An improved fungal mounting technique for Nomarski microscopy

Lack of understanding of aspects of the process of meiosis and of the relationship of them to Mendelian genetics has been shown to cause learning problems for students of different ages and in different countries.

Some of these problems have been revealed in students' responses to a practical task which formed part of an Advanced level examination. The frequencies with which some misconceptions occurred have been determined in a large sample of students. The nature of these is analysed and their implications discussed.     

全日制专升本药学专业医学微生物学教学的改革探索

目的:研究全日制专升本医学微生物学教学改革方法及效果。方法:选取滨州医学院药学院2010年入学全日制药学专升本学生140人,随机分为2组。实验组实施教学模式改革,对照组采取传统教授法教学模式。问卷调查对比两组学生对教师授课的满意度,统计分析两组学生理论考试成绩。结果:实验组学生对教师授课满意度高于对照组,实验组考试成绩高于对照组,差异有显著性。结论:对全日制专升本学生实施教学模式改革,做到了因材施教,促进学生对知识的融会贯通,改革后教学模式的教学效果优于传统教学模式。     

Considering the levels of biological organisation when teaching carbon flows in a terrestrial ecosystem

ABSTRACT

Students often have misconceptions about terrestrial carbon flows and there is a lack of coherence in students’ explanations regarding the different levels of biological organisation at which these processes occur. In this study, problem-based teaching materials on the topic of terrestrial carbon flows were developed and tested with 15 students 18–19 years old (grade 12) using a pre/post-test design. Students focused on specific carbon flows in an ecosystem at the macro level (e.g. CO₂ fixation and heterotrophic respiration) including specific related concepts at the micro level (e.g. photosynthesis and cellular respiration). The findings indicate that the teaching materials improved the students’ understanding of terrestrial carbon flows and their ability to reason across the different levels of biological organisation. On the basis of these findings, implications for teaching terrestrial carbon flows in biological education are discussed.     

Understanding molecular genetics through a drawing-based activity

The activity uses drawings typically found in textbooks, engaging students in physical and mental activities such as drawing, painting and figure completion — as well as finding missing words and answering guiding questions. The activity deals with three topics: the structure of DNA, DNA replication and protein synthesis. In this study we investigated students' understanding of genetics in two different groups: one used the drawingbased activity integrated in the traditional learning (experimental group) and the other, the control group, received only traditional learning. Achievements of the experimental group were compared to the achievements of the control group, using a written questionnaire. Analysis of the post-test showed that the mean score of the experimental group was significantly higher than the mean score of the control group, suggesting that engaging students in physical and mental activities promote students' learning. This positive trend was also reflected in students' responses in personal interviews. Most of the students reported they felt that the activity helped them to organise and better understand the subject matter, especially the translation process.     

The Effect and Clinical Application of Homemade Tracheotomy Incision Nursing Pads

To investigate the effect and clinical application of the homemade tracheotomy incision nursing pads. 83 patients suffering tracheotomy were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was treated with the homemade tracheotomy incision nursing pads, and the control group was treated with the traditional tracheotomy nursing pads. Subsequently, the number of nursing pads used in 2 weeks, tracheotomy incision bacterial colonies and the comfort of patient between the two groups of pads was compared. The number of nursing pads used by the experimental group was smaller than the control group, and the tracheotomy incision bacterial colonies in the experimental group were fewer than the control group (P < 0.01). However, the differences observed for the skin irritation and gas permeability between the two groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Thus, the results show that the effect of homemade tracheotomy incision nursing pads is greater compared to the traditional nursing pads.     

Conceptions of meiosis: misunderstandings among university students and errors

We have designed and tested an exercise to detect misconceptions among students about meiosis, a fundamental concept in genetics. A total of 30 students responded to a questionnaire, all of whom were in the fifth semester of the Biology bachelor’s degree program offered by the Faculty of Science of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Our analysis showed that students have a poor understanding of the fundamental processes of meiosis and that they have trouble distinguishing them. When asked to diagram part of the process, none were able to produce a complete and accurate representation.     

Promoting RRI and active citizenship in an inquiry-based controversial socio-scientific issue: the case of cholesterol regulation with statins

ABSTRACT

Science education is an important dimension of the European Commission’s Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) objectives; however, RRI is not an explicit focus of biology teaching and few biology teachers have experience in integrating RRI in classroom practice. This study examines the impact of a three 80-minute RRI and active citizenship module on 11th grade biology students, based on the SSIBL pedagogical framework. A representative national sample of 11th grade biology students in Cyprus (n = 398) participated. A pre-post research design examined impact in relation to students’ conceptual understanding regarding cholesterol and its regulation, their understanding of the controversy about cholesterol regulation, awareness of RRI components, feeling of responsibility and willingness to act. Analyses indicated statistically significant gains in conceptual understanding and the understanding of the controversy about cholesterol regulation and awareness of RRI components, as well as in students’ socio-scientific accountability (feeling of responsibility and willingness to act). Conceptual understanding showed increased correlations with Controversy understanding and RRI understanding forming the three of them the cognitive elements of individuals understanding. All of the examined variables are deemed, as of great importance for the design, implementation and evaluation of innovative biology RRI and active citizenship modules.     

??Are Humans Evolving??? A Classroom Discussion to Change Student Misconceptions Regarding Natural Selection

Natural selection is an important mechanism in the unifying biological theory of evolution, but many undergraduate students struggle to learn this concept. Students enter introductory biology courses with predictable misconceptions about natural selection, and traditional teaching methods, such as lecturing, are unlikely to dispel these misconceptions. Instead, students are more likely to learn natural selection when they are engaged in instructional activities specifically designed to change misconceptions. Three instructional strategies useful for changing student conceptions include (1) eliciting na?ve conceptions from students, (2) challenging nonscientific conceptions, and (3) emphasizing conceptual frameworks throughout instruction. In this paper, we describe a classroom discussion of the question “Are humans evolving?” that employs these three strategies for teaching students how natural selection operates. Our assessment of this activity shows that it successfully elicits students’ misconceptions and improves student understanding of natural selection. Seventy-eight percent of our students who began this exercise with misconceptions were able to partially or completely change their misconceptions by the end of this discussion. The course that this activity was part of also showed significant learning gains (d = 1.48) on the short form of the Conceptual Inventory of Natural Selection. This paper includes all the background information, data, and visual aids an instructor will need to implement this activity.     

心肺康复训练对脑卒中患者的康复效果及对血清BDNF、NT-3、MMP-9及心肺功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨心肺康复训练对脑卒中患者的康复效果及对血清脑源性神经生长因子（BDNF）、神经营养因子-3（NT-3）、基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）及心肺功能的影响。方法：选择2020年01月-2021年01月在我院接受治疗的129例脑卒中患者，采用抽签法分为试验组（n=65）和对照组（n=64）。对照组给予常规康复治疗，试验组给予心肺康复训练治疗。比较两组患者的临床疗效、血清BDNF、NT-3、MMP-9、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心室收缩末期内径（LVESD）、最大心率、静息心率、峰值摄氧量（VO_2peak ）、无氧阈（AT）、峰值能量代谢当量（MET peak）、每分峰值通气量（VE _peak ）及Fugl-Meyer评定量表（FMA）、改良Barthel指数（MBI）评分变化情况。结果：治疗后，两组总有效率比较差异显著（P<0.05）；治疗前，试验组和对照组血清BDNF、NT-3、MMP-9比较无显著差异；治疗后，试验组和对照组血清BDNF随着时间的推移而升高，且试验组均高于对照组，NT-3、MMP-9随着时间的推移而降低，且试验组均低于对照组，差异显著（P<0.05）；治疗前，试验组和对照组LVEF、LVESD、最大心率及静息心率比较无显著差异；治疗后，试验组和对照组LVEF、最大心率随着时间的推移而升高，且试验组均高于对照组，LVESD、静息心率随着时间的推移而降低，且试验组均低于对照组，差异显著（P<0.05）；治疗前，试验组和对照组VO_2peak 、AT、MET peak及VE _peak 比较无显著差异；治疗后，试验组和对照组VO_2peak 、AT、MET _peak 及VE _peak 随着时间的推移而升高，且试验组均高于对照组，差异显著（P<0.05）；治疗前，试验组和对照组FMA、MBI评分比较无显著差异；治疗后，试验组和对照组FMA、MBI评分随着时间的推移而升高，且试验组均高于对照组，差异显著（P<0.05）。结论：在脑卒中患者中应用心肺康复训练临床效果更好，可有改善患者血清BDNF、NT-3、MMP-9及心肺功能。     

Investigating the Effectiveness of an Inquiry-Based Intervention on Human Reproduction in Relation to Students’ Gender,Prior Knowledge and Motivation for Learning in Biology

Despite the importance of understanding how the human reproductive system works, adolescents worldwide exhibit weak conceptual understanding, which leads to serious risks, such as unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Studies focusing on the development and evaluation of inquiry-based learning interventions, promoting the knowledge of human reproduction, are very few. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an inquiry-based intervention on human reproduction in relation to students’ gender, prior knowledge and motivation for learning in biology. Data collection methods included students’ pre- and post-tests, evaluating students’ conceptual understanding regarding human reproduction, and measurements of students’ motivation employing the Motivational Learning Environment survey. The sample for the pre- and post-test conceptual understanding data included the whole population of the 7th graders in Cyprus (n = 6465). Students’ motivation data were collected from a representative sample of the entire 7th graders population (n = 946 students). Statistical analyses indicated a statistically significant increase in students’ conceptual understanding as well as in their motivation for learning in biology. However, students’ gender, prior knowledge and initial motivation for learning in biology seemed to mediate the effectiveness of the inquiry-based intervention. All of these variables are deemed, therefore, as of great importance for the design, implementation and evaluation of biology teaching interventions.     

高强度聚焦超声消融治疗（HIFU术）联合补肾活血方治疗子宫腺肌病的临床研究

摘要 目的：探讨高强度聚焦超声消融治疗（HIFU术）联合补肾活血方治疗子宫腺肌病的临床疗效。方法：选取我院2020年3月到2023年3月收治的100例子宫腺肌病患者作为研究对象,应用随机数字表法将其分为观察组与对照组,每组50例。对照组患者采取HIFU术治疗,观察组患者采取HIFU术联合补肾活血方治疗,对比两组患者临床疗效,治疗前后中医证候积分,对比手术前、手术后3个月、6个月的糖类抗原CA125及血红蛋白水平变化,并在治疗3个月后和治疗6个月应用子宫体积、痛经评分、经量评分评价患者远期预后情况。结果：两组临床疗效比较无差异（P>0.05）;治疗前两组患者腰膝酸软、经期腰骶痛、经期腹痛相关中医证候积分对比无明显差异（P＞0.05）,治疗后两组患者腰膝酸软、经期腰骶痛、经期腹痛相关中医证候积分均降低,且观察组低于对照组（P＜0.05）;手术两组患者糖类抗原CA125、Hb水平对比无明显差异（P＞0.05）,术后3个月、6个月两组患者糖类抗原CA125水平降低,观察组低于对照组,Hb水平升高,观察组高于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗后3个月的子宫体积、痛经评分、经量评分明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）,且治疗6个月后两组患者子宫体积、痛经评分、经量评分均降低,观察组低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：对子宫腺肌病患者应用高强度聚焦超声消融术联合补肾活血方治疗可提升其临床治疗效果,减轻患者临床症状,改善患者糖类抗原CA125表达水平,减轻贫血情况,且远期疗效较好,能够进一步改善患者子宫体积、疼痛程度和月经量,值得临床应用推广。     

头孢曲松联合雷尼替丁治疗急性胰腺炎患者的临床研究

目的:探讨头孢曲松联合H2受体阻断剂(雷尼替丁)治疗急性胰腺炎患者的临床疗效及可能机制。方法:92例急性胰腺炎患者按抽签法分为对照组(n=46)与实验组(n=46),对照组行头孢曲松治疗,实验组基于对照组加用雷尼替丁治疗,比较两组血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血小板活化因子(PAF)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醇(MDA)、胃泌素、胃动素、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)水平的变化,临床表现缓解时间及临床疗效。结果:治疗后,实验组血清IL-6、CRP、PAF、MDA、胃泌素水平及HR均显著低于对照组(P0.05),血清SOD、胃动素水平及MAP均明显高于对照组(P0.05),临床表现缓解时间明显短于对照组,临床有效率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:头孢曲松联合雷丁替尼可有效提高急性胰腺炎的临床疗效,可能与其抑制炎症反应、抗氧化作用有关。     

数字化模板技术在复杂踝关节骨折手术治疗中的应用

目的:探讨数字化模板技术辅助手术治疗复杂踝关节骨折的临床疗效。方法:选择2013年6月至2015年6月在我院接受治疗的踝关节骨折患者60例,随机分为术前数字化模板设计组(实验组)和传统内固定组(对照组)。实验组在术前行CT薄层扫描,建立踝关节数字三维模型,应用3D打印机打印出骨折模型,制定个性化的手术方案并实施手术;对照组采用传统切开复位手术治疗。分别记录两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、Burwell-Charnley X线复位评分及Olerud-Molander功能评分。结果:实验组患者的手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间均少于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组术后复位优良率(96.7%)高于对照组(93.3%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组术后踝关节功能评分高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:应用数字化骨科技术治疗踝关节复杂骨折的临床效果显著,可缩短手术时间,减少手术并发症,值得临床推广应用。     

Students’ Alternative Conceptions about the Lotus Effect: To Confront or to Ignore?

At the botanical garden of the University of Würzburg, we conducted practical lessons on bionics, focused on the lotus effect, with 260 students. Those approx. 14 years old, 8th-grade mid-level students were divided into two groups. During an instructional discussion about the topic, one group was confronted with their alternative conceptions (AC), whereas the other group was not (NAC). Both groups were treated equally, following the experimental phase and results discussion. Questionnaires were used to measure conceptual change in a pre-, post- and retention test design. Both groups changed their conceptions in short-term similarly. Over a long-term period, the NAC group showed significantly higher knowledge than the AC group. We discuss that the methodology of the alternative conception confrontation should be selected very carefully by the teacher, as this step is the most delicate within the whole conceptual change process.     

PBL结合询证医学模式在普通外科临床教学中的应用

目的:基于问题的学习(PBL)结合询证医学(EMB)模式在普通外科临床教学中的应用。方法:选择2015年9月到2016年1月在我院学习的普通外科专业学生74例纳入本次研究,根据简单数字随机表法将其划分为观察组(PBL结合EBM教学模式)以及对照组(传统教学模式)各37例,对比两组考试成绩,课程相关指标,以及评优情况。结果:观察组的基础知识得分、主观题考试得分、个案分析得分以及总分均分别明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。观察组的课前准备时间、课堂发言次数及授课满意度均明显大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。观察组药物选择合理、患者状态评估准确以及符合临床实际上的评优率均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:PBL结合EBM模式应用在普通外科的临床教学过程中,效果明显,能较好地激发学生学习兴趣并提高其学习成绩,还可提升学生的评优率,值得给予推广。     

Human walking and running

Some of the major sources of misconceptions and learning difficulties in genetics amongst school students were examined by using in-depth recorded interviews based on genetically orientated tasks. The subsequent unstructured discussion illuminated specific areas of concern. It was found that some students' misconceptions were related to the nature of the concepts used in genetics, such as the frequent representation of meiosis by fixed inanimate stage diagrams. Other problems related to pedagogy, for example, the separation in teaching time between the presentation of meiosis and the introduction of genetics per se; and the type and extent of practical support experience available to the student.     

案例教学法结合多媒体教学法在超声专业教学中的应用研究

目的:研究案例教学法结合多媒体教学法在超声专业教学中的应用效果。方法:选择2015年3月到2017年3月在我院超声科实习的112名医学院学生进行研究,按照随机数字表法将医学生分成观察组及对照组,各56例,对照组采用传统教学法实施教学,观察组则采用案例教学法以及多媒体教学法实施综合教学,在每学期末,统计并对比两组学生理论成绩和实践成绩,以及两组学生对教学方式的满意度。结果:观察组的理论成绩和实践成绩各项目分值均分别明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。观察组学生对教学方式的满意度为98.21%,明显高于对照组的87.50%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:案例教学法与多媒体教学法的综合应用能够有效提升超声专业学生的理论成绩和实践成绩,还可改善其对教学方式的满意度,效果较好,临床超声教学可考虑将此种教学方式进行广泛推广,从而更有利于培养专业人才。     

The gamification of elementary school biology: a case study on increasing understanding of plants

ABSTRACT

This study presents a new technique, the “Which plant am I?” game, which helps to increase pupils’ plant knowledge, while motivate them to become familiar with more plants. On the other hand pupils’ plant knowledge was tested in Serbia.

The “Which Plant Am I?“ game was tested with two groups of pupils (in average 11 years old). Pupils in the experimental group took part in outdoor classes and played the ”Which plant am I?” game. Pupils of the control group observed plants only in the classroom. This technique can deliver significant improvement in pupils’ knowledge about plants and motivate them through an active and playful learning process. This technique can be one possible solution of plant blindness.     

大承气汤辅助治疗ARDS患者对其pH、PaO2/FiO2和氧化应激状态的影响

目的:观察大承气汤辅助治疗ARDS患者对其pH、氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2)及氧化应激状态的影响。方法:选择2014年8月~2016年8月于成都中医药大学临床医学院就诊的82例ARDS患者,按治疗方式的不同随机分为对照组与实验组,对照组接受常规治疗,实验组在对照组的基础上联合大承气汤治疗,两组均持续用药7天。观察两组ICU住院时间、机械通气时间、不良反应的发生情况、治疗前后pH、PaO_2/FiO_2、血气超氧化物歧化醇(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醇(MDA)水平的变化。结果:实验组ICU住院时间、机械通气时间及不良反应的发生率均显著短于或低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗前,两组pH、PaO_2/FiO_2、血清SOD、GSH-Px、MDA水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组pH、PaO_2/FiO_2、血清SOD、GSH-Px水平均较治疗前显著上升,且实验组PaO_2/FiO_2、血清SOD、GSH-Px水平明显高于对照组,两组血清MDA水平均较治疗前明显降低,且实验组血清MDA水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:大承气汤辅助治疗ARDS能够有效改善患者pH、PaO_2/FiO_2,缓解氧化应激状态,利于患者恢复。     

Anthropological films and the myth of scientific truths

This article describes, analyzes, and interprets various cultural influences on the representational drawings of young Navajo students, in order to understand their changing cultural viewpoint. The data and drawings were gathered from two elementary art classes in one Navajo public school in northeastern Arizona, as part of an ongoing study. This information is compared to anthropological data gathered on adult Navajo drawings nearly 30 years ago, as well as to some dominant theories on child art. Data reveal students are influenced by Navajo traditional images, classroom teachers’ versions of school art, popular art images, pan‐Indian influences, and peer copying. Results reveal the persistence of traditional nature imagery, the incorporation of similar schemas and color use with mainstream children, a keen ability to render realistic images and space, and the incorporation of those American things that the Navajo regard as “good for them.” Keen drawing abilities appear at a young age among the Navajo because of the high status of the arts, traditional education through observation and demonstration, peer imitation, and male drawing competition.