体积和可溶性总糖、果糖含量呈中间高,两头低的抛物线型;籽粒淀粉酶、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性变化也均呈抛物线型;曲线符合方程=a bx cx2(y为籽粒大小、糖含量、酶活性,x为授粉后天数,a,b,c为参数)．相关分析表明,在播期一,α-淀粉酶、β- 淀粉酶、POD、SOD活性与籽粒长度、宽度、厚度、体积和可溶性总糖、果糖含量均无显著相关;在播期二,α-淀粉酶活性与籽粒长度、宽度、体积和可溶性总糖、果糖含量,SOD活性与籽粒长度、体积存在显著负相关．     

唐古特莨菪根水提取液对小麦淀粉酶的影响

高浓度的莨菪根水提取液对小麦种子的萌发,幼苗生长和α-淀粉酶活性具有明显的抑制作用。浓度降低或萌发时间延长,不再表现出明显的抑制作用。低浓度的提取液对小麦的根、生物量及α-淀粉酶活性具有促进作用。并探讨了莨菪根水提取液影响小麦α-淀粉酶活性的机理。     

“pH对α-淀粉酶活性影响”之实验设计优化

以α-淀粉酶为研究对象,通过寻找合适的p H条件,以及调整酶与底物用量、反应温度来优化"p H对α-淀粉酶活性影响"的实验设计。优化后的实验方案为:3%可溶性淀粉与0.1%α-淀粉酶各1 m L,25℃下反应5 min;p H值分别为1、2、3的HCl溶液和p H值为12的Na OH溶液可分别作为影响α-淀粉酶活性的酸、碱性条件。     

蛋白酶对解淀粉芽孢杆菌α－淀粉酶活力的影响

目前工业生产α－淀粉酶的主要菌种是解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓａｍｙｌｏｌｉｑｕｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ）,该菌在培养条件下不但产生α－淀粉酶,同时也产生一定比例的蛋白酶。本文研究了不同来源的蛋白酶对解淀粉芽孢杆菌ＢＦ７６５８和８６３１５α－淀粉酶活性的影响,结果发现中性蛋白酶对两种α－淀粉酶活性无显著影响,而２７０９碱性蛋白酶能使α－淀粉酶活性丧失６０％以上。     

聚乙烯醇与聚丙烯酸对中温α-淀粉酶的影响

研究了聚乙烯醇（ PVA）和聚丙烯酸（ PAA）对α-淀粉酶活性的影响,并采用荧光光谱法和圆二色谱法分析了PVA和PAA对α-淀粉酶内源性荧光和二级结构的影响。结果表明,PVA和PAA均能使α-淀粉酶的活性降低,并能改变α-淀粉酶的内源性荧光和二级结构,且PVA和PAA的浓度越高,α-淀粉酶活性降低越大,酶的内源性荧光和二级结构的变化也越大。     

蛋白酶对解淀粉芽孢杆菌α—淀粉酶活力的影响

目前工业生产α－淀粉酶的主要菌种是解淀粉芽孢杆菌,该菌在培养条件下不但产生α－淀粉酶,同时也产生一定比例的蛋白酶。本文研究了不同来源的蛋白酶对解淀粉芽孢杆菌ＢＦ７６５８和８６３１５α－淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明发现中性蛋白酶对两种α－淀粉酶活性无显著影响,而２７０９碱性蛋白酶能使α－淀粉酶活性丧失６０％以上。     

来源于Pyrococcus furiosus的耐高温α-淀粉酶基因在衣藻叶绿体中的表达

来源于Pyrococcusfuriosus的耐高温α-淀粉酶是一种重要的酒精工业用酶,在植物中表达耐高温α-淀粉酶可以大大降低用植物秸秆生产酒精的成本。选择衣藻叶绿体基因组同源片段clpP-trnL-petB-chlL-rpl23-rpl2和壮观霉素抗性基因,构建了来源于Pyrococcusfuriosus的耐高温α-淀粉酶基因的衣藻叶绿体表达载体p64A。通过基因枪将其导入衣藻叶绿体中,经壮观霉素抗性(100mg/L)筛选,获得了9个抗性衣藻转化子。转化子经过抗性继代筛选后,经PCR、Southernblot检测分析及暗培养,证实耐高温α-淀粉酶基因已整合到衣藻叶绿体基因组中并得到表达。酶活性检测表明,转基因衣藻表达产物具有耐高温α-淀粉酶活性,每克鲜重衣藻最高达77.5u。实验结果证明在植物叶绿体中表达工业酶制剂是可行的。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.