宁夏中宁地区灵武长枣果实多糖的单糖成分GC-MS分析

研究宁夏中宁地区灵武长枣果实多糖的单糖成分,为不同地区灵武长枣的开发利用提供试验依据。以不同发育时期中宁产灵武长枣果实为试验材料,采用热水浸提法和气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)等,探讨不同发育时期果实多糖含量变化规律及其单糖组成成分。结果表明,不同发育时期中宁产灵武长枣果实粗多糖得率分别为:膨大前期0.43%、快速膨大期0.527%、着色期0.80%和完熟期0.618%;果实粗多糖经DEAE-52均得到Ju-0、Ju-1、Ju-2、Ju-3 4个多糖级分,其中Ju-2含量为最高,表明果实多糖的主要形式为酸性多糖;不同发育时期果实各精制多糖总共含有阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、核糖、岩藻糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸10种单糖,不含果糖,以阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、核糖、鼠李糖、糖醛酸含量较高,岩藻糖、葡萄糖含量次之,木糖、甘露糖含量较低,但其含量各组分有差异。精制多糖含量随着果实的发育进程总体呈现上升趋势;不同发育时期中宁产灵武长枣果实各精制多糖中单糖组成及含量各不相同。     

藏药蕨麻多糖的光谱性质及单糖组成分析

本研究对藏药蕨麻多糖进行了分离提纯,并测定其水溶性多糖含量为99.4%;通过紫外光谱与红外光谱分析表明,蕨麻多糖为分子量较小的α-吡喃糖,并含有氨基糖;蕨麻多糖的水解单糖经过NMP衍生后进行毛细管电泳分析,测得其单糖组成为木糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、鼠李糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖醛酸和半乳糖醛酸,含量分别为3.945、77.445、17.568、17.646、3.942、2.165、65.268、13.037μg/mg和33.484μg/mg,与GC-MS的定性分析结果一致。     

不同种源的太子参多糖含量及其单糖组成GC-MS研究

研究不同种源太子参多糖含量以及单糖组成差异,为太子参质量评价和临床用药提供参考依据,采用水提-醇沉法提取太子参多糖,以葡萄糖为标品,蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定多糖含量。盐酸甲醇水解、三甲基硅烷(TMS)柱前衍生、气-质联用法(GC-MS)分析不同种源太子参多糖的单糖组成。结果表明,组培太子参与野生太子参多糖的含量分别为19.05±1.38%、22.63±2.18%;不同种源太子参多糖均由葡萄糖、果糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、半乳糖醛酸、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖七种单糖组成,但单糖的比例明显不同。如以多糖含量为标准,野生太子参多糖含量高于组培太子参,品质更佳;多糖中单糖比例不同,提示不同种源的太子参多糖结构可能存在不同。     

不同提取方法对软枣猕猴桃多糖单糖组成及抗氧化活性的影响

采用高温水提工艺、低温水提工艺和微波辅助工艺从软枣猕猴桃中提取得到三种多糖,依次命名为AAP-1、AAP-2和AAP-3,对三种多糖的理化性质、单糖组成和抗氧化活性进行了研究.理化性质鉴定结果表明:三种多糖均不含酚羟基及还原糖,都含有一定量的糖醛酸和蛋白质,AAP-1含有淀粉,AAP-2和AAP-3不含淀粉;单糖组成结果表明:三种多糖均由甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖7种单糖组成,其中,AAP-1葡萄糖的摩尔百分含量最高,为94.72％;AAP-2半乳糖和阿拉伯糖的摩尔百分含量较高,分别为24.75％、38.37％;AAP-3半乳糖醛酸的摩尔百分含量较高,为16.05％.抗氧化实验结果表明:AAP-1抗氧化活性最弱;AAP-3抗氧化活性最强,其清除DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的IC50分别为1.2、2.7 mg/mL.     

金樱子多糖单糖组成的TMS柱前衍生化/GC-MS研究

探讨金樱子多糖的含量及其单糖组成,为金樱子质量评价及临床用药提供参考依据。本文采用水提-醇沉法获得金樱子多糖,以葡萄糖为标准品,蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定多糖含量;多糖酸解后经三甲基硅烷(TMS)衍生化,以标准品单糖为对照,采用气-质联用法(GC-MS)测定多糖的单糖组成。结果表明,本实验条件下,测得金樱子多糖提取得率为29.38%;金樱子多糖中单糖由阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、果糖组成,其中葡萄糖、甘露糖、果糖和半乳糖在金樱子多糖中占比较大,分别为65.03%、7.36%、16.11%及8.87%。     

茶多糖TGC的结构表征

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析均一茶多糖TGC的单糖组成, 并与NMR, 圆二色谱、紫外扫描等其他分析方法结合, 对茶多糖TGC的一级结构及其在溶液中的构象加以探讨. 结果表明: 茶多糖TGC是由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖和半乳糖等6种单糖组成, 它在水溶液中应以有序的螺旋构象存在, 其一级结构为: 主链的骨架结构由鼠李糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖构成, 这3种单糖都有可能连接支链, 不接支链时其连接方式为β1→3, 支链主要由阿拉伯糖构成, 其连接方式可为β1→2, β1→3, β2→3三种, 木糖以β1→存在于主链和支链的末端.     

红果参果实多糖的提取及其单糖组分研究

用超声波法提取红果参果实的多糖,并分别以乙醇提取,乙酸乙酯、sevage试剂等进行纯化,以苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,以GC-MS测定其单糖组分。结果表明,红果参果实中多糖含量高达45.80%,其主要单糖组分及百分比为阿拉伯糖(5.00%)、木糖(9.65%)、甘露糖(11.55%)、果糖(30.20%)、半乳糖(33.85%)。     

青海产三种特色果实多糖及其活性比较

用水提醇沉法提取了青海产宁夏枸杞、黑枸杞、西伯利亚白刺三种特色果实的水溶性总多糖,利用理化方法测定并比较了三种多糖的理化性质及其抗氧化活性和对腹腔巨噬细胞NO分泌功能的影响。三种植物多糖分子量范围为130000~2350000;单糖组成都含有甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖及阿拉伯糖,但半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖的相对含量差异明显;三者的糖醛酸含量及蛋白质含量也有明显差异。活性测定结果表明,西伯利亚白刺多糖具有明显的DPPH清除能力,其IC50值达到0.19 mg/m L,表现出较强的抗氧化活性,而黑枸杞与宁夏枸杞多糖的活性较弱;三种多糖均可显著增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的NO分泌水平,显示一定的免疫增强活性。     

黄芪多糖结构及其单糖组成的气相色谱-质谱研究

目的:研究不同样品黄芪多糖的结构和单糖组成差异.方法:采用闪式提取、乙醇沉淀法从黄芪根部提取多种多糖化合物,脱除蛋白、凝胶层析后的多糖化合物经水解、乙酰化后利用气相色谱-质谱法分析黄芪水溶性多糖中单糖组成、结构及其比例,将同样的方法应用到8个不同产地或不同级别的黄芪样品中.结果:黄芪多糖所含单糖种类主要有L-鼠李糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、L-木糖、D-核糖、L-核糖、D-半乳糖,D-葡萄糖,D-甘露糖,且不同黄芪样品所含黄芪多糖里含有的单糖种类及含量有较大差别.结论:该研究可为黄芪品种甄别及黄芪多糖品质分析提供参考.     

黄芪多糖结构及其单糖组成的气相色谱-质谱研究

目的:研究不同样品黄芪多糖的结构和单糖组成差异。方法:采用闪式提取、乙醇沉淀法从黄芪根部提取多种多糖化合物,脱除蛋白、凝胶层析后的多糖化合物经水解、乙酰化后利用气相色谱-质谱法分析黄芪水溶性多糖中单糖组成、结构及其比例,将同样的方法应用到8个不同产地或不同级别的黄芪样品中。结果:黄芪多糖所含单糖种类主要有L-鼠李糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、L-木糖、D-核糖、L-核糖、D-半乳糖,D-葡萄糖,D-甘露糖,且不同黄芪样品所含黄芪多糖里含有的单糖种类及含量有较大差别。结论:该研究可为黄芪品种甄别及黄芪多糖品质分析提供参考。     

Chemical characterisation of the released polysaccharide from the cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica GR02

The released polysaccharide from the halophilic cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica GR02 was separated into two main fractions byanion-exchange chromatography. The major fraction consisted of glucose,fucose, mannose, arabinose and glucuronic acid. Judging from thechromatography on Sepharose 2B, the major fraction was not furtherfractionated, and its apparent molecular weight was above 2.0 × 10⁶ Da.The minor fraction consisted of rhamnose, mannose, fucose,glucose, galactose and glucuronic acid, with traces of arabinose.Methylation and GC-MS spectrometry analyses of the major fractionrevealed the presence of 1-linked glucose, 1,3-linked glucose, 1,3-linkedfucose, 1,4-linked fucose, 1,3-linked arabinose, 1,2,4-linked mannose,1,3,6-linked mannose, 1-linked glucuronic acid and 1,3-linked glucuronicacid residues. The major fraction was thought to originate from capsularpolysaccharide. The released polysaccharides, obtained from cultures atdifferent age of culture, showed no striking variations in themonosaccharide composition and the relative proportions of themonosaccharides. However, the proportions of galactose and rhamnose inthe released polysaccharides, obtained from cultures under different salinity,were significantly different. The released polysaccharide also exhibitedgelling properties and strong affinity for metal ions.     

Composition of Actinidia mucilage

Purified mucilages extracted from several plant parts of Actinidia chinensis and from the leaves of nine Actinidia species, were shown to be acidic polysaccharides, containing galactose, arabinose, mannose and glucuronic acid. Fucose and xylose were also present in the mucilages from A. chinensis and in the leaf mucilage of four other species. Partial hydrolysis studies suggested that all the mucilages may belong to the glucuronomannan family of polysaccharides, with a repeating disaccharide core of glucuronosylmannose. Division of the Actinidia genus into subgenera may be possible on the basis of properties and monosaccharide compositions of the mucilages.     

Changes in cell-wall polysaccharides in relation to seedling development and the mobilisation of reserves in the cotyledons of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop

Some 22% of the dry weight of the cotyledons of resting seeds of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop has been shown to be non-starch polysaccharide material comprising the massively thickened walls of the storage mesophyll cells. On hydrolysis this material released galactose (76%), arabinose (13%), xylose (4%), uronic acid (7%): only traces of glucose were detected indicating the virtual absence of cellulose from the walls. Changes in the amount and composition of this material following germination have been studied in relation to parameters of seedling development and the mobilisation of protein, lipid and oligosaccharide reserves. Starch, which was not present in the resting seed, appeared transitorily following germination: under conditions of continuous darkness starch levels were reduced. During the period of bulk-reserve mobilisation, 92% of the non-starch polysaccharide material disappeared from the cotyledons. The residual cell-wall material released galactose (14%), arabinose (19%), xylose (24%) and uronic acid (43%). The galactose and arabinose residues of the cotyledonary cell walls clearly constitute a major storage material, quantitatively as important as protein. The overall role of the wall polysaccharides in seedling development is discussed.     

益智不同组织多糖含量及其生物合成途径分析

为了解益智（Alpinia oxyphylla）多糖生物合成途径关键酶功能,对其茎、叶、果实中的多糖含量及其单糖组成进行了研究,并采用Real-Time qPCR分析了益智多糖生物合成关键酶基因的表达模式。结果表明,益智多糖含量依次为果实 > 叶 > 茎,主要由葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖组成;利用益智转录组数据共获得47 690条unigenes,其中31 892条在NR、Swiss-Prot、KEGG、COG、KOG、GO和Pfam数据库获得注释,其中208个unigenes参与益智多糖的生物合成,涉及15个酶。表达分析表明,所筛选的18个基因在茎、叶、果实中均有表达,14个基因在果实中的表达量最高,以糖基转移酶基因和UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因的表达量最高,且其表达模式与不同组织中葡萄糖含量的变化一致。     

Composition of the walls of pollen grains of the seagrass Amphibolis antarctica

The composition of walls isolated from pollen grains of the seagrass Amphibolis antarctica was determined. Glucose, galactose, and rhamnose were the major neutral monosaccharides in the wall polysaccharides, and fucose, arabinose, xylose, and mannose were present in minor proportions. No apiose, a monosaccharide present in the wall polysaccharides of the vegetative parts of the seagrass Heterozostera tasmanica, was found. Large amounts of uronic acid (mainly as galacturonic acid) were found in the walls. The monosaccharides were probably present in cellulose and pectic polysaccharides, the latter comprising neutral pectic galactans, and rhamnogalacturonans containing high proportions of rhamnose. The walls contained a small amount of protein; glycine and lysine were the amino acids present in the highest proportions. Histochemical examination of isolated walls confirmed the presence of polyanionic components (pectic polysaccharides), -glucans (cellulose), and protein. The composition of the walls is discussed in relation to analyses of the walls of pollen grains and vegetative organs of other plants.     

A cellulosic exopolysaccharide produced from sugarcane molasses by a Zoogloea sp.

An extracellular polysaccharide producing bacterium Zoogloea sp. was isolated from an agro-industrial environment in the north-eastern region of Brazil. The extracellular polysaccharide produced from sugarcane molasses was hydrolysed with trifluoroacetic acid (mild and strong conditions) giving 88% of soluble material. The main monosaccharides present in the soluble fraction were glucose (87.6%), xylose (8.6%), mannose (0.8%), ribose (1.7%), galactose (0.1%), arabinose (0.4%) and glucuronic acid (0.8%). Methylation analysis of the polysaccharide showed mainly 2,3,6-tri-O-methylhexitol (74.7%) and 2,3,-di-O-methylhexitol (17.7%). Enzyme hydrolysis of the polysaccharide with a cellulase confirmed the presence of (1→4)-β- -glucopyranosyl residues.     

Production and composition of extracellular polysaccharide from cell suspension cultures of Mentha

A suspension culture of Mentha was established from callus which formed on the tips of young shoots of a Mentha hybrid (M. arvenis × M. spicata). Changes in growth parameters during a culture cycle were recorded. The general appearance of cells during division and growth, including the changes in cell form, was also represented.Suspension-cultured cells of Mentha hybrid released a large amount of extracellular polysaccharides (ECP) mainly at the logarithmic phase of the growth cycle. The ECP contained galacturonic acid as major components and arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, rhamnose and mannose as minor components. The ratio of the uronic acid content to total sugar content in the ECP was below 40% at day 7, but increased up to 90% at day 21. The relative contents of xylose and glucose in the ECP decreased during the culture period, while the arabinose content increased and those of rhamnose, mannose and galactose remained constant.The IR spectrum suggested that the ECP were low-methoxylated pectic polysaccharides. The presence of lignin and related compounds in the ECP was not detected. The protein content of the ECP was about 10% and the main amino acids were alanine, proline, hydroxyproline, valine, asparticacid and serine, in that order.     

Polysaccharides of cell cultures of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Silene vulgaris</Emphasis>

Callus and suspension cultures of campion (Silene vulgaris) produced pectin polysaccharides, similar in structure to the polysaccharides of intact plants. The major components of the pectins were D-galacturonic acid, galactose, arabinose, and rhamnose residues. The maximum content of pectins was found in callus. The monosaccharide composition of arabinogalactans isolated from cells and a culture medium of callus cultures were similar, with the ratio between arabinose and galactose of 1: (2.3–6.5) being retained. The arabinogalactans from the cells and culture medium of the suspension cultures also had a similar structure, and the arabinose to galactose ratio was 1: (1.5–1.8). In contrast to the callus cultures, the suspension cultures produced arabinogalactans with an increased content of arabinose residues and a decreased content of galactose residues. The greatest content of arabinogalactan was detected in the culture medium of the suspension cultures.     

烤烟根系分泌物中单糖的组分含量及其相关分析

以4个不同烤烟品种为研究材料,采用盆栽试验,运用高效毛细管区带电泳法测定各品种根际土、非根际土、根系及叶片中的单糖组分及含量,并分析其相关关系,探究根系分泌物中糖类的分泌特性。结果表明：在各样品中,共检出木糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、核糖、阿拉伯糖和鼠李糖6种糖;不同品种根际土、非根际土、根系及叶片中检出的糖组分及含量均存在差异;同一品种中,叶片最高,根系次之,根际土和非根际土最低;相关性分析表明,木糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、鼠李糖和半乳糖总量在根际土、非根际土、叶片和根系间呈正相关关系,各单糖组分间均呈正相关关系,部分组分呈显著或极显著相关关系。研究表明,不同烤烟品种根系分泌这些单糖存在品种差异,且根系分泌单糖可能是一个沿浓度梯度的扩散过程。     

Polysaccharide component in the stigmatic exudate from Lilium longiflorum

The polysaccharide component of the stigmatic exudate from Lilium longiflorum has the composition, arabinose (26%), rhamnose (6%), galactose (57%) and glucuronic acid (11%). The highly branched polysaccharide bears a striking resemblance to the acidic polysaccharide exudate from Araucaria bidwillii in belonging to the galactan group and in carrying outer chains terminated by arabinofuranose, rhamnopyranose, galactopyranose and glucuronic acid residues. Both polysaccharides contain the sequence O-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-glucopyranosyluronic acid-(1→6)-galactopyranose in some of the outer chains.