Regulatory effects of ammonia on carbon metabolism in photosynthesizing Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Addition of ammonia to Chlorella pyrenoidosa, photosynthesizing under steady-state conditions, causes changes in the metabolism which are due not only to the increased availability of NH₄⁺ for reductive amination but also to regulation of controlled enzymes. One such effect is an increased rate of the reaction which converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate in vivo. This regulatory effect was revealed by kinetic tracer studies with ¹⁴CO₂, paper chromatography and radioautographic analysis, which showed that upon addition of NH₄⁺ (1) the levels of both 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate drop, with the ratio of 3-phosphoglycerate/phosphoenolpyruvate increasing, (2) the level of labeled pyruvic acid increases and the rate of formation of alanine increases rapidly, while the rate of formation of serine is unaffected, (3) the rate of flow of carbon into the tricarboxylic acid cycle acids, malate and citrate, increases along with the increased rates of formation of glutamate, glutamine and aspartate and (4) the rate of labeling of lipids increases. The increased flow of carbon into amino acids is mostly at the expense of sucrose synthesis; starch synthesis decreases only slightly. The interruption of sucrose synthesis apparently is due to stopping the reaction between UDP-glucose and fructose 6-phosphate. The rate of conversion of fructose 1,6-diphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate is also decreased upon NH₄⁺ addition.     

Effects of ammonium on energy metabolism and intracellular pH in guinea pig cerebral cortex studied by P and H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

³¹P and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to study the effects of ammonium on high-energy phosphates, intracellular pH and lactate in guinea pig cerebral cortex in vitro. In the presence of glucose, 1 mM ammonium caused an intracellular acidification by 0.2–0.3 pH units without a change in phosphocreatine/ATP (PCr/ATP) ratio, lactate concentration or oxygen uptake. At concentrations of 5 mM or greater, NH₄⁺ caused an energy failure and an increase in tissue lactate, together with a drop in intracellular pH. A split in the inorganic phosphate resonance was observed during the exposure to both 20 mM NH₄⁺ and 20 mM K⁺ indicating heterogeneity of the volume-averaged intracellular pH. Cortical brain slices incubated in the presence of 10 mM lactate maintained PCr/ATP ratio and intracellular pH at similar levels as in the presence of glucose, but 1 mM NH₄⁺ caused a fall in PCr/ATP. Both 20 mM NH₄⁺ and 20 mM K⁺ stimulated oxygen uptake of the preparation with glucose or lactate as substrate. These results show that the only acute effect of 1 mM NH₄⁺ in the presence of glucose is an intracellular acidification whereas energetic consequences develop at high levels of this neurotoxic agent.     

镉胁迫下铵态氮对红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)生理生态特征的影响

城市红树林湿地面临重金属污染和营养元素过量输入的环境问题。其中,镉（Cd）污染具有较高的生态风险,而铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）是红树林湿地沉积物中氮素的主要赋存形态。本论文采用盆栽实验研究了镉（Cd）胁迫下铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）对红树植物秋茄（Kandelia obovata）生理生态特征的影响,包括生物量、叶光合参数（净光合速率P_n,气孔导度G_s,胞间CO₂浓度C_i和蒸腾速率E）、叶丙二醛（MDA）和可溶性糖含量以及根系活力。结果表明：（1）在单Cd胁迫下,秋茄生物量和蒸腾速率（E）显著降低,但根系活力在较高的单Cd胁迫下显著增加;（2）Cd胁迫下,低浓度NH₄⁺-N显著增加秋茄根生物量,但对地上生物量（Cd3处理的叶和Cd1处理的茎除外）和光合作用（P_n、G_s和E）的促进作用不显著;高浓度NH₄⁺-N显著抑制了生物量和光合作用（P_n、G_s和E）;（3）在Cd1处理下,根系活力随NH₄⁺-N胁迫的增强呈先升高后降低的趋势;在Cd2和Cd3处理下,NH₄⁺-N显著降低了根系活力;（4）Cd胁迫下,低浓度NH₄⁺-N对叶MDA（表征氧化损伤）和叶可溶性糖含量（表征渗透调节）的抑制不显著,高浓度NH₄⁺-N显著降低了MDA和可溶性糖的含量。因此,较低浓度的NH₄⁺-N能够缓解Cd对秋茄地下根的毒害,对地上部分的缓解作用有限;高浓度NH₄⁺-N会与Cd产生协同的复合胁迫,加重对秋茄的毒害。     

新型磷酰胺类脲酶抑制剂对不同质地土壤尿素转化的影响

施用脲酶抑制剂是降低尿素水解、减少氨气挥发损失、提高作物氮(N)肥利用率的重要途径之一.采用室内恒温、恒湿模拟试验方法,在25 ℃黑暗条件下培养,研究新型磷酰胺类脲酶抑制剂N-丙基磷酰三胺(NPPT)的脲酶抑制效果,比较其与N-丁基磷酰三胺(NBPT)在不同尿素用量条件下不同质地土壤中对脲酶的抑制差异.结果表明: 在壤土和黏土中,尿素作用时间≤9 d,添加抑制剂可以将尿素水解时间延长3 d以上.砂土中,尿素分解过程相对缓慢,添加抑制剂显著降低土壤脲酶活性,抑制NH₄⁺-N生成.在培养期间,不同尿素用量条件下,脲酶抑制剂在不同质地土壤中的抑制效果表现为高施N量优于低施N量.培养第6天,在尿素用量250 mg N·kg^-1条件下,NBPT和NPPT在砂土中脲酶抑制率分别为56.3%和53.0%,在壤土中分别为0.04%和0.3%,在黏土中分别为4.1%和6.2%;尿素用量500 mg N·kg^-1,NBPT和NPPT在砂土中脲酶抑制率分别为59.4%和65.8%,在壤土中分别为14.5%和15.1%,在黏土中分别为49.1%和48.1%.不同质地土壤中脲酶抑制效果表现为砂土>黏土>壤土.不同抑制剂处理在培养期间土壤NH₄⁺-N含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而NO₃^--N含量和表观硝化率均呈现逐渐上升的趋势.与单施尿素处理相比,添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT和NPPT显著增加土壤中的残留尿素态N,降低NH₄⁺-N生成.新型脲酶抑制剂NPPT在不同质地土壤中的抑制效果与NBPT相似,是一款有效的脲酶抑制剂.     

Nitrogen preference across generations under changing ammonium nitrate ratios

Aims Nitrogen (N) in natural environments is typically supplied by a mixture of ammonia (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃^-). However, factors that underlie either NH₄⁺or NO₃^-preference, and how such preference will change across generations remain unclear. We conducted a series of experiments to answer whether: (i) NH₄⁺:NO₃^-ratio is the driving factor for plant N preference, and (ii) this preference is consistent across generations.     

氮形态对不同小麦基因型氮素吸收和光合作用的影响

利用水培试验,研究了3个小麦基因型对不同形态N素吸收和积累的差异.结果表明,在不同N浓度下,小麦对增铵营养和NH⁺的吸收速率显著高于NO₃^-营养,且在较高浓度下,增铵营养处理具有更强的吸收优势.与次敏感型莱州953和钝感型江东门相比,敏感型扬麦158不仅具有较强的NO₃^-和NH⁺吸收能力,而且具有最强的增铵营养吸收能力.增铵营养促进了扬麦158和莱州953对NO₃^-和NH⁺的吸收,但在一定程度上抑制了江东门对NO₃^-的吸收.与NO₃^-营养及NH⁺营养相比,增铵营养显著提高了扬麦158和莱州953的全株、地上部N积累量和叶片光合速率,而对江东门影响较小因此,增铵营养促进了植株的N吸收,提高了N积累和光合速率,从而促进了小麦生长     

The influence of addition of gallic acid, tannic acid, or quebracho tannins to alfalfa hay on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis

Tannins may reduce rumen degradability of protein, increase the proportion of feed protein reaching the lower digestive tract for enzymatic digestion and thereby increase the efficiency of protein utilization. The objective was to assess the effects of different types and levels of tannins on rumen in vitro gas production and its kinetics, in vitro true degradability (IVTD) and rumen degradability of protein (IVRDP), and microbial protein synthesis by incubating alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay in buffered rumen fluid. Alfalfa was incubated in buffered rumen fluid with and without the addition of different levels of gallic acid (GA), quebracho tannin (QT), or tannic acid (TA). Tannins at the lower inclusion levels had minimal effects on fermentation products compared to the higher levels. Addition of QT and TA reduced ammonium-N (NH₄⁺-N) concentration. Addition of QT at 20, 40, and 60 g/kg DM decreased NH₄⁺-N by 2, 7, and 12% compared with control whereas addition of TA reduced NH₄⁺-N by 5, 6, and 12% when added at 20, 40 and 60 g/kg DM, respectively. In experiment 2, addition of QT at 50, 100, and 150 g/kg DM, resulted in reduction of NH₄⁺-N by 12, 30, and 51%, respectively, compared with the control. Addition of TA at 50, 100, and 150 g/kd DM reduced NH₄⁺-N by 14, 26, and 47% compared with control. Inclusion of QT at 50, 100, 150 DM reduced IVRDP by 13, 30, and 36% compared with control whereas at these levels of inclusion, TA resulted in reduction of IVRDP by 14, 25, and 48%. Rate of gas production decreased (P<0.001), while asymptotic gas production increased (P<0.0001) with increasing level of GA and TA. Quebracho tannin decreased (P<0.0001) both the rate and asymptotic of gas production. Gallic acid had a positive effect on fermentation as indicated by increased gas production and total short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production. Quebracho tannin decreased 24 h gas production, IVTD, and total SCFA production. Acetate to propionate ratio increased with the addition of GA and but decreased when QT was added. Addition of tannins did not markedly increase total purines but numerical values tended to be higher in the presence of tannins compared with the control. Efficiency of microbial growth was lower in the presence of GA and unaltered by TA, but higher in the presence of QT compared with the control. The effect of tannins on rumen fermentation and protein degradation varied with type and level of tannins. In vivo studies will be conducted to validate the in vitro results.     

Gill microsomal (Na+,K+)-ATPase from the blue crab Callinectes danae: Interactions at cationic sites

Euryhaline crustaceans tolerate exposure to a wide range of dilute media, using compensatory, ion regulatory mechanisms. However, data on molecular interactions occurring at cationic sites on the crustacean gill (Na⁺,K⁺)-ATPase, a key enzyme in this hyperosmoregulatory process, are unavailable. We report that Na⁺ binding at the activating site leads to cooperative, heterotropic interactions that are insensitive to K⁺. The binding of K⁺ ions to their high affinity sites displaces Na⁺ ions from their sites. The increase in Na⁺ ion concentrations increases heterotropic interactions with the K⁺ ions, with no changes in K_0.5 for K⁺ ion activation at the extracellular sites. Differently from mammalian (Na⁺,K⁺)-ATPases, that from C. danae exhibits additional NH₄⁺ ion binding sites that synergistically activate the enzyme at saturating concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions. NH₄⁺ binding is cooperative, and heterotropic NH₄⁺ ion interactions are insensitive to Na⁺ ions, but Na⁺ ions displace NH₄⁺ ions from their sites. NH₄⁺ ions also displace Na⁺ ions from their sites. Mg²⁺ ions modulate enzyme stimulation by NH₄⁺ ions, displacing NH₄⁺ ion from its sites. These interactions may modulate NH₄⁺ ion excretion and Na⁺ ion uptake by the gill epithelium in euryhaline crustaceans that confront hyposmotic media.     

Polarographische Messung der Nitritreduktion von Chlorella im monochromatischen Licht

Summary In green plant cells nitrite is reduced by two systems, one dependent on photosynthesis and the other upon respiration. Using a polarographic method for continuous measurement of nitrite uptake, the relationship between light driven and respiration linked nitrite reduction of Chlorella cells was studied.Photosynthetic nitrite reduction is characterized by a pronounced increase in the velocity of nitrite uptake upon illumination. After the light is turned off the velocity immediately returns to the preillumination value. Photosynthetic nitrite reduction of Chlorella is separated from respiration linked nitrite reduction by illumination with red light under anaerobic conditions; it is stimulated by CO₂ and is inhibited by DCMU, findings which confirm earlier observations.In white light a special blue light stimulation of nitrite uptake is overlapped by photosynthetic nitrite reduction. In contrast to photosynthetic nitrite reduction this type of light stimulation is characterized by a lag period of about I min from the onset of illumination; it continues about 10 min when the light is turned off. It is separated from photosynthetic nitrite reduction by irradiation of the algae with low intensities of short wavelength light (<500 nm). Blue light stimulation of nitrite uptake of Chlorella is strongly dependent on the developmental stage of the cells. It is observed with young cells (autospores) of synchronized algae only.There is no evidence for any connection between blue light stimulation of nitrite uptake and photosynthesis. From the sensitivity of this process towards anaerobic conditions and antimycin A it is concluded to be a stimulation of respiration linked nitrite reduction.Under conditions of low exogenous nitrite concentration a temporary inhibition of steady state dark nitrite reduction appears immediately after the light is turned off. From several observations it is concluded that the inhibition already exists during the preceding illumination and decreases the rate of total nitrite uptake in the light. This process is suppressed by inhibition of respiration as well as by the inhibitor of photosynthesis, DCMU.If nitrate is the source of nitrogen an excretion of nitrite is found following illumination. The kinetics of this process agree with those observed for the light induced inhibition of steady state dark nitrite reduction immediately after illumination.     

The effect of ammonia and pH on brain γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in young rats

Acute hyperammonemia, induced by two consecutive injections of ammonium acetate (550 and 450 mg per kg b.wt.), decreased the activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in most brain regions of 18- and 30-day-old rats. This decrease in the brain GGT activity was more pronounced in younger than in older rats. After the addition or NH₄Cl to the incubation medium, the inhibitory action of NH₄⁺ on this enzyme activity was also demonstrated in crude synaptosomal membranes at pH 7.4, but in a range of NH₄⁺ concentrations many-times higher then those found in the plasma or brains of young hyperammonemic rats. Because similar concentrations of NH₄⁺ stimulated the activity of the purified enzyme from rat kidney (mainly at pH 9.0), the inhibition of GGT activity in the young rat brain is probably mediated indirectly and not by a direct interaction of ammonia with the enzyme molecules.     

亚适宜温光环境下不同硝铵比营养液对黄瓜幼苗生长、氮吸收和代谢的影响

以‘中农26’黄瓜为试材,研究亚适宜温光(18 ℃/10 ℃,180±20 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)下不同硝铵比(26:2、21:7和14:14)营养液对黄瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响.结果表明:硝铵比为21:7处理的黄瓜总根长最长、根体积和根表面积最大、根尖数最多;根中H⁺-ATPase活性最高;硝态氮转运蛋白(NRT)和铵转运蛋白(AMT)基因表达量也升高,提高了根系的氮吸收能力;叶中硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性较高,提高了体内氮代谢能力,使黄瓜氮含量和干物质积累显著增加.亚适宜温光下,营养液中硝铵比为21:7时,黄瓜幼苗干质量分别比26:2和14:14处理增加14.0%和19.3%.亚适宜温光下,可通过调整营养液中硝铵比,提高黄瓜氮吸收与代谢能力,缓解亚适宜温光对黄瓜幼苗的不利影响,促进黄瓜生长.     

外源γ-氨基丁酸对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下甜瓜幼苗NO3--N同化的影响

以盐敏感型甜瓜品种‘一品天下208’为试材,用80 mmol·L^-1 Ca(NO₃)₂模拟设施土壤盐渍化,采用深液流水培,研究外源 γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下甜瓜幼苗硝态氮(NO₃^--N)同化的影响.结果表明: Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫显著降低了甜瓜幼苗体内硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合酶(GS)和谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性,增强了谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性,导致铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和游离氨基酸含量增加,NO₃^--N和可溶性蛋白质含量下降,植株生长和光合作用受到严重抑制.Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下,外源喷施GABA有效促进了甜瓜根系对NO₃^--N的吸收及其向地上部的转运,并通过增强NR、GS和GOGAT活性提高了甜瓜幼苗对NH₄⁺的同化力;通过抑制GDH脱氨作用减少了甜瓜幼苗体内NH₄⁺的释放量,从而缓解了盐诱导产生的NH₄⁺-N积累所造成的氨毒害作用;外源喷施GABA也能调节甜瓜组织中氨基酸代谢途径,促进蛋白质的合成.表明外源GABA能增强甜瓜幼苗对NO₃^--N的同化能力,调控氨基酸代谢,进而有效缓解Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的盐伤害作用.     

外源γ-氨基丁酸对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下甜瓜幼苗NO3——N同化的影响

以盐敏感型甜瓜品种‘一品天下208’为试材,用80 mmol·L^-1 Ca(NO₃)₂模拟设施土壤盐渍化,采用深液流水培,研究外源 γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下甜瓜幼苗硝态氮(NO₃^--N)同化的影响.结果表明: Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫显著降低了甜瓜幼苗体内硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合酶(GS)和谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性,增强了谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性,导致铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和游离氨基酸含量增加,NO₃^--N和可溶性蛋白质含量下降,植株生长和光合作用受到严重抑制.Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下,外源喷施GABA有效促进了甜瓜根系对NO₃^--N的吸收及其向地上部的转运,并通过增强NR、GS和GOGAT活性提高了甜瓜幼苗对NH₄⁺的同化力;通过抑制GDH脱氨作用减少了甜瓜幼苗体内NH₄⁺的释放量,从而缓解了盐诱导产生的NH₄⁺-N积累所造成的氨毒害作用;外源喷施GABA也能调节甜瓜组织中氨基酸代谢途径,促进蛋白质的合成.表明外源GABA能增强甜瓜幼苗对NO₃^--N的同化能力,调控氨基酸代谢,进而有效缓解Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的盐伤害作用.     

氮素形态对樱桃番茄果实发育中氮代谢的影响

以樱桃番茄为材料,采用基质 营养液共培养的方法,研究了全硝态氮(NO₃^-）、铵态氮和硝态氮配施（75%NO₃^-∶25%NH₄⁺）及全铵态氮（NH₄⁺）营养对樱桃番茄果实氮代谢及硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）基因表达的影响.结果表明： 铵态氮和硝态氮配施处理下樱桃番茄的单果质量比全硝态氮处理略有增加,且果实中NH₄⁺、总氨基酸、氮含量和氮素累积量均显著高于全硝态氮处理;全硝态氮及铵态氮和硝态氮配施处理下果实NR活性及其基因表达没有明显差异,但都显著高于全铵态氮处理;铵态氮和硝态氮配施处理下果实GS活性都高于全硝态氮处理.不同形态氮素及配施处理下,同工酶GS1（胞质型GS）和GS2（叶绿体型GS）的表达与GS的活性不一致,说明氮素对GS活性的影响主要发生在转录后水平.     

施用南荻生物炭对不同类型土壤氨挥发的影响

在洞庭湖区农田施用秸秆生物炭不仅能实现秸秆资源化利用,还可降低环境污染压力。本研究于2020年采用水稻盆栽试验,研究了不同南荻秸秆生物炭施用量对土壤氨挥发速率、累积氨挥发量、表面水pH值和NH₄⁺-N浓度的影响。供试土壤为第四纪红土发育的红黄泥和花岗岩发育的麻砂泥水稻土,设置6个南荻秸秆生物炭添加处理,即分别以土柱0～20 cm土壤重量的0%、1%、2%、4%、6%和8%比例添加生物炭,每盆施用复合肥200 kg N·hm^-2。结果表明: 施用生物炭导致两种土壤之间或不同生物炭处理之间的氨挥发速率和累积量均存在显著差异。麻砂泥施用生物炭处理在施肥后第2天出现氨挥发峰值,且较不施生物炭处理峰值降低了23.6%～53.4%;红黄泥氨挥发峰值出现在施肥后第7～13天,且其峰值随着生物炭添加量的增加而升高。整体上,麻砂泥土壤的氨挥发速率均高于红黄泥。麻砂泥土壤＜4%生物炭添加量能抑制土壤氨挥发速率及累积量,其中以2%处理降幅最大(46.9%),但生物炭添加对水稻生长前期表面水pH值的影响不显著;红黄泥土壤随着南荻生物炭用量的增加,表面水中pH值和NH₄⁺-N浓度增加,导致氨挥发速率及累积量增幅达1.3～10.5倍。回归分析显示,生物炭添加量是影响两种土壤氨挥发的关键因素。Elo-vich方程能较好地拟合两种土壤的氨挥发累积量随时间的变化动态,各施炭处理的相关系数均达极显著水平。总体上,对于偏中性的麻砂泥土壤,施用一定量的南荻生物炭对氨排放有一定的抑制作用,而对于酸性的红黄泥土壤,增施南荻生物炭会通过提高表面水的pH值和NH₄⁺-N浓度促进氨挥发,因此针对不同类型土壤施用南荻秸秆生物炭应注意选择适宜用量,以降低氮素损失。     

Nitrate transporter NRT1.1 and anion channel SLAH3 form a functional unit to regulate nitrate-dependent alleviation of ammonium toxicity

Ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) are major inorganic nitrogen (N) sources for plants. When serving as the sole or dominant N supply, NH₄⁺ often causes root inhibition and shoot chlorosis in plants, known as ammonium toxicity. NO₃⁻ usually causes no toxicity and can mitigate ammonium toxicity even at low concentrations, referred to as nitrate-dependent alleviation of ammonium toxicity. Our previous studies indicated a NO₃⁻ efflux channel SLAH3 is involved in this process. However, whether additional components contribute to NO₃⁻-mediated NH₄⁺ detoxification is unknown. Previously, mutations in NO₃⁻ transporter NRT1.1 were shown to cause enhanced resistance to high concentrations of NH₄⁺. Whereas, in this study, we found when the high-NH₄⁺ medium was supplemented with low concentrations of NO₃⁻, nrt1.1 mutant plants showed hyper-sensitive phenotype instead. Furthermore, mutation in NRT1.1 caused enhanced medium acidification under high-NH₄⁺/low-NO₃⁻ condition, suggesting NRT1.1 regulates ammonium toxicity by facilitating H⁺ uptake. Moreover, NRT1.1 was shown to interact with SLAH3 to form a transporter-channel complex. Interestingly, SLAH3 appeared to affect NO₃⁻ influx while NRT1.1 influenced NO₃⁻ efflux, suggesting NRT1.1 and SLAH3 regulate each other at protein and/or gene expression levels. Our study thus revealed NRT1.1 and SLAH3 form a functional unit to regulate nitrate-dependent alleviation of ammonium toxicity through regulating NO₃⁻ transport and balancing rhizosphere acidification.     

Reduction of oxygen by the electron transport chain of chloroplasts during assimilation of carbon dioxide

In photosynthetically competent chloroplasts from spinach the quantum requirements for oxygen evolution during CO₂ reduction were higher, by a factor often close to 1.5, than for oxygen evolution during reduction of phosphoglycerate. Mass spectrometer experiments performed under rate-limiting light indicated that an oxygen-reducing photoreaction was responsible for the consumption of extra quanta during carbon dioxide assimilation. Uptake of ¹⁸O₂ during reduction of CO₂ was considerably higher than could be accounted for by oxygen consumption during glycolate formation and by the Mehler reaction of broken chloroplasts which were present in the preparations of intact chloroplasts. The oxygen reducing reaction occurring during CO₂ assimilation resulted in the formation of H₂O₂. This was indicated by a large stimulation of CO₂ reduction by catalase, but not of phosphoglycerate reduction. Catalase could be replaced as a stimulant of photosynthesis by dithiothreitol or ascorbate, compounds known to react with superoxide radicals. There was no effect of dithiothreitol and ascorbate on phosphoglycerate reduction. A main effect of superoxide radicals and/or H₂O₂ was shown to be at the level of phosphoglycerate formation. Evidence for electron transport to oxygen was also obtained from ¹⁴CO₂ experiments. The oxidation of dihydroxyacetonephosphate during a dark period or after addition of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone in the light was studied. The results indicated a link between the chloroplast pyridine nucleotide system and oxygen. Oxygen reduction during photosynthesis under conditions where light is rate limiting is seen as important in supplying the ATP which is needed for CO₂ reduction but is not provided during electron transport to NADP. A mechanism is discussed which would permit proper distribution of electrons between CO₂ and oxygen during photosynthesis.     

短期铵态氮与硝态氮配施对刨花楠幼苗生长及叶片性状的影响

林木对不同形态氮素具有选择性吸收特征,铵态氮和硝态氮是植物吸收的主要氮素形态.为了明确刨花楠对铵态氮和硝态氮的吸收差异,采用盆栽试验方法,以铵态氮和硝态氮为氮源,以1年生刨花楠实生苗为研究对象,以当地山地红壤为基质,设置了7种不同的铵硝比配施添加试验,研究氮素形态和配比对刨花楠幼苗生长和叶片性状的影响.结果 表明:不同...     

Efficient iron plaque formation on tea(Camellia sinensis) roots contributes to acidic stress tolerance

Tea plants grow in acidic soil, but to date, their intrinsic mechanisms of acidic stress tolerance have not been elucidated. Here, we assessed the tea plant response to growth on NHt4 nutrient media having different p H and iron levels. When grown in standard NHt4 nutrient solution(iron insufficient, 0.35 mg Là1 Fe2t), tea roots exhibited significantly lower nitrogen accumulation, plasma membrane Ht-ATPase activity, and protein levels; net Htefflux was lower at pH 4.0 and 5.0 than at pH 6.0. Addition of30 mg Là1 Fe2t(iron sufficient, mimicking normal soil Fe2tconcentrations) to the NHt4 nutrient solution led to more efficient iron plaque formation on roots and increased root plasma membrane Ht-ATPase levels and activities at p H 4.0 eland 5.0, compared to the p H 6.0 condition. Furthermore,plants grown at pH 4.0 and 5.0, with sufficient iron,exhibited significantly higher nitrogen accumulation than those grown at pH 6.0. Together, these results support the hypothesis that efficient iron plaque formation, on tea roots, is important for acidic stress tolerance. Furthermore,our findings establish that efficient iron plaque formation is linked to increased levels and activities of the tea root plasma membrane Ht-ATPase, under low pH conditions.     

苦草根系对硝氮和氨氮的吸收

硝氮(NO₃^--N)和氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)是湖泊沉积物间隙水生物可利用氮源的主要形态。论文通过稳定性同位素¹⁵N示踪技术,通过模拟实验分别研究了苦草根系对NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的吸收及其与氮浓度的关系。结果显示,苦草(Vallisnerianatan)根系对NH₄⁺-N的吸收显著高于NO₃^--N;根系吸收氮后向叶转移,而且NO₃^--N为氮源时其转移速率较高;NH₄⁺-N浓度的变化对苦草吸收NO₃^--N有影响,当NH₄⁺-N浓度小于0.072mmol/L时,根系对NO₃^--N的吸收随NH₄⁺-N浓度的增加而增加,随后降低并趋于平稳;同时,NO₃^--N浓度对苦草吸收NH₄⁺-N也有类似的影响。