Angiostatin production in cultivation of recombinant Pichia pastoris fed with mixed carbon sources

A recombinant strain of Pichia pastoris with a phenotype of Mut^S was used to produce angiostatin. Due to the low methanol consumption rate of this strain, both methanol and glycerol feedings, that produced oscillation in dissolved O₂ concentration, were used during the expression phase to improve cell growth and angiostatin expression. However, enhanced cell growth led to nitrogen limitation that suppressed further production of angiostatin, but addition of ammonia allowed angiostatin concentration to reach 108 mg l^–1 after an expression period of 96 h. The ratio of consumed glycerol to methanol of 1.5:1 (w/w) in the expression phase suggested that methanol played an important role in the metabolism of carbon sources.     

混合碳源流加对重组毕赤酵母生产碱性果胶酶的影响

为提高重组毕赤酵母生产碱性果胶酶(PGL)的产量和生产强度,在诱导期采用多种碳源与甲醇混合添加的模式。实验结果发现:甘油、山梨醇、乳酸与甲醇的混合添加均可以提高PGL的产量,其中山梨醇与甲醇的混合流加效果最为显著。研究表明,通过双碳源混合流加可以提高细胞活力,增强醇氧化酶活力,提高毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白效率。当山梨醇的流速为3.6g/(h·L)时,PGL酶活可达1593U/mL,生产强度为16.7U/(mL·h),比对照分别提高了84.6%和45.2%,实现了碱性果胶酶的高效生产。     

Production process for recombinant human angiostatin in Pichia pastoris

A pilot-scale production method of recombinant human angiostatin, a 38-kD fragment of plasminogen which has been reported to have antiangiogenic activity, has been successfully established by expressing the protein in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The secreted protein inhibited cultured endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and Lewis lung carcinoma growth in mice. The fermentation process was carried out using an on-line methanol controller, administering methanol to the growing culture and keeping its concentration under 2 g L⁻¹. The fermentation lasted 90 h, of which 70 h were growth on methanol. During growth on methanol the culture volume increased 64%, from 7 L to 11.5 L, producing 200 mg angiostatin and 5 kg of biomass. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 31–35. Received 12 May 1999/ Accepted in revised form 06 September 1999     

双碳源流加对重组毕赤酵母高效表达葡萄糖氧化酶的影响

葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)是一种具有广泛应用前景的工业酶.为了实现葡萄糖氧化酶的高效生产,提高重组毕赤酵母生产GOD的产量和增强生产强度,对重组毕赤酵母诱导阶段的初始菌体浓度和甲醇浓度进行了优化.在此基础上,诱导期采用了双碳源(甘油、山梨醇和甘露醇)与甲醇混合流加的模式.研究发现,最佳诱导前初始菌体浓度和甲醇浓度分别为100 g/L和18 g/L,此时GOD产量为427.6 U/mL.在诱导阶段采用甘油、山梨醇和甘露醇与甲醇的混合添加均可以提高GOD产量,其中甘露醇与甲醇的混合流加效果最为显著.当甲醇与甘露醇混合流加的比例为20∶1(W/W)时,诱导156h GOD产量和生产强度分别可达711.3 U/mL和4.60 U/(mL·h),比甲醇单一流加策略结果分别提高了66.3％和67.9％.此外采用合适的甘露醇混合流加策略不但不会抑制AOX1启动子的表达,甚至有一定促进作用,AOX酶活性为8.8 U/g(对照为5.2 U/g).双碳源流加方式还能推广到毕赤酵母其他表型中,为该系统高效表达外源蛋白提供一种新策略.     

Metabolic flux analysis for recombinant protein production by Pichia pastoris using dual carbon sources: Effects of methanol feeding rate

The intracellular metabolic fluxes through the central carbon pathways in the bioprocess for recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) production by Pichia pastoris (Mut⁺) were calculated to investigate the metabolic effects of dual carbon sources (methanol/sorbitol) and the methanol feed rate, and to obtain a deeper understanding of the regulatory circuitry of P. pastoris, using the established stoichiometry‐based model containing 102 metabolites and 141 reaction fluxes. Four fed‐batch operations with (MS‐) and without (M‐) sorbitol were performed at three different constant specific growth rates (h^?1), and denoted as M‐0.03, MS‐0.02, MS‐0.03, and MS‐0.04. Considering the methanol consumption pathway, the M‐0.03 and MS‐0.02 conditions produced similar effects and had >85% of formaldehyde flux towards the assimilatory pathway. In contrast, the use of the dual carbon source condition generated a shift in metabolism towards the dissimilatory pathway that corresponded to the shift in dilution rate from MS‐0.03 to MS‐0.04, indicating that the methanol feed exceeded the metabolic requirements at the higher µ₀. Comparing M‐0.03 and MS‐0.03 conditions, which had the same methanol feeding rates, sorbitol addition increased the rHuEPO synthetic flux 4.4‐fold. The glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and PPP pathways worked uninterruptedly only at MS‐0.02 condition. PPP and TCA cycles worked with the highest disturbances at MS‐0.04 condition, which shows the stress of increased feeding rates of methanol on cell metabolism. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 317–329. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

利用Pichia pastoris生产S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的发酵工艺

在摇瓶中考察了重组Pichia pastoris发酵的诱导剂量,L-甲硫氨酸,以及pH对腺苷甲硫氨酸产量的影响.放大到3.7 L发酵罐和30 L发酵罐后,研究了重组细胞的发酵过程变化,对S-腺苷甲硫氨酸初步纯化.摇瓶中优化后的发酵条件是:每天添加1%甲醇诱导,L-甲硫氨酸为50mmol/L,培养基pH 5.0.培养144 h后SAM产量达到2.32 g/L.3.7 L发酵罐中发酵251 h后细胞浓度为120 g/L,SAM总量为15.18 g.放大到30 L发酵罐中,发酵225.5 h后细胞浓度约为120 g/L,SAM总量为145.05 g.纯化后SAM的纯度为93.5%,回收率为84.5%.     

Cell cycle model for recombinant Pichia pastoris during glycerol fed-batch cultivation

A cell cycle model is proposed for methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris grown on glycerol during fed-batch cultivation. Morphological differentiation of cells, such as unbudded daughter cell, unbudded parent cell and budding cell, is depicted by the model. During the cyclic growth, cells in different cycling period are assumed to undergo sequential shifting dominantly. The input of the cell cycle model is the specific growth rate, which is calculated from the macrokinetic model proposed previously. The cell cycle related variables, such as the fraction of budding cells and the cell density are then simulated. Model validation is carried out with the experimental data of off-line assays.     

发酵重组Pichia pastoris生产腺苷甲硫氨酸的研究

在5L发酵罐中对高产S腺苷甲硫氨酸的重组Pichia pastoris发酵进行了研究。重组菌在pH5．0生长,然后调为pH6．0积累腺苷甲硫氨酸,在30℃、溶氧5％及流加甲硫氨酸和尿素的条件下培养82h后,产量达4．3g／L。     

重组毕赤酵母产植酸酶发酵条件的优化

为研究优化毕赤酵母工程菌H311产植酸酶的发酵条件,采用单因素试验和L18(37)正交试验考察不同工艺条件对产酶活性的影响。结果表明:影响重组毕赤酵母产植酸酶的因素重要性从大到小依次为诱导时间、甲醇添加量、装液量、初始诱导p H、生长时间、接种量和初始生长p H,产酶最佳条件为接种量3%(体积分数)、装液量20 m L(250 m L摇瓶)、生长时间20 h,诱导时间120 h、甲醇添加量1.5%(体积分数)、生长p H 6.0、诱导p H 5.0,在此条件下进行诱导表达,植酸酶的比酶活可达334 U/m L。     

Lipid composition of peroxisomes from the yeast Pichia pastoris grown on different carbon sources

Highly purified peroxisomes from the yeast Pichia pastoris grown on methanol or oleic acid, respectively, were used to characterize the lipid composition of this organelle. For this purpose, an isolation procedure had to be adapted which yielded highly purified P. pastoris peroxisomes. When peroxisome proliferation was induced by growth on methanol, alcohol oxidase was the predominant peroxisomal protein. Cultivation of P. pastoris on oleic acid led to induction of a family of peroxisomal enzymes catalyzing fatty acid beta-oxidation, whose most prominent members were identified by mass spectrometry. On either carbon source, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the major peroxisomal phospholipids, and cardiolipin was present in peroxisomal membranes at a substantial amount, indicating that this phospholipid is a true peroxisomal component. Ergosterol was the most abundant sterol of P. pastoris peroxisomal membranes irrespective of the culture conditions. The fatty acid composition of whole cells and peroxisomes was highly affected by cultivation of P. pastoris on oleic acid. Under these conditions, oleic acid became the predominant fatty acid in phospholipids from total cell and peroxisomal extracts. Thus, oleic acid was not only utilized as an appropriate carbon source but also as a building block for complex membrane lipids. In summary, our data provide first insight into biochemical properties of P. pastoris peroxisomal membranes, which may become important for the biotechnological use of this yeast.     

重组巴斯德毕赤酵母发酵生产内切几丁质酶的培养条件优化

探讨重组巴斯德毕赤酵母发酵生产内切几丁质酶的最适培养条件,以期获得最佳的内切几丁质酶活力。以内切几丁质酶活力为指标,通过部分因子试验设计以及响应面法优化确定重组巴斯德毕赤酵母高产内切几丁质酶的最适培养条件。部分因子试验设计筛选的影响重组巴斯德毕赤酵母高产内切几丁质酶的3个关键因子为甲醇、油酸和吐温-80。响应面法优化的上述3个关键因子的最佳浓度分别为0.71%、0.086%和0.31%。重组巴斯德毕赤酵母发酵生产内切几丁质酶的最适培养条件为：酵母膏1%、酵母氮碱（YNB）1.34%、蛋白胨2%、甲醇0.71%、油酸0.086%、吐温-80 0.31%、PTM₁ 0.8%、pH 6.0。在上述培养条件下,重组巴斯德毕赤酵母产内切几丁质酶的活力高达30.92U/mL。与未优化前相比,酶活力提高了1.44倍。研究结果为内切几丁质酶的产业化生产和应用奠定了良好基础。     

Optimization of chemically defined medium for recombinant Pichia pastoris for biomass production

A chemically defined medium was optimized for the maximum biomass production of recombinant Pichia pastoris in the fermentor cultures using glycerol as the sole carbon source. Optimization was done using the statistical methods for getting the optimal level of salts, trace metals and vitamins for the growth of recombinant P. pastoris. The response surface methodology was effective in optimizing nutritional requirements using the limited number of experiments. The optimum medium composition was found to be 20 g/L glycerol, 7.5 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 1 g/L MgSO4.7H2O, 8.5 g/L KH2PO4, 1.5 mL/L vitamin solution and 20 mL/L trace metal solution. Using the optimized medium 11.25 g DCW/L biomass was produced giving a yield coefficient of 0.55 g biomass/g of glycerol in a batch culture. Chemostat cultivation of recombinant P. pastoris was done in the optimized medium at different dilution rates to determine the kinetic parameters for growth on glycerol. Maximum specific growth rate of 0.23 h(-1) and Monod saturation constant of 0.178 g/L were determined by applying Monod model on the steady state data. Products of fermentation pathway, ethanol and acetate, were not detected by HPLC even at higher dilution rates. This supports the notion that P. pastoris cells grow on glycerol by a respiratory route and are therefore an efficient biomass and protein producers.     

Optimization of a glycoengineered Pichia pastoris cultivation process for commercial antibody production

Glycoengineering enabled the production of proteins with human N-linked glycans by Pichia pastoris. This study used a glycoengineered P. pastoris strain which is capable of producing humanized glycoprotein with terminal galactose for monoclonal antibody production. A design of experiments approach was used to optimize the process parameters. Followed by further optimization of the specific methanol feed rate, induction duration, and the initial induction biomass, the resulting process yielded up to 1.6 g/L of monoclonal antibody. This process was also scaled-up to 1,200-L scale, and the process profiles, productivity, and product quality were comparable with 30-L scale. The successful scale-up demonstrated that this glycoengineered P. pastoris fermentation process is a robust and commercially viable process.     

A simple structured model for recombinant IDShr protein production in Pichia pastoris

A simple structured model is proposed for the methanol production phase of the iduronate 2-sulphate sulfatase recombinant enzyme (IDShr) in Pichia patoris Mut(+). The model is mainly focused in oxidative stress phenomenon due to methanol consumption and based on extracellular experimental information and the basic knowledge of methanol metabolism in Pichia pastoris yeast (P. pastoris). The model's prediction shows a reasonable accuracy as compared with the experimental data. Likewise, it was proved that this model is able to simulate the production of other recombinant protein in P. pastoris.     

Benchmarking recombinant Pichia pastoris for 3-hydroxypropionic acid production from glycerol

The use of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffi) to produce heterologous proteins has been largely reported. However, investigations addressing the potential of this yeast to produce bulk chemicals are still scarce. In this study, we have studied the use of P. pastoris as a cell factory to produce the commodity chemical 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) from glycerol. 3-HP is a chemical platform which can be converted into acrylic acid and to other alternatives to petroleum-based products. To this end, the mcr gene from Chloroflexus aurantiacus was introduced into P. pastoris. This single modification allowed the production of 3-HP from glycerol through the malonyl-CoA pathway. Further enzyme and metabolic engineering modifications aimed at increasing cofactor and metabolic precursors availability allowed a 14-fold increase in the production of 3-HP compared to the initial strain. The best strain (PpHP6) was tested in a fed-batch culture, achieving a final concentration of 3-HP of 24.75 g l⁻¹, a product yield of 0.13 g g⁻¹ and a volumetric productivity of 0.54 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹, which, to our knowledge, is the highest volumetric productivity reported in yeast. These results benchmark P. pastoris as a promising platform to produce bulk chemicals for the revalorization of crude glycerol and, in particular, to produce 3-HP.     

Efficient production of recombinant human pleiotrophin in yeast, Pichia pastoris

Approximately 260 mg/l of authentic recombinant human pleiotrophin (rhPTN) was expressed into the medium of high-cell density fermentation using a Pichia pastoris protein expression system. The prepro-sequence of yeast alpha-mating factor was used successfully. The recombinant hPTN was efficiently recovered from the medium by expanded bed adsorption, and purified using successive column chromatography steps. In the purified rhPTN preparation, modified rhPTN were scarcely detected. Circular dichroism measurement of the purified PTN showed the presence of the characteristic beta-structures in the protein.     

毕赤酵母中表达透明颤菌血红蛋白提高重组脂肪酶的表达

解脂耶氏酵母胞外脂肪酶Lip2(YlLip2)是一种具有广泛应用前景的工业酶.为了改善高密度发酵生产Y1Lip2过程中的溶氧限制,提高Y1Lip2的表达量,将YlLip2基因lip2和透明颤菌血红蛋白(VHb)基因vgb分别置于AOXl启动子和PsADH2启动子的调控之下,进行YlLip2和VHb在毕赤酵母中的共表达.PsADH2启动子来源于树干毕赤酵母Pichia stipitis,在低氧条件下能被激活.SDS-PAGE和CO-差式光谱分析表明,Y1Lip2和VHb在重组菌中成功实现了共表达.在氧限制性条件下,VHb表达的细胞(VHb+,GS 115/9Klip2-pZPVT)与对照细胞(VHb-,GS 115/9Klip2)相比,摇瓶和10 L发酵罐中YlLip2表达量分别提高了25％和83％.此外,在低氧条件下,VHb+细胞在10 L发酵罐中的生物量也比VHb-细胞高.文中也获得了一株表达了VHb的并携带有多个lip2基因拷贝的克隆子GS 115/9Klip2-pZP VTlip2 49#,在低氧条件下,该克隆子在10L发酵罐中的最高脂肪酶水解活力达33 900 U/mL.因此,在毕赤酵母中用PsADH2启动子表达VHb,同时增加lip2基因的拷贝数是提高YlLip2表达量的一种有效策略.     

Lowering induction temperature for enhanced production of polygalacturonate lyase in recombinant Pichia pastoris

Various effects of temperature on heterologous alkaline polygalacturonate lyase produced in recombinant Pichia pastoris were investigated. The results indicated that PGL activity could be improved significantly by decreasing the cultivation temperature. It was reached 931 U/mL with temperature lowered to 22 °C at the beginning of induction phase, which were 2.1-fold and 2.9-fold increase compared to that at 30 and 26 °C. The mechanisms behind the temperature effect on recombinant PGL production may be ascribed to poor cell viability, decrease of intracellular adenosine phosphate levels, of AOX activity but increase of extracellular proteases activities. Our study demonstrated that cultivation at lower temperatures resulted in higher cell viability, significant improvement of PGL stability and an increase intracellular AOX activity, but a lower activity of released host proteases which possibly caused the degradation of recombinant PGL. In addition, the evidence of higher intracellular adenosine phosphate levels but lower energy charge level was provided at a lower temperature induction.