新疆风力发电减碳效益全生命周期评估

风力发电减碳效益评估有助于从减碳角度更好制定能源发展相关政策。以风力资源总体丰富且亟需发展风力发电以实现能源系统脱碳的新疆为研究区,将生命周期方法与风力发电模型结合,在省、市级尺度分别评估了风力发电全生命周期的排放水平及发电效益,核算了风力发电相对于火力发电和光伏发电的减碳效益,有效弥补了传统生命周期评估中空间差异考虑不充分的问题。结果表明,风机全生命周期平均发电量为13.1×10⁷ kWh,风力发电全生命周期共排放3944.24 tCO₂-eq,通过材料处置回收和循环再利用可减少1424.79 tCO₂-eq。新疆发展风力发电具有低排放强度和高减碳效益的特点,与火电相比可减少97.44%排放,减碳效益平均可达906.72 gCO₂-eq/kWh,并且应优先布局在哈密、巴音郭楞蒙古自治州和北屯市;与光伏相比,减碳效益可分别达到43.85 gCO₂-eq/kWh(衰减率DR=1%)和169.84 gCO₂-eq/kWh(DR=3%),此情景下风电应主要部署在克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州、喀什和和田。在风电减碳效益较差地区如石河子市、铁门关市和双河市应考虑利用本地充足太阳能资源发展光伏发电。需注意风电的排放强度和减碳效益在局地小尺度评估中存在不确定性,获取更精细的结果仍需进一步评估。未来应大力发展新疆本地的风电产业,打造绿色供应链和加快发展处置回收技术以增加减碳效益。     

东北地区耕地利用碳排放核算及驱动因素

随着我国社会经济的不断发展,耕地资源开发利用的广度和深度不断扩展,耕地的生产效率和生产规模逐步提高。与此同时,耕地管理活动中由农用品投入、能源消耗等产生的碳排放量也飞速增长。本研究以东北地区耕地利用碳排放为研究对象,采用生命周期法构建碳排放核算框架体系;基于东北地区1979—2015年碳排放量的估算结果,采用对数平均迪氏指数模型构建影响农业碳排放的驱动因素体系,深入探讨东北地区耕地碳排放的影响机制。结果表明: 与1979年相比,2015年耕地利用碳排放总量增长了21.9%,碳排放强度则降低了1.54 t·hm^-2。土壤管理和农用品投入碳排放是耕地利用碳排放的主要排放源,占排放总量的83.6%。土地生产率、科技资金配置率的提高,会增加耕地利用碳排放;投入产出比、人均耕地面积、科技投入强度降低,则会减少耕地利用碳排放。     

从湿地到农田:围垦对生态系统碳排放的影响

湿地围垦转化为农田直接影响碳循环过程,但之前的众多研究忽略了相关人为活动如农资生产、农用器械使用等所产生的碳排放.为了更全面认识湿地围垦为农田所导致的这种变化,以崇明岛为研究地区,基于通量观测和生命周期评价,本文分别探讨当考虑和不考虑人为活动伴随的碳排放时,生态系统总碳排放的变化.结果表明: 如果只考虑生态系统与大气间的碳通量,农田仍表现为碳汇,但与自然湿地相比,其碳排放增加了10.47 t (CO₂-eq)·hm^-2;当将农业生产中人为活动碳排放纳入计算后,崇明岛自然湿地和围垦农田的碳排放总量分别为-15.38和6.54 t (CO₂-eq)·hm^-2,碳排放增加了21.92 t (CO₂-eq)·hm^-2,其中,人为活动碳排放为11.45 t (CO₂-eq)·hm^-2;田间种植和农资生产的碳排放共占农田生命周期碳排放总量的84.6%,化肥的生产施用是农田生命周期碳排放的主要来源之一.围垦使生态系统乃至区域尺度的碳源汇属性发生变化,需重新评估其影响;同时,为了达到低碳农业的目的,需减少化肥施用、提高化肥使用效率.     

杭州市公交车油改电项目碳排放效益核算

以减少碳排放为核心的应对气候变化行动已成为全球趋势,中国政府积极践行减少碳排放的国际承诺,出台多项鼓励新能源的政策措施,其中包括对新能源产业的补偿以及将燃油汽车改装为电动汽车。但是这些政策的实施效果并不太清楚。举例来说,煤电为主的供电类型极大削弱了碳减排的效果,充电桩等配套基础设施建设和旧车报废等过程还会产生额外碳排放,不同城市之间的这些情况差别也较大。因此,城市层面生命周期尺度上的电动车碳减排效果尚未明确。基于生命周期理论,以杭州市为例,在构建公交车生命周期模型下分别核算纯电动和柴油车生命周期碳排放量,并在基准情景、低碳情景和强化低碳情景下进行公交车油改电碳排模拟。研究结果表明:(1)杭州市单辆纯电动和柴油公交车生命周期CO2排放量分别为1103.237t和1401.319t,减排比例达21.27%。其中,电力生产约占纯电动车生命周期碳排量74.10%,柴油生产与消耗约占柴油车生命周期碳排量86.96%;(2)目前杭州市在营运的2312辆纯电动公交车生命周期内(13年)碳减排总量约达到68.917万t,年均5.301万t;(3)在油改电过程中,纯电动公交车需运行约3.5年后才能相对柴油公交车真正起到碳减排效果;(4)在不同新煤电技术及能源结构优化下,2020、2035和2050年杭州市公交车油改电项目每辆车碳减排量将达到354.071—884.339t,年均27.236—68.026t,减排比例25.27%—63.11%,且2050年强化情景下纯公交车生命周期碳排量仅为当前纯电动公交车和柴油公交车的46.86%和36.89%,潜在碳减排效益显著。     

环境足迹的核算与整合框架——基于生命周期评价的视角

环境足迹及其与生命周期评价(LCA)的关系是工业生态学关注的新热点。从探讨环境足迹与LCA的关系入手,以碳足迹、水足迹、土地足迹和材料足迹为例,分别对每一项足迹指标两个版本的核算方法进行了比较。根据清单加和过程的特点,将所有足迹指标划分为基于权重因子和基于特征因子两类,总结了两者的适用性和局限性。在此基础上提出了一个环境足迹核算与整合的统一框架。该框架基于LCA视角建立,但对系统边界和清单数据的要求相对灵活,因而也适用于生命周期不甚明确的情形。研究在一定程度上揭示了足迹指标的方法学实质,同时也为环境影响综合评估提供了一条规范化的途径。     

基于在线供应链调查的产品生命周期评价

产品生命周期评价(LCA)中的供应链数据收集非常困难而且效率低下,因而在产品LCA研究中常常近似处理、甚至忽略供应链实际生产过程,严重影响了LCA的数据质量与可信度。开发专门的供应链数据收集工具是解决这一问题的有效途径。介绍了可进行在线供应链调查、建模与计算分析的LCA系统e Footprint,基于该系统提出了在线的LCA工作方法,通过长虹美菱冰箱的应用案例验证了系统与方法的可行性,为提高产品LCA的效率和质量提供了新的解决方案。     

基于碳排放核算的中国区域旅游业生态效率测度及比较研究

旅游业作为国民经济发展的战略性支柱产业在区域发展中具有重要作用。借鉴生态效率的基本思想,考虑区域能源消费结构差异,使用自下而上的方法将旅游交通、旅游住宿与游憩活动碳排放进行加总估算出2000—2013年中国旅游业碳排放量;接着运用单一比值法计算出2000—2013年中国及各地区旅游业生态效率值,利用变异系数、莫兰指数对测度结果进行分析并与可持续发展生态效率值进行比较。研究结果表明:(1)2000—2013年,中国旅游业碳排放量不断增加,从2000年的1202.71万t增加到2013年的4151.57万t。旅游业部门之间碳排放量差异较大,尤其是旅游交通部门占到旅游业碳排放量的90%左右;(2)得益于2000—2013年旅游业发展的促进政策,中国及各地区旅游业生态效率总体上呈现不断改善的趋势,中国旅游业生态效率由2000年0.1193 kgCO_2-e/$下降到0.0309 kgCO_2-e/$。(3)时间维度上,中国旅游业生态效率的区域不平衡问题仍然存在,相比于2000年旅游业生态效率变异系数0.7114,2013年的变异系数反而增加到0.7483;空间维度上,各地区旅游业生态效率聚集模式发生了明显变化,莫兰指数由0.3036减少到0.0278。(4)通过将测度结果进行比较,中国旅游业自2000年开始进入可持续发展阶段,中国旅游业的整体可持续水平要优于其他产业,各地区的旅游业在2010年全部进入可持续发展状态。最后,对结果进行了讨论并提出旅游业生态效率的优化应从旅游收入增加与旅游业减排两方面进行。     

农业生命周期评价研究进展

作为评价产品系统全链条环境影响的有效工具,生命周期评价（LCA）方法已广泛用于工业领域。农业领域也面临着高强度的资源和环境压力,LCA在农业领域的应用应运而生。旨在综述已有农业LCA研究的基础上,鉴别农业LCA应用存在的问题,并为农业LCA未来的发展提出建议。目前农业LCA存在系统边界和功能单位界定不明晰、缺少区域清单数据库、生命周期环境影响评价模型（LCIA）不能准确反映农业系统环境影响、结果解释存在误区等方面的问题。为了科学准确地衡量农业系统的环境影响,促进农业系统的可持续发展,文章认为农业LCA应该从以下几个方面加强研究,即科学界定评价的参照系、系统边界的扩大及功能单位的合理选取、区域异质性数据库构建与LCIA模型开发、基于组织农业LCA的开发以及对于利益相关者行为的研究。     

基于生命周期方法的城市绿地生态环境负面影响评估

城市绿地在施工建设以及后续的管理养护工作中所产生的生态环境负面影响往往被人们忽视。本研究以天津市城市绿地为对象,通过实地调研收集数据,采用生命周期评价方法,分析比较了城市绿地乔木层、灌木层以及草本层在建设阶段和管养阶段各环节的生命周期环境影响。结果表明：在50年生命周期内,单位面积乔木层、灌木层和草本层的环境影响综合指数分别为5.51×10³、8.75×10³和1.60×10³。城市绿地最主要环境影响类型是淡水毒性和土壤毒性,分别占总环境影响的73.12%和26.65%。病虫害防治为城市绿地环境影响的主要贡献环节,贡献率高达99.33%。与农林业相比,城市绿地的管养环境影响指数处于中高水平。因此,城市绿地所造成的生态环境负面影响不可忽视。研究结果可以为城市建设低碳生态型绿地以及科学化管养提供参考依据。     

基于生命周期评价的上海市水稻生产的碳足迹

碳足迹是指由企业、组织或个人引起的碳排放的集合。参照PAS2050规范并结合生命周期评价方法对上海市水稻生产进行了碳足迹评估。结果表明:(1)目前上海市水稻生产的碳排放为11.8114 t CO2e/hm2,折合每吨水稻生产周期的碳足迹为1.2321 t CO2e;(2)稻田温室气体排放是水稻生产最主要的碳排放源,每吨水稻生产的总排放量为0.9507 t CO2e,占水稻生产全部碳排放的77.1%,其中甲烷(CH4)又是最主要的温室气体,对稻田温室气体碳排放的贡献率高达96.6%;(3)化学肥料的施用是第二大碳排放源,每吨水稻生产的总排放量为0.2044 t CO2e,占水稻生产总碳排放的16.5%,其中N最高,排放量为0.1159 t CO2e。因此,上海低碳水稻生产的关键在降低稻田甲烷的排放,另外可通过提高氮肥利用效率,减少氮肥施用等方法减少种植过程中碳排放。     

Site‐specific life cycle assessment of a pilot floating offshore wind farm based on suppliers’ data and geo‐located wind data

Renewable energy systems are essential in coming years to ensure an efficient energy supply while maintaining environmental protection. Despite having low environmental impacts during operation, other phases of the life cycle need to be accounted for. This study presents a geo‐located life cycle assessment of an emerging technology, namely, floating offshore wind farms. It is developed and applied to a pilot project in the Mediterranean Sea. The materials inventory is based on real data from suppliers and coupled to a parameterized model which exploits a geographic information system wind database to estimate electricity production. This multi‐criteria assessment identified the extraction and transformation of materials as the main contributor to environmental impacts such as climate change (70% of the total 22.3 g CO₂ eq/kWh), water use (73% of 6.7 L/kWh), and air quality (76% of 25.2 mg PM2.5/kWh), mainly because of the floater's manufacture. The results corroborate the low environmental impact of this emerging technology compared to other energy sources. The electricity production estimates, based on geo‐located wind data, were found to be a critical component of the model that affects environmental performance. Sensitivity analyses highlighted the importance of the project's lifetime, which was the main parameter responsible for variations in the analyzed categories. Background uncertainties should be analyzed but may be reduced by focusing data collection on significant contributors. Geo‐located modeling proved to be an effective technique to account for geographical variability of renewable energy technologies and contribute to decision‐making processes leading to their development.     

Approaches for inclusion of forest carbon cycle in life cycle assessment – a review

Forests are a significant pool of terrestrial carbon. A key feature related to forest biomass harvesting and use is the typical time difference between carbon release into and sequestration from the atmosphere. Traditionally, the use of sustainably grown biomass has been considered as carbon neutral in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. However, various approaches to account for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and sinks of forest biomass acquisition and use have also been developed and applied, resulting in different conclusions on climate impacts of forest products. The aim of this study is to summarize, clarify, and assess the suitability of these approaches for LCA. A literature review is carried out, and the results are analyzed through an assessment framework. The different approaches are reviewed through their approach to the definition of reference land‐use situation, consideration of time frame and timing of carbon emissions and sequestration, substitution credits, and indicators applied to measure climate impacts. On the basis of the review, it is concluded that, to account for GHG emissions and the related climate impacts objectively, biomass carbon stored in the products and the timing of sinks and emissions should be taken into account in LCA. The reference situation for forest land use has to be defined appropriately, describing the development in the absence of the studied system. We suggest the use of some climate impact indicator that takes the timing of the emissions and sinks into consideration and enables the use of different time frames. If substitution credits are considered, they need to be transparently presented in the results. Instead of carbon stock values taken from the literature, the use of dynamic forest models is recommended.     

Material life cycle assessment in china

From the very beginning, the research of Material Life Cycle Assessment (MLCA) has been an important part of the ecomaterials research in China, and large numbers of researchers have been focusing their efforts on it. From 1998, and supported by the National High-tech Program-863 Projects, the study of some typical materials has been put into practice. Thus far, the first phase of the project has been finished smoothly. The practical MLCA methods have been developed, and the manufacturing technologies and processes of the steel and iron, aluminum, cement, ceramic, polymer and construction coatings have been assessed. The relevant assessment software has been developed. Reference systems are being set up for evaluation by studying typical materials. In this paper, the main achievements are reviewed. Some other developments of MLCA in China are also introduced.     

基于混合生命周期评价的生活垃圾处理系统生态效率分析

基于混合生命周期评价(Hybrid life cycle assessment,HLCA)提出一种改进生态效率模型,系统评价卫生填埋、卫生填埋⁃填埋气利用、焚烧发电、堆肥+卫生填埋和堆肥+焚烧发电5种我国典型生活垃圾处理情景的生态效率,并探究可持续性包含的环境、经济和社会多维权衡关系。结果表明,具有最大生态效率的生活垃圾处理情景因可持续性维度选取不同而异,如考虑人体健康损害影响,焚烧发电情景具有最大经济生态效率,而卫生填埋⁃填埋气利用情景具有最大社会生态效率。生活垃圾处理系统的可持续性评价维度之间具有显著的权衡关系,忽略某些影响类型可能带来问题转移。5种生活垃圾处理情景的环境影响各异,非焚烧情景气候变化影响和焚烧情景人体毒性影响突出。机器设备和燃料使用对资源消耗影响贡献最大,而生活垃圾处理过程对经济效益和其他环境影响贡献最大。本文提出的改进生态效率模型可以定量评价生活垃圾管理系统生态效率及权衡关系,为有效制定生活垃圾管理政策提供全面的信息支持。     

Raw material criticality assessment as a complement to environmental life cycle assessment: Examining methods for product‐level supply risk assessment

The diversity of raw materials used in modern products, compounded by the risk of supply disruptions—due to uneven geological distribution of resources, along with socioeconomic factors like production concentration and political (in)stability of raw material producing countries—has drawn attention to the subject of raw material “criticality.” In this article, we review the state of the art regarding the integration of criticality assessment, herein termed “product‐level supply risk assessment,” as a complement to environmental life cycle assessment. We describe and compare three methods explicitly developed for this purpose—Geopolitical Supply Risk (GeoPolRisk), Economic Scarcity Potential (ESP), and the Integrated Method to Assess Resource Efficiency (ESSENZ)—based on a set of criteria including considerations of data sources, uncertainties, and other contentious methodological aspects. We test the methods on a case study of a European‐manufactured electric vehicle, and conclude with guidance for appropriate application and interpretation, along with opportunities for further methodological development. Although the GeoPolRisk, ESP, and ESSENZ methods have several limitations, they can be useful for preliminary assessments of the potential impacts of raw material supply risks on a product system (i.e., “outside‐in” impacts) alongside the impacts of a product system on the environment (i.e., “inside‐out” impacts). Care is needed to not overlook critical raw materials used in small amounts but nonetheless important to product functionality. Further methodological development could address regional and firm‐level supply risks, multiple supply‐chain stages, and material recycling, while improving coverage of supply risk characterization factors.