DC-CIK治疗大肠癌的研究进展

大肠癌是消化道常见的恶性肿瘤之一,发病率和死亡率均较高。过继免疫治疗是当今肿瘤治疗的热点,已逐步成为一些肿瘤的首选治疗方法。树突状细胞(DC)是目前已知功能最强大的抗原呈递细胞,具有呈递肿瘤抗原和抵制肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸及刺激T淋巴细胞产生免疫应答的作用。细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)由多种细胞因子诱导而成,具有T淋巴细胞及NK细胞抗肿瘤作用的特点。DC和CIK细胞有效结合可以同时促进DC细胞的增殖和免疫功能及加强CIK细胞的抗肿瘤作用。本文就近年来国内外应用DC-CIK治疗大肠癌的研究进展进行综述。     

调节性T细胞与胶质瘤的免疫治疗

调节性T细胞（regulatory T cell,Treg）是一群具有抑制其它免疫细胞功能的起负性调控的细胞群. Treg细胞能抑制多种免疫细胞,如CD4+T和CD8+T淋巴细胞、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞以及树突状细胞的活化和增殖,是体内维持免疫系统稳定,防止出现自身免疫性疾病重要因素.最新研究表明,Treg细胞在肿瘤免疫逃逸中也发挥重要作用. 肿瘤细胞通过扩增或招募Treg细胞,抑制机体对肿瘤的免疫作用,由此可知,Treg细胞在肿瘤的发生和发展过程中发挥重要作用. 因此,抑制Treg细胞的活性和数量是包括胶质瘤在内的肿瘤免疫治疗有效的方式.     

以T细胞受体为基础的免疫疗法研究进展

T细胞是机体抗肿瘤免疫的核心,以T细胞功能调控为基础的免疫检查点疗法已经在多种肿瘤的临床治疗中取得了重大突破,以基因工程化T细胞为基础的过继性免疫细胞疗法在血液瘤治疗中取得了重要进展,免疫治疗已经对肿瘤的临床治疗产生了深刻变革,成为肿瘤临床治疗策略的重要组成部分。T细胞受体（T cell receptor,TCR）赋予了T细胞识别肿瘤抗原的特异性,能够识别由主要组织相容性复合体（major histocompatibility complex,MHC）呈递的包括胞内抗原在内的广泛肿瘤抗原,具有高度的抗原敏感性,因而具有广泛的抗肿瘤应用前景。2022年第一款TCR药物的上市开启了TCR药物开发的新纪元,多项TCR药物临床研究表现出潜在的肿瘤治疗价值。本文综述了以TCR为基础的免疫治疗策略研究进展,包括T细胞受体工程化T细胞（T cell receptor-engineered T cell,TCR-T）和TCR蛋白药物,以及基于TCR信号的其他免疫细胞疗法,以期为以TCR为基础的免疫治疗策略开发提供参考。     

恒定自然杀伤T细胞与肿瘤免疫治疗

恒定自然杀伤T细胞(iNKT)是T淋巴细胞的一个独特亚群,兼具自然杀伤(NK)细胞和T细胞特征,同时表达T细胞受体(TCR)和NK细胞表面标志。iNKT细胞被激活后,通过分泌细胞因子,活化其它免疫细胞参与先天性免疫和获得性免疫,在抗肿瘤免疫过程中发挥调节作用。在多种癌症患者体内,发现外周血中iNKT细胞的数量降低、功能减弱,进而导致临床治疗效果不佳。近年来,基础研究和早期临床试验结果表明,注射抗原递呈细胞或/和体外培养并活化的iNKT细胞,抗肿瘤免疫治疗效果显著。本文就iNKT细胞的分类及生物学特性,在肿瘤免疫治疗中的作用与其机制,以及其临床应用等进行综述。     

恒定自然杀伤T细胞与肿瘤免疫治疗北大核心CSCD

恒定自然杀伤T细胞(i NKT)是T淋巴细胞的一个独特亚群,兼具自然杀伤(NK)细胞和T细胞特征,同时表达T细胞受体(TCR)和NK细胞表面标志。i NKT细胞被激活后,通过分泌细胞因子,活化其它免疫细胞参与先天性免疫和获得性免疫,在抗肿瘤免疫过程中发挥调节作用。在多种癌症患者体内,发现外周血中i NKT细胞的数量降低、功能减弱,进而导致临床治疗效果不佳。近年来,基础研究和早期临床试验结果表明,注射抗原递呈细胞或/和体外培养并活化的i NKT细胞,抗肿瘤免疫治疗效果显著。本文就i NKT细胞的分类及生物学特性,在肿瘤免疫治疗中的作用与其机制,以及其临床应用等进行综述。     

金黄色葡萄球菌超抗原肠毒素临床应用研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(staphylococcal enterotoxins,SEs)是由金黄色萄萄球菌产生的一类典型超抗原(Superantigen,SAg)。与传统抗原不同,超抗原无须经抗原提呈细胞(Antigen presenting cell,APC)加工处理,可直接与主要组织相容性复合体II类分子(Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules,MHC II)及T细胞受体Vβ区(Variable pacts of the T cells receptor,TCR Vβ)特异性结合,极低浓度即可刺激大量T细胞增殖,产生大量有生物学活性的细胞因子(如TNF-α、TNF-β、IFN-γ、IL-2等)和抗肿瘤效应。本文综述了近年来超抗原金葡球菌肠毒素在恶性肿瘤的临床应用、存在问题和解决策略等的进展,针对Trousseau综合征利用超抗原开发新药进行了展望,并介绍了SEC2在临床用于骨病治疗的情况。     

细菌外膜囊泡在抗肿瘤治疗方面的研究进展*

细菌外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles,OMVs)是在细菌生长过程中分泌出的一种直径为20~300 nm的膜性小泡。由磷脂、脂多糖、蛋白质、RNA或DNA等组成。OMVs包含大量细菌抗原,通过启动信号转导通路增强细胞因子和共刺激分子的表达,促进抗原呈递,有效激活免疫系统。OMVs中的毒力因子可以传递给宿主细胞,刺激细菌-宿主细胞之间的相互作用,具有内在的抗肿瘤活性。另外OMVs有利于进行工程设计,还可作为高效的药物运载体,实现免疫治疗和化疗-光疗的结合,从而提高药物的抗癌能力。OMVs在肿瘤免疫、肿瘤工程疫苗和载药等方面具有良好前景,被认为是抗肿瘤治疗的新型手段。从OMVs的结构组分、产生机制和抗肿瘤机制等方面概述了OMVs在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展,为将来OMVs的深入研究和临床应用提供参考。     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素中毒的免疫治疗策略

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素（staphylococcal enterotoxins,SEs）是由金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）分泌的一类具有呕吐活性的细菌外毒素，可引起严重的炎症反应和食物中毒。SEs具有超抗原活性，可与T细胞受体的可变区和MHC II类分子形成三元复合物（TCR-SEs-MHC II），直接刺激T淋巴细胞大量产生肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)、白介素（interleukin,IL）-2、IL-6和γ干扰素（interferon γ,IFN-γ）等细胞因子，从而导致中毒性休克综合征（toxicshocksyndrome, TSS）。在临床常见的SEs中，肠毒素A (staphylococcalenterotoxin A, SEA)和肠毒素B(staphylococcal enterotoxin B,SEB)是出现频率最高、毒性最大、危害最严重的两种。目前尚没有针对SEs中毒治疗策略的综述性研究。本文首先概述了SEs的分类、结构及毒性作用，重点围绕SEA和SEB，分析了TCR-SEs-MHC II类...     

耗竭性T细胞在肿瘤中的作用

耗竭性T细胞(exhausted T cells)是一群效应功能减弱,持续表达抑制性受体的T细胞,在肿瘤中表现为T细胞功能缺陷状态,主要特征为一系列抑制性受体表达增加及细胞因子分泌减少。耗竭性T细胞主要通过细胞表面的抑制性分子,细胞因子和免疫调节细胞类型改变等参与肿瘤免疫负调控,从而引起肿瘤免疫逃逸。而T细胞耗竭状态并非不可逆转,应用相应单克隆抗体靶向免疫调控点可以有效逆转耗竭性T细胞,恢复机体抗肿瘤免疫反应,提高肿瘤控制率。因此,通过逆转肿瘤患者体内的耗竭性T细胞可能是肿瘤免疫治疗的新途径之一。     

增强型金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2突变体及其超抗原活性

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2 (Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2,SEC2)作为一种超级抗原蛋白,极微量即可有效激活机体免疫系统,这一特性可应用于对肿瘤和感染性疾病的辅助治疗.为了增强SEC2的超抗原活性,应用over-lap PCR方法将SEC2中的102～106位GKVTG氨基酸残基分别突变为WWH、WWT和WWP,获得3种突变体ST-1、ST-2和ST-3.三种突变体刺激小鼠淋巴细胞增殖活性和肿瘤细胞生长抑制活性与野生型SEC2相比均有显著提高.ST-1和ST-3的致热活性与野生型SEC2相当,而ST-2的致热活性明显高于野生型SEC2.此外,三种突变体体外刺激淋巴细胞分泌IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α的水平也显著提高,这可能是导致突变体具有较高肿瘤细胞生长抑制活性的原因.进一步实验发现,三种突变体刺激下,小鼠脾淋巴细胞mVβ8.2基因的转录水平较野生型SEC2显著增加,暗示突变体对TCR mVβ8.2分子亲和力的提高,可能是其超抗原活性增强的主要原因.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细