Functional Production of a Soluble and Secreted Single-Chain Antibody by a Bacterial Secretion System

Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) serve as an alternative to full-length monoclonal antibodies used in research and therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, when recombinant scFvs are overexpressed in bacteria, they often form inclusion bodies and exhibit loss of function. To overcome this problem, we developed an scFv secretion system in which scFv was fused with osmotically inducible protein Y (osmY), a bacterial secretory carrier protein, for efficient protein secretion. Anti-EGFR scFv (αEGFR) was fused with osmY (N- and C-termini) and periplasmic leader sequence (pelB) to generate αEGFR-osmY, osmY-αEGFR, and pelB-αEGFR (control), respectively. In comparison with the control, both the osmY-fused αEGFR scFvs were soluble and secreted into the LB medium. Furthermore, the yield of soluble αEGFR-osmY was 20-fold higher, and the amount of secreted protein was 250-fold higher than that of osmY-αEGFR. In addition, the antigen-binding activity of both the osmY-fused αEGFRs was 2-fold higher than that of the refolded pelB-αEGFR from inclusion bodies. Similar results were observed with αTAG72-osmY and αHer2-osmY. These results suggest that the N-terminus of osmY fused with scFv produces a high yield of soluble, functional, and secreted scFv, and the osmY-based bacterial secretion system may be used for the large-scale industrial production of low-cost αEGFR protein.     

工程原核生物和酵母菌中生产单克隆抗体和抗体片段研究进展 *

抗体药物和抗体片段药物在药物市场占据了重要的地位,主要通过哺乳动物细胞系统进行生产,操作复杂并且成本高。为了能够克服哺乳动物细胞系统生产抗体药物的弊端,越来越多的抗体及抗体片段在原核细胞及酵母菌中生产,但是产率往往不高并且没有糖基化。从基因转录和翻译的优化、分子伴侣的共表达和抑制蛋白水解降解等方面概述了在原核生物表达系统及酵母菌中提高单克隆抗体和抗体片段产量的研究进展,为未来利用原核生物和酵母菌实现工业化生产单克隆抗体及抗体片段奠定基础。     

Escherichia coliSkp Chaperone Coexpression Improves Solubility and Phage Display of Single-Chain Antibody Fragments

Expression of single-chain antibody fragments (scAb)in the periplasm ofEscherichia colioften results in low soluble product yield and cell lysis. We have increased scAb solubility and prevented cell culture lysis by coexpressing theE. coliSkp chaperone gene. A mutant Skp cistron was linked to a bacteriophage T7 gene 10 translational initiation region and placed either downstream of a scAb gene within an isopropyl β- -thiogalactopyranoside-inducible expression cassette or on a separate colE1-compatible arabinose-inducible vector. Increases in scAb solubility reflected the amount of coexpressed Skp. A bacteriophage display vector that was also engineered to coexpress Skp permitted display of a virtually undisplayable scAb and should prove useful in expanding library sizes.     

Single-Chain Fv of Anti-idiotype 11-1G10 Antibody Interacts with Antibody NC41 Single-Chain Fv with a Higher Affinity than the Affinity for the Interaction of the Parent Fab Fragments

A single-chain Fv (scFv) fragment of anti-idiotype antibody 11-1G10, which recognizes an idiotope of anti-neuraminidase antibody NC41, was constructed by joining V_H and V_L domains with a (Gly₄Ser)₃ linker, with a pelB leader sequence, and two C-terminal FLAG tag sequences, and expressed in E. coli (10 mg/L). The 11-1G10 scFv was isolated by affinity chromatography on an anti-FLAG M2 antibody column as a 2:1 mixture of monomer and dimer forms which were separated by Superdex 75 chromatography; monomer (at 100 g/ml) was stable for 7 days at 21°C and 30 days at 4°C, whereas the dimer slowly dissociated to monomer to yield a 2:1 monomer–dimer equilibrium mixture after 30 days at 4°C. The dimer was bivalent, with each combining site binding an NC41 Fab to yield a stable complex of M _r 156,000. Binding affinities, determined in solution using a BIAcore biosensor, showed that the affinity for the interaction of 11-1G10 scFv monomer with NC41 scFv monomer was five- to six-fold higher than the interaction of the parent Fab pair. This is the first example of an scFv derived from a monoclonal antibody with a higher affinity than its parent Fab.     

Generation of High-Affinity Chicken Single-Chain Fv Antibody Fragments for Measurement of the Pseudonitzschia pungens Toxin Domoic Acid

Antibody-based assay systems are now accepted by regulatory authorities for detection of the toxins produced by phytoplankton that accumulate in shellfish tissues. However, the generation of suitable antibodies for sensitive assay development remains a major challenge. We have examined the potential of using the chicken immune system to generate high-affinity, high-specificity recombinant antibody fragments against phytotoxins. Following immunization of the chicken with domoic acid-bovine serum albumin, a single-chain antibody variable region (scFv) gene library was generated from single V_H and V_L genes isolated from the immune cells in the spleen and bone marrow. scFvs reacting with domoic acid were isolated by phage display and affinity matured by light chain shuffling, resulting in an approximate 10-fold increase in sensitivity. The isolated scFvs were effectively expressed in Escherichia coli and readily purified by affinity chromatography. They were then used to develop a convenient and sensitive indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for domoic acid, with a 50% effective dose of 156 ng/ml, which could be used reliably with shellfish extracts. This study demonstrates that chickens provide a valuable model system for the simplified, rapid generation of high-affinity recombinant antibody fragments with specificity for small toxin molecules.     

Develope Monoclonal Antibody against Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus A Type

In order to develop an anti-FMDV A Type monoclonal antibody (mAb),BABL/c mice were immunized with FMDV A type.Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 7B11 and 8H4 against Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A were produced by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cells with splenocyte from the mouse immunized with A/AV88.The microneutralization titer of the mAbs 7B11 and 8H4 were 1024 and 512,respectively.Both mAbs contain kappa light chains,the mAbs were IgG1.In order to define the mAbs binding epitopes,the reactivity of the...     

单克隆抗体仿制药物的结构分析策略

市场高达数千亿美元的单克隆抗体药物即将结束专利保护期,这对发展中国家产业升级,提高国民医疗水平,都是一次难得的战略机遇。然而,单抗类蛋白仿制药的研发与质控工作难度巨大,必须使用液相色谱-质谱联用技术进行分析。针对单抗仿制药结构必须进行的分析项目(氨基酸序列表达正确性、糖基化修饰形态相似性、以及高级结构统一致性)的液质分析方法进行了系统介绍。此外还就分析工作效率及质控过程的法规依从问题予以讨论。     

Monoclonal Antibody Developed against a Hemolysin of Bacillus thuringiensis

A total of five hybridoma cell lines that produced monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against a hemolysin (Bt-hemolysin) produced by Bacillus thuringiensis were established and characterized. All of these monoclonal antibodies reacted similarly not only to Bt-hemolysin but also to a hemolysin (Bc-hemolysin) produced by B. cereus, suggesting that the two hemolysins are immunologically indistinguishable. The MAb developed in this study was also successfully applied for rapid and simple purification of both Bt- and Bc-hemolysins by immunoaffinity column chromatography. The partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified hemolysins was determined to be Ile-Glu-Gln-Thr.     

A Single Mutation in Framework 2 of the Heavy Variable Domain Improves the Properties of a Diabody and a Related Single-Chain Antibody

Excellent results regarding improved therapeutic properties have been often obtained through the conversion of a single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) into a noncovalent dimeric antibody (diabody) via peptide linker shortening. We utilized this approach to obtain a dimeric version of the human scFv 6009F, which was originally engineered to neutralize the Cn2 toxin of Centruroides noxius scorpion venom. However, some envenoming symptoms remained with diabody 6009F. Diabody 6009F was subjected to directed evolution to obtain a variant capable of eliminating envenoming symptoms. After two rounds of biopanning, diabody D4 was isolated. It exhibited a single mutation (E43G) in framework 2 of the heavy‐chain variable domain. Diabody D4 displayed an increase in T_m (thermal transition midpoint temperature) of 6.3 °C compared with its dimeric precursor. The importance of the E43G mutation was tested in the context of the human scFv LR, a highly efficient antibody against Cn2, which was previously generated by our group [Riaño-Umbarila, L., Contreras-Ferrat, G., Olamendi-Portugal, T., Morelos-Juárez, C., Corzo, G., Possani, L. D. and Becerril, B. (2011). J. Biol. Chem. 286, 6143–6151]. The new variant, scFv LER, displayed an increase in T_m of 3.4 °C and was capable of neutralizing 2 LD₅₀ of Cn2 toxin with no detectable symptoms when injected into mice at a 1:1 toxin-to-antibody molar ratio. These results showed that the E43G mutation might increase the therapeutic properties of these antibody fragments. Molecular modeling and dynamics results suggest that the rearrangement of the hydrogen-bonding network near the E43G mutation could explain the improved functional stability and neutralization properties of both the diabody D4 and scFv LER.     

Use of a Single-Chain Antibody Library for Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Discovery

The discovery of novel early detection biomarkers of disease could offer one of the best approaches to decrease the morbidity and mortality of ovarian and other cancers. We report on the use of a single-chain variable fragment antibody library for screening ovarian serum to find novel biomarkers for the detection of cancer. We alternately panned the library with ovarian cancer and disease-free control sera to make a sublibrary of antibodies that bind proteins differentially expressed in cancer. This sublibrary was printed on antibody microarrays that were incubated with labeled serum from multiple sets of cancer patients and controls. The antibodies that performed best at discriminating disease status were selected, and their cognate antigens were identified using a functional protein microarray. Overexpression of some of these antigens was observed in cancer serum, tumor proximal fluid, and cancer tissue via dot blot and immunohistochemical staining. Thus, our use of recombinant antibody microarrays for unbiased discovery found targets for ovarian cancer detection in multiple sample sets, supporting their further study for disease diagnosis.Despite many advances in the treatment of cancer, early detection and tumor removal remains the best prospect for overcoming disease. Ovarian cancer is an excellent example of the potential prognostic value of early detection because diagnosis at a localized stage has a 5-year survival rate of 93%. However, only 19% of cases are diagnosed at this stage, and by the time the disease has evolved to an advanced stage, the 5-year survival rate drops to 31% (1).Much effort has been expended to find early detection markers of ovarian cancer, and some success has been achieved. Most notable is CA125, the only approved marker for the detection of recurrence of ovarian cancer (2). Other leading targets are mesothelin and HE4, which have been examined by several groups for their efficacy as early detection markers (3–8). Nevertheless, several conditions necessitate the discovery of more specific and sensitive ovarian cancer markers: the heterogeneity of this disease, the ambiguity of its symptoms, its low incidence in the general population, and the low sensitivity and specificity of currently available markers.One of the difficulties in finding markers in blood is the complexity of the plasma/serum proteome, estimated in the tens to hundreds of thousands of proteins, as well as its large range in constituent protein concentrations, which can span 12 orders of magnitude (9). However, along with its easy accessibility, the fact that blood is in contact with virtually every tissue and contains tissue- and tumor-derived proteins makes it a preferred source for disease biomarker discovery.Our previous results (10, 11) and those of others (12–14) using high density, full-length IgG antibody microarrays to validate and discover cancer serum biomarkers demonstrated that this platform is valuable for simultaneously comparing the levels of hundreds of proteins on dozens of serum samples from cancer patients and healthy controls. We confirmed overexpression of CA125, mesothelin, and HE4 in ovarian cancer samples using this high density microarray platform, validating our array methodology for measurement of cancer serum biomarkers and yielding new putative biomarkers for this disease (10, 11).Previously reported approaches are typically limited to a few hundred antibodies. The methodology reported here allows us to exploit the specific advantages of antibodies as high affinity capture reagents to detect differential expression of thousands of tumor biomarkers using a diverse (2 × 10⁸ binding agents) single-chain variable fragment antibody (scFv)¹ library for detection of ovarian cancer markers in serum, tumor cyst fluid, and ascites fluid. Our results build on previous reports of phage display library microarrays to discover autoantibody (15–18) and other protein (12, 19, 20) cancer biomarkers. Our scFv are high affinity capture reagents consisting of the variable regions of human antibody heavy and light chains joined by a flexible linker peptide. These recombinant antibodies are able to recognize a wide variety of antigens, including many previously thought difficult, such as self-antigens and proteins that are not normally immunogenic in animals (21–24). Using a highly diverse recombinant antibody library, one has the ability to overcome the complexity of the serum proteome. It has been calculated that for an immune repertoire to be complete (at least one antibody in the repertoire has reasonable affinity for every epitope possible in nature) it requires a diversity of at least 10⁶ antibodies (25). The reported diversity of our scFv library exceeds this value by 100-fold (21).To enrich for antibodies that differentiate disease status, we performed a selection or panning of the naïve library for proteins that are differentially expressed in cyst fluid, ascites fluid, or serum of cancer patients with respect to healthy serum. We printed this sublibrary on activated hydrogel slides that were queried with three different sets of labeled case and control sera to further select those that discriminate cancer status in a statistically significant manner. Next, we identified some of the targets that bind to the individual scFv using high density nucleic acid programmable protein arrays (NAPPAs) expressing a total of over 7000 proteins. Finally, we validated the effectiveness of the selection process by confirming overexpression of these targets in cancer serum, cyst fluid, and ascites fluid as well as in tumor sections.     

大鼠脑红蛋白(NGB)可溶性原核表达和单克隆抗体制备及鉴定

脑红蛋白 (NGB)是新发现的脑特异的携氧蛋白 .为了对其功能进行深入的研究 ,应用已构建大鼠NGB基因编码区原核表达载体pGEX 4T 2 NGB转化的大肠杆菌BL2 1 ,获得可溶性表达产物 .用谷胱甘肽S 转移酶 (GST)亲和层析柱纯化后作为抗原 ,免疫Balb c小鼠 .通过传统的细胞融合方法制备了抗大鼠NGB的单克隆抗体 ,并对全部 4株单抗进行了亚类和亚型、效价和特异性鉴定 .为NGB结构与功能的深入研究提供了重要工具     

猪细小病毒单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

目的制备猪细小病毒（PPV）杂交瘤细胞株,并对其分泌的PPV单克隆抗体进行鉴定。方法按常规方法制备并获得2株杂交瘤细胞。用染色体分析对杂交瘤细胞进行鉴定,用间接ELISA、免疫过氧化物酶单层试验（IPMA）和间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）对其分泌的单克隆抗体进行效价测定、亚型鉴定和特异性鉴定。结果得到2株分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株2H9、1F9,染色体数目介于90～110之间。细胞上清效价均达1∶1×104,腹水效价均达1∶1×107,其亚型分别为IgG1、IgM,均为kappa链。2H9、1F9单抗与猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪瘟病毒（CSFV）、猪伪狂犬病毒（PRV）、猪圆环病毒I型（PCV-1）、猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型（PCV-2）、乙脑病毒（JEV）等均无交叉反应。IPMA和IFA检测结果显示2H9、1F9单抗均能与接种于PK-15细胞的PPV发生特异性反应。结论成功制备了2株抗PPV杂交瘤细胞株,证实其产生的单克隆抗体具有良好的特异性和敏感性。     

一株新型抗46 ku-细胞角蛋白的单特异性单克隆抗体

利用杂交瘤技术制备了一株单克隆抗体 T2-2,对其生化性质的研究及其与抗细胞角蛋白多克隆抗体完全重合的定位表明,该抗体特异性识别一种分子质量为 46 ku 的角蛋白. 对 68 例正常组织和 65 例肿瘤组织的免疫组化结果显示,单克隆抗体 T2-2 具有上皮细胞特异性. 与其他多数抗细胞角蛋白抗体常与一种以上细胞角蛋白多肽表现出交叉反应不同的是,该抗体只识别 46 ku 细胞角蛋白多肽上的某一单特异性表位. 另外,单克隆抗体 T2-2 适用于多种免疫实验技术,包括 ELISA、免疫组化、细胞免疫荧光及蛋白质印迹等,而且适用于多种固定剂. 以上结果表明,单克隆抗体 T2-2 将成为细胞角蛋白功能研究和肿瘤诊断的有力工具.     

抗胃癌细胞系单克隆抗体PD4的初步研究

以胃癌细胞系MGC803免疫Balb/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞NS-1融合。经选择培养、筛选及克隆化,获得恒定地分泌抗胃癌细胞系单克隆抗体(MoAb)的杂交瘤细胞系PD4。MoAb PD4与3/4胃癌细胞系有强结合反应,与4/4肺癌细胞系有弱结合反应,但与淋巴细胞、ABO红细胞、骨髓细胞、二倍体成纤维细胞及经检测的其他肿瘤细胞均无反应。PD4抗原主要表达于靶细胞的膜上,不耐热,为分子量40kD的蛋白性抗原。该抗原与HLA抗原系统,血型抗原系统无关,亦不同于其他作者所报告的其他胃癌相关抗原。     

Development of a Highly Protective Combination Monoclonal Antibody Therapy against Chikungunya Virus

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes global epidemics of a debilitating polyarthritis in humans. As there is a pressing need for the development of therapeutic agents, we screened 230 new mouse anti-CHIKV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for their ability to inhibit infection of all three CHIKV genotypes. Four of 36 neutralizing MAbs (CHK-102, CHK-152, CHK-166, and CHK-263) provided complete protection against lethality as prophylaxis in highly susceptible immunocompromised mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (Ifnar^−/−) and mapped to distinct epitopes on the E1 and E2 structural proteins. CHK-152, the most protective MAb, was humanized, shown to block viral fusion, and require Fc effector function for optimal activity in vivo. In post-exposure therapeutic trials, administration of a single dose of a combination of two neutralizing MAbs (CHK-102+CHK-152 or CHK-166+CHK-152) limited the development of resistance and protected immunocompromised mice against disease when given 24 to 36 hours before CHIKV-induced death. Selected pairs of highly neutralizing MAbs may be a promising treatment option for CHIKV in humans.     

抗人IgG Fc片段及Fab段单抗的鉴定及应用

本实验采用木瓜酶水解,SPA柱亲合层析等手段得到人IgGFc段及Fab段,以Sigma抗人IgGfFc段和抗人IgG Fab段单抗为标准品,鉴定了细胞库中抗人IgG系列的部分细胞株,得到特异性分泌抗人IgG Fc段和抗人IgG Fab段单抗的细胞各一株。 在上述实验基础上,用抗人IgG Fc及抗人IgG Fab单抗分别制备了Sepharose4B亲合层析柱,提纯了酶解人IgG Fc、Fab片段,经ELISA法鉴定,相互之间无交叉反应。同时用此方法制备了人抗HBe Fab片段,并将该片段进行了过氧化物酶标记,用来配制HBe ELISA诊断盒,证明其生物活性未受影响,而且消除了类风湿因子引起的HBe Ag假阳性现象。因抗HBe单抗来源困难,如采用HBe多抗制备ELISA试剂,本法将是提高质量的一个好方法。     

A Human Monoclonal Antibody against Hepatitis B Surface Antigen with Potent Neutralizing Activity

We describe the production and characterization of human monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for the major hepatitis B virus (HBV) S protein. The mAbs, two IgG1κ and one IgG1λ, were secreted by B-cell clones obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of one person convalescent from acute hepatitis B and one vaccinated individual. The former recognized a denaturation-insensitive epitope within the p24 protein whereas the latter recognized a denaturation-sensitive, conformational epitope located within the HBsAg common “a” determinant. This mAb, denominated ADRI-2F3, displayed a very high protective titer of over 43,000 IU/mg mAb and showed an extremely potent neutralizing activity in the in vitro model of HBV infection using primary hepatocytes from Tupaia belangeri as target. Recombinant variable heavy and light domain sequences derived from mAb ADRI-2F3 were cloned into eukaryotic expression vectors and showed identical fine specificity and 1 log₁₀ higher titer than the original IgG1λ. It is envisaged that such mAb will be able to efficiently prevent HBV reinfection after liver transplantation for end-stage chronic HBV infection or infection after needle-stick exposure, providing an unlimited source of valuable protective anti-HBs antibody.