微生物菊粉酶的研究进展

菊粉酶（Inulinas．EC3.2.1.7）是B－2．1-D-果聚糖酶,可从果糖的非应原端逐个切下单个果糖（外切酶活性）,或在分子内部随机切断某个p－2.1糖着键（内切酶活性）［1］。菊粉酶主要来源于菊科植物和部分微生物,微生物菊粉酶主要来自霉菌、酵母菌和细菌。菊粉酶可水解天然果聚精一菊粉（Inulin）,利用菊粉酶一步水解菊粉制备高果糖浆具有工艺简单、原料价格低廉、转化率高、副产物少,不增加环境污染等优点,因而具有很大的开发应用潜力。菊粉是果糖的多聚物,富含于菊芋（He－lianthustuberosus）等多种菊科植物中,菊芋块茎主要成分…     

青霉菊粉酶的产生和性质

由淀粉通过葡萄糖异构化生产高果糖糖浆,生产上受到原料的限制。果糖另一种来源是菊粉（Inulin）。菊粉是以β-2,1果糖苷键连接的一种多聚果糖,其末端含有一个蔗糖残基,它作为贮存性多糖大量存在于菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus）、菊巨(chicoryintybus)、大丽花（Dahlia pinnata）等多种植物中,至今尚未得到很好利用。菊粉可通过化学法或酶法水解生成果糖。利用菊粉酶     

马克斯克鲁维酵母菌菊粉酶的异源表达及低聚果糖制备工艺优化

【目的】低聚果糖是新型的食品和保健品原料,具有广阔的市场需求。以菊粉酶水解菊粉制备低聚果糖的酶法工艺是先进的绿色制造。本研究旨在获得高产的菊粉酶菌株及以菊粉为原料酶法制备低聚果糖的优化工艺。【方法】采用基因工程手段克隆马克斯克鲁维酵母菌(Kluyveromyces marxianus)的菊粉酶基因,实现其在毕赤酵母中的高效表达;测定菊粉酶在不同p H、温度、金属离子和底物浓度等条件下的酶活变化趋势,获得最佳的反应参数;通过高效液相色谱法检测水解产物,获得不同酶量水解产物各组分分布。【结果】菊粉酶工程菌株在10 L发酵罐中的产菊粉酶活达1 570 U/m L、蛋白质含量为2.75 g/L发酵液;菊粉酶最适反应参数为:在体积为1 L的反应体系中,p H 5.0、反应温度50°C、含0.2 mmol/L Mg2+以及菊粉浓度为8%。在该条件下,酶量为10 U时菊粉被完全水解。水解产物中单糖和二糖含量仅为9.25%,而低聚果糖(C3-C8)含量为90.75%,且C3-C5低聚果糖含量高达72.92%。【结论】克隆了K.marxianus菊粉酶基因并实现了高效表达,获得了水解菊粉制备低聚果糖的最佳工艺条件。为菊粉酶的大量生产及低聚果糖的酶法制备奠定了良好的基础。     

降解菊粉担子菌的分离鉴定及其酶的产生

从菊芋地的腐木上分离到一株在以菊粉为唯一碳源和能源的培养基上生长良好,具有较高菊粉酶活性的担子菌菌株,经鉴定为采绒革盖菌（Ｃｏｒｉｏｌｕｓｖｅｒｓｉｏｌｏｒ）。该菌的菊粉酶大部分是胞外酶,此酶对菊粉的专一性高,其Ｉ／Ｓ比值在发酵过程中不断变化。菊粉酶活性平行地随菌体生长而增加。该酶的合成受菊粉诱导,受果糖抑制。当果糖浓度大于２．７ｍｇ／ｍｌ时,菊粉酶活性为零。菌体的匀质化可使生长加快从而获得大量菊粉酶。     

菊粉酶基因的异源表达、分离纯化及酶学性质

为进一步提高菊粉酶在生物技术领域的应用,研究了来源于马克斯克鲁维酵母Kluyveromyces marxianus YX01的菊粉酶性质。通过在毕赤酵母GS115宿主细胞中异源表达该菊粉酶基因(inu),获得了一种外切型菊粉酶,经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)验证其分子量为86.0 k Da。进一步在该菊粉酶上增加6个His标签,采用聚乙二醇(PEG)20 000透析浓缩和Ni-NTA Agarose静态亲和吸附作用的方法,完成菊粉酶的分离纯化,纯化倍数和酶回收率分别为3.6和33.1%。比较发现粗酶液与纯酶的酶学性质相似,且菊粉酶的最适反应温度为60℃,最适p H值为4.62,并测得该酶的Km和Vmax值,以菊粉为底物时,Km和Vmax值分别为80.53 g/L和4.49 g/(L·min);以蔗糖底物时,Km和Vmax值分别为183.10 g/L和20.20 g/(L·min)。金属离子Mn2+、Ca2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Fe2+对酶活力具有不同程度的抑制作用,其中Cu2+、Zn2+和Fe2+的抑制作用最为显著。这些研究为进一步提高菊粉酶在工业化的应用奠定了基础。     

碳源对产紫青霉产菊粉酶的影响

试验不同碳源对产紫青霉菊粉酶生产情况的影响。结果表明,果糖、菊糖、菊芋浸汁作为碳源是菊粉酶生产较理想的诱导因子,但过量的果糖会产生阻遏。经菊糖作为主要碳源和唯一碳源筛选的菌株产酶能力可提高6－7倍。同时在发酵前期加入易利用的碳源培养菌体,后期利用菊糖诱导酶的产生,可使酶产量提高2倍。     

微生物菊粉酶的研究进展

综述了微生物菊粉酶在菌种选育,菊粉酶的纯化与性质,基因结构及生产应用等方面研究的进展。     

克鲁维酵母Y-85菊粉酶的纯化和性质

克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces sp.)Y-85产生的胞内菊粉酶(endocellular inulinase)和胞外菊粉酶(exocellular inulinase)粗酶液分别经PEG6000-磷酸盐缓冲液双水相抽提得部分纯化酶液。前者进一步用硫酸铵分级沉淀、Protein-PAK DEAE离子交换、Protein-PAK200SW凝胶过滤后得到两个菊粉酶组分EⅠ和EⅡ;后者采用DEAE-Sephacel离子交换、Sephadex G150凝胶过滤后得到菊粉酶Eexo。经Waters 650E蛋白纯化系统鉴定,三者均呈单一的对称峰;EⅠ和EⅡ达聚丙烯酰胺盘状凝胶电泳纯。EⅠ、EⅡ和Eexo的分子量分别为42kD、65kD和57kD;三者均为糖蛋白,多糖含量分别为30％、35％和25％;I/S(Inulinaseactivity/Sucrase activity)比值分别为0.086、0.078和0.072;三者均属外切菊粉酶。EⅠ、EⅡ和Eexo酶反应最适pH分别为4.6、4.5和4.6,最适温度分别为52℃、52℃和55℃;Ag^+、Hg^(2+)和PCMB对酶活性有强烈的抑制作用;三者水解菊芋粉糖液的产物均为果糖(86.5％)和葡萄糖(13.5％)。     

微生物菊粉酶基因结构、酶学性质与应用研究进展

综述了微生物菊粉酶基因结构、酶学性质、发酵生产与应用等方面研究的最新进展。     

内切型菊粉酶生产菌株的筛选及诱变选育

采用透明圈法筛选得到了产菊粉酶的多株菌株,并得到了1株产内切型菊粉酶较高的隐球酵母属（Cryptococcus)菌株L1,以L1作为出发菌株经Co^60诱变后,得到1株产内切型菊粉酶最好菌株C10,其诱变后低聚果糖得率比诱变前提高了52．6％,酶活力提高了51．9％。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.