白头叶猴食谱与觅食时间分配的研究

白头叶猴生活在喀斯特石山环境 ,以树叶为食。对其进行跟踪观察表明白头叶猴有食物 42种 ,其中乔木占 42 .8% ,灌木占 2 6.1 % ,藤本占 2 1 .5% ,草本占 9.6% ,食物组成中树叶占63%— 95% ,果实占 5%— 35% ,花占 0— 6%。白头叶猴有两种觅食方式 ,每天猴群有觅食高峰 2次。白头叶猴觅食的持续时间占日活动时间分配的比例在一年中有季节性变化 ,表现为夏天低冬天高 ,分别为 1 0 .0 3% (6月份 )— 2 3.2 1 % (1 2月份 ) ,这与食物的丰盛状况有关。     

白头叶猴与黑叶猴觅食行为的比较

开展近缘物种觅食行为比较对理解动物的行为可塑性及适应性具有重要意义。白头叶猴(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)和黑叶猴(T.francoisi)是近缘物种,体形大小相近,社会结构和栖息环境相似,是广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区喀斯特季节性雨林中邻域分布的灵长类。为了探索两个物种在喀斯特生境中是否有相似的觅食策略,我们于2012年1—12月采用瞬时扫描取样法对两种叶猴的觅食行为进行研究。结果表明,白头叶猴与黑叶猴在不同时段均为叶食性,树叶是两种叶猴各个时段主要食物,其中白头叶猴日均取食树叶77.0%±4.4%,黑叶猴日均取食68.9%±8.3%,两者对树叶的采食比例均没有显著的日时段差异(白头叶猴:χ²=6.602,df=11,P=0.830;黑叶猴:χ²=11.393,df=11,P=0.411)。两种叶猴的觅食行为都在猴群清晨离开夜宿石洞后和进入过夜山洞前的时段中频繁发生。白头叶猴在09:00—10:59和16:00—17:59出现觅食高峰,时间占比分别为41.7%和46.3%;黑叶猴同样在09:00—10:59...     

白头叶猴栖息地的气候生态环境特征

根据崇左市白头叶猴栖息地（江州区气象站和扶绥县气象站）主要气象要素的观测资料进行调查统计分析,结果表明白头叶猴栖息地的年平均日照时数为1634．3～1714．9h;年平均气温为22．0～22．3℃;年平均最高气温为26．9-27．5℃,年平均最低气温为18．6℃,年极端最高气温为41．2℃,年极端最低气温为-1．9℃,日平均气温≥10℃的年平均活动积温为8033．8-8152．2℃;年平均降雨量为1201．6～1222．2mm;年平均蒸发量为1645．8-1675．3mm;年平均相对湿度为78％-79％;年平均风速为1．1～1．9m／s。     

广西白头叶猴栖息地特征

白头叶猴是我国独有的灵长类物种,其栖息地十分狭小而分散。典型的热带喀斯特峰丛洼地-峰丛谷地地貌组合,特殊的石灰岩季雨林或次生植被和多种石灰土构成的石山景观,与周边的土山景观有明显区别。环境的异质性和不连续性,使之成为边界明显但又互相隔离的同质性斑块,为穴居和过群居生活的白头叶猴提供了至关重要的生存空间。白头叶猴这一适应于热带气候,善攀爬、植食性和穴居习性的物种,选择低峰丛洼地-峰丛谷地作为适宜的栖息地,是在长期进化过程中生态适应的结果。目前,白头叶猴仅分布于几处互相隔离的地块。近几十年来,由于人类活动的强烈干扰,使其栖息地急速缩小和更加分散。只有正确处理人地关系、人与野生动物的关系,禁止石山地区的过度开发,维持这一自然综合体的完整性和保持景观异质性,白头叶猴才有生存的可能和发展的机会。     

白头叶猴栖息环境与栖息地选择的研究

通过样方法和焦点动物法分别对白头叶猴栖息环境进行了观察,并对栖息环境的植物多样性进行了统计分析。结果表明,白头叶猴栖息地可分为山脚、山腰、山顶和山弄平地4部分,各部分优势种植物不同,白头叶猴栖息地的Shannon Venner多样性指数为6.152,均匀度为0.8439,白头叶猴对石山山脚、山腰、山顶和山弄平地的利用率分布为66.45 5.65%,21.15±5.49%,12.78±6.8%。在山脚主要是休息和觅食,在山腰主要是移动,在山顶主要是冬季晒太阳。因此,保护白头叶猴的栖息地对保护白头叶猴有特别重要的意义。     

白头叶猴种群的调查研究

1991年7—10月,作者在广西扶绥县(山弄)癝对白头叶猴种群进行调查。结果表明:生活在(山弄)癝栖息地的白头叶猴为166只,分属28个猴群和3只雄性独猴。最大群有16只,最小群2只,平均每群5.3只。种群密度为每平方公里8只。在已划分年龄组的23个猴群中,成年猴88只,占67.6％,青年猴25只,占20.2％,幼猴20只,占12.2％。     

白头叶猴对夜宿石洞的选择

白头叶猴（ＰｒｅｓｂｙｔｉｓＬｅｕｃｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ）栖息在广西南部的岩溶地形，夜里栖息在石洞里。白头叶猴选择夜宿石洞考虑的因素主要是安全和利于寻找食物等；出洞和入洞行为均在猴王的指挥下完成。     

广西扶绥白头叶猴对栖息地的选择与利用

为了解白头叶猴（Trachypithecus leucocephalus）的栖息地利用规律及其影响因素,2016年2月至2017年1月,采用瞬时扫描取样法对广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区一群白头叶猴的栖息地利用进行了研究。结果表明,白头叶猴对山体不同部位的利用存在显著性差异（χ² =39.467,df=3,P<0.001）,其中,对崖壁（56.75±9.55）%的利用比例最大,其次是对山坡（39.42±10.93）%和山顶（2.98±2.54）%的利用,而对山脚（0.84±1.47）%的利用频率最低。白头叶猴对不同微生境类型的利用存在差异（χ²=27.709,df=3,P<0.001）,其中对乔木（49.37±12.31）%的利用比例最大,其次是裸岩（24.05±13.61）%,随后依次为藤本（15.48±8.01）%和灌木（10.87±5.45）%。白头叶猴主要在山坡上觅食,利用崖壁移动、休息,进行社会活动;主要利用裸岩进行社会活动,觅食、移动、休息主要发生在乔木上。从整体来看,白头叶猴在雨季对乔木的利用频率显著大于旱季（Z=-2.680,n=12,P=0.007）;雨季在山坡觅食频率显著大于旱季（Z=-2.517,n=12,P=0.012）,而在崖壁觅食频率刚好相反（Z=-2.842,n=12,P=0.004）;白头叶猴雨季在乔木休息的频率显著大于旱季（Z=-2.355,n=12,P=0.019）。白头叶猴对栖息地的利用受到温度的影响。白头叶猴对乔木的总体利用频率随着平均温度的升高而增加（r=0.664,n=12,P=0.018）;觅食时,对崖壁、裸岩的利用频率均与平均温度成负相关关系（崖壁：r=-0.685,n=12,P=0.014;裸岩：r=-0.600,n=12,P=0.039）;休息时,对乔木的利用频率与平均温度呈正相关关系（r=0.650,n=12,P=0.022）。不同季节,白头叶猴对栖息地的利用方式不同。白头叶猴的栖息地利用模式可能是在觅食利益和捕食风险之间作出的权衡,并受到环境温度的影响。     

白头叶猴的幸福生活

一个酷暑难耐的夏天。一片郁郁葱葱的山林。一种奇特的喀斯特地貌。一群温顺可爱的白头叶猴。我们去的是广西崇左白头叶猴自然保护区的岜盆保护站,另外一个是板利保护站。由于人类的过度开垦,它们的家园遭到严重破坏,被分割成了一小块一小块、形似无助的孤岛。     

Formation and fate of the corpus luteum in the Dusky leaf monkey (Presbytis obscura)

The formation and fate of the corpus luteum have been described for a previously un researched species of South-east Asian colobine, the Dusky leaf monkey, Presbytis obscura. Histological material from 44 wild female monkeys collected at various stages of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation over a 12-month period was available for study. The corpus luteum of the menstrual cycle was a cystic structure and consisted of a thin rim of luteal tissue surrounding a central cavity filled with a meshwork of fibrin. At the end of the luteal phase the corpus luteum either degenerated into a corpus albicans, or became transformed into a corpus aberrans. Corpora aberrantia have previously only been described in the ovaries of the rhesus monkey, where they may persist for many months. Ultimately the corpus aberrans may also degenerate into a corpus albicans. Small corpora lutea atretica were observed during early pregnancy but there was no evidence of corpora lutea accessoria. Anovulatory cycles were common amongst the females included in this study and may play a role in limiting the growth of troops in their natural environment. Comparisons have been drawn between the findings presented here and those published for other species of catarrhine primate.     

Trapping, care, and laboratory management of the silvered leaf monkey (Presbytis cristatus)

The silvered leaf monkey (Presbytis cristatus) from South Kalimantan ( Borneo ), Indonesia is a natural host for a variety of filarial nematodes including Brugia malayi and Wuchereria kalimantani . Experimental studies show that it is host for W. bancrofti, a filarial nematode causing elephantiasis in man. Presbytis cristatus is a gregarious primate of primary and secondary forests, roaming in troops of 20-30 members. Primarily a fruit and leaf eater under natural conditions, this monkey can adapt to a laboratory diet of commercial monkey chow supplemented with fruits and vegetables. Troops, led by an alpha male, immediately respond to protect their young during stressful or dangerous situations. Infants are born singly and are bright orange. Transition to the adult grey and black coloration begins three to five months after birth. Silvered leaf monkeys can be readily trapped. Initially they are aggressive and will attack but become tractable several days after capture. Reaching upward is an important feeding behavior of the silvered leaf monkey and they will not feed from the floor of the cage. In the laboratory they are nonaggressive and lend themselves to various procedures such as blood drawing and examination. Silvered leaf monkeys travel well in commercial animal transport cages. In the United Stages they are not an endangered species and can be readily imported. In Indonesia they are not protected by law and can be exported.     

The relationship between body and gonadal weights of the dusky leaf monkey (Presbytis obscura)

Data from 25 male and 44 female free-ranging dusky leaf monkeys, Presbytis obscura,are analyzed. In a male the mean total testicular weight, 5.82 g, represents 0.078% of the mean adult body weight, 7.39 kg. The mean total ovarian weight, 0.52 g, represents 0.008% of the mean female adult body weight, 6.47 kg. A moderate degree of sexual dimorphism thus exists in this species, female body weight representing 88% that of the male. No seasonal variation in the adult body weight or total gonadal weight of either sex occurs. Only in males is there a strong positive correlation between left and right gonadal weight, and no correlation exists between the total gonadal weight and the estimated age of either male or female adults. Among adults, only females evince a significant positive correlation between total gonadal weight and body weight. No marked change in total ovarian weight occurs during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or lactation.     

Studies on the chemoprophylaxis of subperiodic Brugia malayi infection in the leaf monkey (Presbytis melalophos) with diethylcarbamazine citrate

The chemoprophylactic use of diethylcarbamazine citrate at total oral doses of 15--180 mg/kg body weight was tested against subperiodic Brugia malayi infection in the leaf monkey (Presbytis melalophos). A total dose of 45 mg/kg body weight given over 9 days killed all developing infective larvae. Similarly, a total dose of 35 mg/kg body weight given over 7 days killed all fourth stage larvae. The minimum effective dose that prevents infection would be 5 mg/kg body weight daily for 7 days every month.     

Sex identification of the phayre's leaf monkey (Presbytis phayrei Blyth, 1847) with the help of facial marks

The Phayre's leaf monkey occurs in India only in Tripura and South Cachar hills. Identification of sex with the help of markings on the face in adult individuals has been suggested in this paper.     

Longitudinal cellular immune responses in asymptomatic and symptomatic Brugia malayi-infected Indian leaf monkey Presbytis entellus

To investigate the cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses of the host during the development of acute filarial disease manifestations, we studied the sequential changes in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets, leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) response to Brugia malayi adult worm antigen, and concanavalin-A (ConA) and filarial antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation (LT) in the Indian leaf monkey (Presbytis entellus)-B. malayi model. Filarial infection was established in monkeys by subcutaneous inoculations of infective larvae (L3) (700-1,250 L3/monkey) in multiple doses, and the infected monkeys were categorized as symptomatic (Sym) and asymptomatic (Asym) depending on whether or not acute clinical manifestations were shown by them. In Sym monkeys, LMI response to homologous adult parasite antigen was significantly suppressed as compared to Asym monkeys. In Asym monkeys, LMI response varied among the animals; 2 showed an increase throughout the study period and 2 showed suppression at different time points. When compared with Asym monkeys, CD8+ T cells in Sym monkeys showed a trend of significant increase after day 180 postinoculation (PI). CD4+ T cells remained within the normal range till day 300 (PI), after which they showed a marginal increase. ConA-stimulated LT was suppressed in Asym monkeys from day 60 PI. Antigen-stimulated LT was unresponsive in both Asym and Sym animals. Thus, the host's LT response to ConA is suppressed in Asym animals, and alteration in CD8+ T-cell number and LMI response in Sym monkeys may be involved in the development of the acute disease manifestations in this model.     

A behavior repertoire for the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus)

This behavior repertoire for the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) is based on observations of free-ranging langurs in north and central India and on an ongoing study of social behavior in colony-living langur monkeys. The purposes of this repertoire are: (1) to allow the investigator to record all social behavior observed, (2) to allow comparison with the results of other observations, and (3) to draw a baseline picture of behavior against which the effects of experimental manipulations may be measured. The behavior units of this repertoire are organized into the categories of general behaviors, infant caretaking, sexual, play, vocalization, agonistic, and grooming. Each unit is defined and examples are given of the contexts in which behaviors are most often used. The repertoire, as designed, is appropriate for use with a focal animal sampling method.     

The diet and feeding behavior of the silver leaf monkey (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus) in Indonesia

I describe the diet and feeding behavior of silver leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus) in the Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia, and compare a group living in old secondary rain forest with a group living in mixed plantation/secondary forest to determine intraspecific variation in feeding behavior and the importance of the plantation species in the diet of the monkeys. Young leaves and leaf buds made up slightly less than half of their diets, with both groups showing a preference for a few species when seasonally available. Fruits and flowers of a few species were also preferentially selected when available. These included sweet, fleshy fruits, which most other colobines tend to avoid. Young leaf intake was greatest in months when fruit intake was low. Mature leaves were rarely eaten. Both groups spent approximately 20% of feeding time foraging on Moraceae species. Differences in the diet of the two groups were related largely to differences in vegetational composition and the availability and abundance of food items for the species common to both sites. Teak (Tectona grandis) was the top food species of the group living in mixed plantation/secondary forest, with the midribs of young leaves preferentially selected. Young leaves ofT. grandis, available throughout the study, provided a staple food and were eaten when preferred foods were scarce. More favored food items were available to the group living in old secondary forest, though none was a staple food.