湖州市非细菌性急性胃肠炎暴发中诺如病毒的分子生物学特点初步研究

本文初步研究了湖州市非细菌性急性胃肠炎暴发中检出的诺如病毒的分子生物学特征。收集湖州市2008年和2009年2起非细菌性急性胃肠炎暴发疫情中采集的患者粪便标本,采用荧光定量RT-PCR方法对其进行诺如病毒核酸检测,并对核酸阳性标本进行RNA多聚酶部分区域的RT-PCR扩增。选取阳性扩增产物进行纯化及序列测定,结合诺如病毒GI、GII各基因型参考株进行核苷酸序列遗传进化分析。结果2起疫情均同时检出了GI和GII型诺如病毒。随后对其中4份RNA多聚酶区扩增阳性的标本进行测序及序列分析,结果发现2008年检出的2株GI型诺如病毒均为GI/2基因型;而2009年检出的1株GI型诺如病毒为GI/3基因型,另一株GII型诺如病毒则与近些年欧洲和亚洲相继出现的遗传组GII的新基因型GIIb的各代表株同源性最高,为GIIb基因型。这说明湖州地区流行的诺如病毒存在很高的遗传多样性,并且不同时间流行的基因型也存在一定差异。这也是国内首次在急性病毒性胃肠炎暴发中检出诺如病毒GIIb变异株。     

兰州地区贝类海鲜、蔬菜水果中诺如病毒污染监测分析

目的：掌握甘肃省兰州地区海鲜贝类、蔬菜水果等诺如病毒的污染状况,发现食品安全隐患。方法：于2017年6月—2018年3月间,在兰州地区批发市场、零售市场、超市随机抽取120个贝类、蔬菜、水果样品,基于TaqMan探针法原理,通过特异性引物、探针结合,采用实时荧光RT-PCR技术对样品进行了GI和GII基因型诺如病毒的检测。结果：诺如病毒总阳性率为4.17%,其中GI型诺如病毒基因不存在,均为GII型。结论：该研究对了解兰州地区贝类海鲜、蔬菜水果中诺如病毒污染状况,加强诺如病毒预防控制提供了科学依据。     

2019-2022年南京市急性胃肠炎暴发疫情中诺如病毒分子流行病学分析

诺如病毒是引起急性胃肠炎的主要病原体之一，本研究通过分析2019-2022年南京市诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发的流行特征和主要基因型变化，为疫情防控提供依据。收集2019年9月至2022年8月南京市疑似诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发样本，通过荧光定量PCR和一步法RT-PCR检测，对阳性样本进行序列测定并分型，挑选48株南京代表株与国内外参考株进行同源性分析。2019-2022年南京市诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发的高峰为冬春季，场所主要分布在小学和幼儿园，暴发以诺如病毒GII为主，共检测到11种基因型，包括4种GI和7种GII。主要流行株在三个流行季间有所变化，GII.2[P16]为2019-2021年的优势流行株，2021/2022流行季中GII.4 Sydney 2012[P16]亚型、GII.17[P17]亚型占比最大，多种亚型毒株共存。同源分析发现，2021年2株GII.6[P7]南京株分属于两类不同来源的GII.6衣壳基因型，2019-2022年的GII.2[P16]和GII.4 Sydney 2012[P16]南京株的部分聚合酶区序列变化较衣壳蛋白区大。2019-2022年间南京市诺如病毒急性...     

我国诺如病毒易重组基因型GII.P12/GII.3毒株RNA聚合酶的表达与功能表征

[背景]诺如病毒是引起人类急性胃肠炎的主要食源性病原体.目 前尚无获批的诺如病毒疫苗和药物,诺如病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶(RdRp)是当前抗诺如病毒药物开发的主要靶点.[目的]表达我国诺如病毒易重组基因型GII.P12/GII.3毒株的RdRp并系统地表征其复制特征.[方法]基于大肠杆菌系统表达并纯化得到高纯度可溶...     

诺如病毒新型GII.4流行株Sydney2012在上海地区的检出和鉴定

为了解上海地区诺如病毒相关急性胃肠炎疫情的流行病学特点及流行株基因型的演化情况,2012年3月至2013年2月,收集上海市两处哨点医院成人急性胃肠炎粪便样本进行诺如病毒的分子检测并对其基因特征进行系统分析。在502份样本中,GI群共检出19例,检出率3.78%,呈现低位流行、全年散发的状态,无明显的季节分布;GII群检出86例,检出率17.13%,在10¹2月出现高位流行,并发现中老年人群GII群诺如病毒检出率显著高于青年个体（P<0.05）。同时首次于2012年9月在上海地区检出新型GII.4变异株Sydney₂012,证实是该变异株引发了2012年秋冬季诺如病毒急性胃肠炎的高位流行。序列分析表明该变异株为GII.e型开放阅读框（Open reading frame,ORF）1与GII.4型ORF2的重组体,目前已成为本地区的优势流行株。研究发现,2012年上海地区出现GII.4新型变异株Sydney₂012,并引发秋冬季诺如病毒急性胃肠炎的高位流行。     

宁夏地区5株GI型诺如病毒的全基因组序列分析

为分析宁夏地区GI型诺如病毒全基因组序列，了解其基因结构特点及进化特征。对2019-2021年宁夏腹泻患者粪便标本进行GI/GII型诺如病毒初筛，GI型阳性样本扩增其聚合酶（RdRp）-衣壳蛋白（Capsid）区基因，利用BLAST及诺如病毒在线分型网站进行型别鉴定后，选取Ct≤30的样本进行全基因组序列测序，使用MEGA-7、Simplot和BioEdit等软件进行相关分析。本研究共收集腹泻患者粪便标本4 249份，检出GI型诺如病毒阳性样本57份，获得RdRp-Capsid区基因序列11株及全基因组序列5株。11株GI型诺如病毒鉴定后分别属于GI.3[P13]、GI.3[P10]、GI.5[P4]和GI.6[P11]4种型别。5株全基因组株中，SZS21-047和HY21-029在靠近ORF1与ORF2重叠区发生重组，3个GI.3型及1个GI.5型毒株与各型原型株之间在衣壳蛋白P2区存在多处位点变异。宁夏地区GI型NoV型别多样，重组和变异频繁，故应加强本地区诺如病毒监测，为疫情防控提供理论依据。     

2010年深圳地区诺如病毒的基因分型

了解2010年深圳地区诺如病毒的基因型别及分子流行病学特点。 用诺如病毒特异性引物（GI-SKF/GI-SKR、COG2F/G2-SKR）,通过逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法进行诺如病毒核酸扩增,阳性产物回收纯化并测序,用Clustal W和MEGA4.0生物软件对诺如病毒序列进行序列比对和系统进化分析。 85份阳性标本中有79株诺如GⅡ型和6株诺如GⅠ型,其中55株为GⅡ/4(2006b)型,16株为GⅡ/4(2008variant)型,2株为GⅡ/1型,4株为GⅡ/5型,2株为GⅡ/11型,1株为GI/4型,2株为GI/5型,3株为GI/6型。 2010年深圳地区诺如病毒的主要型别是GI和GⅡ,并且以GⅡ/4型为主,流行优势株为GⅡ/4（2006b）。     

西安市4起急性胃肠炎疫情中诺如病毒的分子特征分析

诺如病毒（Norovirus,NoV）属于杯状病毒科诺如病毒属,能造成急性肠胃炎暴发,在全球流行广泛,但其在西安市的流行情况不明。为明确2018年10月西安市4起幼儿园急性肠胃炎疫情的病原及其基因特征,本研究采集了患者肛拭子,用实时定量PCR检出诺如病毒阳性核酸,对其扩增部分多聚酶区和衣壳区基因并测序。将所得序列上传分型网站以明确基因型,并用软件分析系统进化、重组位点和正选择位点。共检出GII组阳性核酸31份,测序成功25份。4起疫情均由GII.2[P16]型诺如病毒引起。疫情株扩增序列全长、部分多聚酶区和衣壳区的序列与2018年美国流行株（MK773571）的核苷酸同源性分别为99.8%、99.5%和100%。疫情株与GII.2[P16]型中国参考序列（KY421122、KY806296和MG763377）的核苷酸同源性为99.6%,氨基酸同源性为100%。重组位点约在基因组的5 075bp。疫情株基因组的1 613～1 790aa没有正选择位点。及时的流行病学、分子流行病学研究和全基因组测序对控制诺如病毒相关疫情是必要的。     

我国九省区2006年札如病毒流行状况及基因序列分析

为了研究我国札如病毒(Sapovirus,SV)的流行情况及变异特点,收集了2006年2月至2007年1月安徽省、福建省、海南省、河北省、河南省等9个地区5岁以下腹泻患儿的粪便标本共1 110份,应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)对札如病毒进行检测,结果表明,札如病毒阳性率为0.9%。对检测到的全部10株札如病毒进一步进行系统进化分析,表明这10株札如病毒属于三个基因型:GI/1、GI/3和GII/3。     

广州地区GⅡ.17型诺如病毒GZ-L343毒株病毒样颗粒的构建与免疫特征的鉴定

【背景】人源诺如病毒是急性胃肠炎暴发的主要原因,GII.4是过去几十年的主要流行基因型。2014/2015年出现的GII.17型变异株是中国首例导致大规模暴发的非GII.4流行株。通过对来自华南地区的诺如病毒GII.17型毒株的完整基因组序列进行分析,证实了该GII.17型突变株与先前确定的GII型变异株不同。【目的】制备广州地区GII.17型诺如病毒GZ-L343的病毒样颗粒,并系统表征其免疫原性及功能特性。【方法】借助杆状病毒表达系统制备GII.17-GZ-L343的病毒样颗粒,并通过氯化铯梯度超速离心对其进行纯化,制备抗血清并对其免疫功能进行评价。【结果】聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和蛋白质免疫印迹结果表明所得蛋白分子量大小约为58kDa;透射电镜结果表明病毒样颗粒直径约为30nm;酶联免疫吸附测定结果显示该病毒样颗粒具有较好的免疫原性;唾液组织血型抗原的体外受体结合测定表明,该病毒样颗粒与部分A型、B型、O型及AB型分泌及非分泌血型样本存在阳性结合;效价测定结果表明免疫所得血清效价在104以上;交叉反应结果表明该抗血清与异型病毒样颗粒不存在交叉反应。此外,体外阻断结果表明,该抗血清仅能阻...     

Nationwide groundwater surveillance of noroviruses in South Korea, 2008

To inspect the norovirus contamination of groundwater in South Korea, a nationwide study was performed in the summer (June to August) and winter (October to December) of 2008. Three-hundred sites designated by the government ministry were inspected. Water samples were collected for analysis of water quality, microorganism content, and viral content. Water quality was assessed by temperature, pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, and nitrite nitrogen content. Microorganism contents were analyzed bacteria, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and bacteriophage. Virus analyses included panenterovirus and norovirus. Two primer sets were used for the detection of norovirus genotypes GI and GII, respectively. Of 300 samples, 65 (21.7%) were norovirus positive in the summer and in 52 (17.3%) were norovirus positive in the winter. The genogroup GI noroviruses that were identified were GI-1, GI-2, GI-3, GI-4, GI-5, GI-6, and GI-8 genotypes; those in the GII genogroup were GII-4 and GII-Yuri genotypes. The analytic data showed correlative relationships between the norovirus detection rate and the following parameters: water temperature and turbidity in physical-chemical parameters and somatic phage in microbial parameters. It is necessary to periodically monitor waterborne viruses that frequently cause epidemic food poisoning in South Korea for better public health and sanitary conditions.     

Prevalence of human <Emphasis Type="Italic">Norovirus</Emphasis> by genotype in contaminated groundwater in Korea over the last decade (2007–2016)

This study investigated the occurrence of human Norovirus (HuNoV) by genotype in 1,486 groundwater samples collected from 843 groundwater wells suspected of contamination during 2007–2016, in South Korea. We identified and genotyped 186 HuNoV sequences in 178 HuNoV-positive samples using the RIVM-NoroNet norovirus genotyping tool (NGT) and phylogenetic tree analysis based on RIVM-NoroNet reference sequences. HuNoV GII was more prevalent than GI. The major genotypes detected were HuNoV GII.4 (43.0%), GII.22 (15.6%), GI.5 (10.2%), and GI.1 (8.6%); several genotypes accounted for < 5.0% of all HuNoVs, including GII.17, GI.6, GI.4, GII.6, GI.8, GII.3, GII.13, GI.3, GI.7, GI.2, GI.9, GII.1, GII.8, and GII.10. The prevalence of HuNoVs and number of genotypes detected has drastically decreased over the last decade. HuNoV GII.17, the emerging genotype worldwide including Europe and Asia, appeared in Korean groundwater from 2010, dominated in 2013–2014, and continued to be observed. HuNoV GII.4, the major type occurred last decade from Korean groundwater except 2013–2014, continued to be detected and prevalent similar to HuNoV GII.17 in 2016.     

Molecular epidemiology of norovirus in asymptomatic food handlers in Busan,Korea, and emergence of genotype GII.17

The molecular epidemiology of norovirus infections was studied in food handlers without any symptoms from January to December 2015 in Busan city, Korea. A total of 2,174 fecal specimens from asymptomatic food handlers were analyzed, and 2.3% (49/2,174) were norovirus-positive. Fourteen of 335 samples (4.2%) were positive in January; fifteen of 299 samples (5.0%) in February, and seven of 189 samples (3.7%) in December. However, norovirus was rarely detected in other months. From sequencing analysis, 11 genotypes (five GI and six GII genotypes) were detected. Among the 42 capid gene sequences identified, 14 were from the GI genogroup, while 28 were from the GII genogroup. The most commonly detected genotype was GII.17, comprising 15 (35.7%) of positive samples. From January 2012 to December 2015, 5,138 samples were collected from gastroenteritis patients and outbreaks in Busan. The most detected genotype in 2012, 2013, and 2014 was GII.4 (121, 24, and 12 cases, respectively), but in 2015, GII.17 (25 cases) was the most common. The GII.4 genotype was the major cause of acute gastroenteritis from 2012 to 2014, but the GII.17 genotype became the most prevalent cause in 2015. Continued epidemiological surveillance of GII.17 is needed, together with assessment of the risk of norovirus infection.     

Characterization of norovirus infections in Seoul,Korea

The present study has determined the detection rate of norovirus (NoV) with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in hospitalized children and describes the molecular epidemiology of NoV circulating in Seoul, Korea. Six hundred and eighty‐three (9.8%) of samples were positive for NoV. Of these, the NoV GII genogroup was the most commonly found, with a prevalence of 96.2% (683 of 710). Only 27 samples were positive for the NoV GI genogroup. Ten kinds of GI genotype (GI/1, GI/2, GI/3, GI/4, GI/5, GI/6, GI/7, GI/9, GI/12, and GI/13) and eight kinds of GII genotype (GII/2, GII/3, GII/4, GII/8, GII/14, GII/15, GII/16, and GII/17) were identified in children with AGE during the years 2008–2011.     

Assessment of gastroenteric viruses frequency in a children's day care center in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil: a fifteen year study (1994-2008)

This 15-year study aimed to determine the role of the main viruses responsible for acute infantile gastroenteritis cases in a day care center in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From 1994 to 2008, 539 fecal samples were obtained from 23 outbreaks as well as sporadic cases that occurred in this period. The detection of Rotavirus group A (RVA), norovirus (NoV) and astrovirus (AstV) was investigated both by classical and molecular methods of viral detection. RVA was detected by enzymatic immune assay and/or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and genotyped by using semi-nested multiplex PCR. NoV and AstV were subsequently tested by real time PCR in all RVA-negative samples and genotyped throughout genome sequencing. Three protocols for molecular characterization of NoV nucleotide sequencing were performed with the partial nucleotide sequencing of genomic regions known as region B (polymerase gen), C and D (capsid gen).Viruses were identified in 47.7% (257/539) of the cases, and the detection rates of RVA, NoV and AstV in16.1% (87/539), 33.4% (151/452), and 6.3% (19/301), respectively. Most gastroenteritis cases were reported in autumn and winter, although NoV presented a broader monthly distribution. Viruses' detection rates were significantly higher among children aged less than 24 months old, although NoV cases were detected in all age groups. RVA genotypes as G1P[8], G9P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8] and G1+G3P[8] and RVA was no longer detected after 2005. NoV characterization revealed genotypes variability circulating in the period as GI.2, GI.3, GI.8 GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.4 variants 2001 and 2006b, GII.6, GII.7, GII.12 and GII.17. AstV genotypes 1, 2, 4 and 5 were also characterized. Those data demonstrate the impact of NoV infection in cases of infantile gastroenteritis, surpassing RVA infection responsible for high morbidity rate in children under five years old.     

Crystal structures of GII.10 and GII.12 norovirus protruding domains in complex with histo-blood group antigens reveal details for a potential site of vulnerability

Noroviruses are the dominant cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide, and interactions with human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are thought to play a critical role in their entry mechanism. Structures of noroviruses from genogroups GI and GII in complex with HBGAs, however, reveal different modes of interaction. To gain insight into norovirus recognition of HBGAs, we determined crystal structures of norovirus protruding domains from two rarely detected GII genotypes, GII.10 and GII.12, alone and in complex with a panel of HBGAs, and analyzed structure-function implications related to conservation of the HBGA binding pocket. The GII.10- and GII.12-apo structures as well as the previously solved GII.4-apo structure resembled each other more closely than the GI.1-derived structure, and all three GII structures showed similar modes of HBGA recognition. The primary GII norovirus-HBGA interaction involved six hydrogen bonds between a terminal αfucose1-2 of the HBGAs and a dimeric capsid interface, which was composed of elements from two protruding subdomains. Norovirus interactions with other saccharide units of the HBGAs were variable and involved fewer hydrogen bonds. Sequence analysis revealed a site of GII norovirus sequence conservation to reside under the critical αfucose1-2 and to be one of the few patches of conserved residues on the outer virion-capsid surface. The site was smaller than that involved in full HBGA recognition, a consequence of variable recognition of peripheral saccharides. Despite this evasion tactic, the HBGA site of viral vulnerability may provide a viable target for small molecule- and antibody-mediated neutralization of GII norovirus.     

Norovirus detection in shellfish using two Real-Time RT-PCR methods

Shellfish are recognized as a potential vehicle of viral diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the ability of two real-time RT-PCR methods (an in-house method and a commercial kit) for detecting Norovirus (NoV) belonging to genogroups GI and GII in shellfish. The analyses were performed both on a Norovirus Reference Panel (NRP), consisting of synthetic RNA, and on naturally contaminated mussels. For the experiments carried out on the NRP a statistically significant difference (?2=8.03) was shown between the results obtained by the two methods. The in-house real-time RT-PCR allowed the detection of all genotypes belonging to GI and GII, while the commercial kit was not suitable for the detection of the majority of the GI sequences constituting the panel. No significant difference was instead detected in the experiments carried out on shellfish, where the presence of GI was always concomitant with GII. Both methods were suitable for detection of NoV in shellfish, however the in-house real-time RT-PCR method had the advantage of differentiating GI and GII contamination. As regards the shellfish analysed, a considerable frequency of NoV contamination (34.4% of the samples) was detected, with a predominance of NoV GII.