圈养条件下白唇鹿行为观察

１９９８年３～４月,我们对圈养条件下白唇鹿行为进行了研究,发现雌雄间没有亲密行为发生,攻击行为也较少（只占５．９３％）。而攻击行为主要表现于雄雄间（６２．２２％）、雌雌间（３１．８３％）。雌雄性个体对外界干扰因子均比较敏感。     

黄麂标记行为初探

2002年3-4月对上海动物园人工饲养的黄麂(Muntiacus reevesi)的标记行为进行了初步研究。结果表明黄麂的标记方式可分为用面腺(包括额腺和眶前腺)、尿液和粪便标记3种。雌雄黄麂用面腺标记的频次差异显著(P＜0,01)。面腺标记是雄麂最主要的标记方式,占总标记次数的74.27%;雌麂最主要的标记方式是排便(48.10%)和排尿(44.30％)。进入发情期后,个体的标记行为变得频繁,雄性个体的这种差异尤为显著(P＜0．05),这说明黄麂的标记行为具有发情信号的作用。     

褐稻虱（Niaparvata lugens）鸣叫行为与起飞的关系

本文研究褐稻虱不同翅型．不同起飞特性个体的鸣叫行为及其与起飞的关系,结果表明：短翅型能较早鸣叫（雌虫)或明显比长翅型活跃(雄虫)．在早期的求偶、空尾中表现出一定优势．羽化后2—3日为起飞高峰期,起飞的长翅型雄虫有SVS行为的个体明显少于短翅型．其变尾受到较多抑制．起飞的长翅型雌虫则极少鸣叫．起飞个体的鸣叫．求偶．交尾行为多发生在起飞之后．     

兴隆山圈养马麝的行为多样性

综合焦点取样、扫描取样和连续记录等方法,对甘肃兴隆山麝场圈养马麝（Moschus sifanicus）的行为进行了长期的行为取样。应用行为多样性分析方法提取样本行为流的综合信息,采用行为多样性指数和矫正行为多样性指数作为检测指标,分析了圈舍面积和环境丰富性等圈养环境特征对马麝行为多样性的影响,以及性别、年龄、性活跃度和幼年经历等个体特征对其行为多样性格局的效应。结果表明：圈养设施的物理特征可影响马麝的行为多样性,圈养面积较大、环境丰富性较高的圈舍内的马麝行为多样性有相对较高的趋势（但差异不显著,P=0．934）;雌麝的行为多样性明显低于雄麝（P=0．019）;个体年龄（亦直接反映圈养时间）对雌麝行为多样性的降低效应极显著（P：0．001）,但对雄麝没有影响（P=0．548）。马麝的行为多样性没有月间差异（雌：P=0．10;雄：P=0．109）,可能与圈养环境及饲养管理等因子对行为多样性的影响有关。马麝的行为多样性格局同其性活跃度相关。繁殖失败的雌麝的行为多样性有比繁殖成功的雌麝有降低的趋势,但差异不显著（P=0．96）。幼年受到的哺育方式差异对野外捕获和麝场自繁的马麝的行为多样性未产生显著影响（雌：P=0．173;雄：P=0．306）。     

半散放东北虎行为活动时间的分配

1998年5年－2001年4月在黑龙江东北虎林园,采用焦点动物取样法对10只半散放东北虎（5雌5雄）全年的昼间行为活动时间分配进行了研究。结果表明：（1）半散放东北虎的运动（37．53％）和休息（32．45％）行为较多,站立（6．24％）,摄食（10．13％）,社会（8．36％）和其他（5．29％,包括饮水,排遗,修饰等）行为较少;（2）不同季节的活动规律相似,运动,摄食,站立和社会行为在上午和下午各有1个高峰期,休息在中午有1个高峰期,运动和行为在存,冬季明显比春,秋季增多。将上述结果与笼养和野生东北虎的进行了比较,并提出了在今后的野化训练中应采取的措施。     

短尾猴的种群生物学

短尾猴是高等灵长类动物,中国特有物种。是多雄多雌群体,猴群中性成熟雌雄性比接近于1：1,雌性略多于雄性。虽然雌性定居、雄性移民,但大多数雄性的迁出发生在成年以后,而不是成年之前。社会和生态因素在调节猴群的数量中都有重要作用。雄性个体之间具有复杂的行为,雄猴之间频繁交往,以减少群体的紧张。猴群内具有严格的社会等级关系,年轻雄猴是群体的最高统治者。     

圈养和放归成年雌性普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)夏季昼间的摄食行为

2005至2006年的6~8月间,在新疆普氏野马饲养与繁殖研究中心和卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区,采用全事件取样法和目标动物取样法相结合,研究了圈养和放归成年雌性普氏野马夏季昼间的摄食行为。结果表明,两组个体在摄食行为类型上存在一定的差异,圈养个体普遍具有舔盐和食粪行为,而放归个体不存在此类行为。经独立样本t 检验,得出两组个体的摄食和站立行为的时间分配存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,而站息、卧息、运动和其它行为差异不显著（P＞0.05）,总体上,两组普氏野马的摄食行为所占时间最多。圈养个体昼间具有3个摄食高峰（8:00~10:00、13:00~15:00、19：30~20:00）,与人工投食时间相一致,而放归个体摄食高峰并不明显,仅在13:00~15:00之间出现一个明显的摄食低谷,表现出自然的摄食节律及对放归地夏季自然条件的适应。     

实施不育后高原鼠兔攻击行为及激素水平变化的研究

在高原鼠兔的繁殖盛期选定怀孕雌鼠和发情雄鼠各２０只,采用所选雌性不育剂和雄必不育剂的半不育剂量分别对１０只雌鼠和１０只雄鼠进行处理,通过室内雌雌,雌雄,雄雄配对实验对２０只处理个体和２０只对照个体的攻击行为进行了研究,同时对其生殖激素的水平进行了测定。结果表明：（１）不育处理后,雌雄动物的活动性降低,亲昵行为持续时间增加,攻南 及防御行为持续的时间和发生频次明显低于对照组个体;（２）在各组内,雌雄     

鸟类婚配制度的生态学分类

在Ｅmlen和Ｏring鸟类婚配制度生态学分类系统的基础上,根据近年来鸟类行为生态学研究的成果,对鸟类的婚配制度进行了补充分类,并强调了应以进化稳定策略的观念来认识乌类的婚配制度。补充的鸟类婚配制度生态型包括：合作型一雄一雌制（cooperative monogamy)、临界型一雄一雌制（critical monogamy)、保卫雌性型一雄一雌制（female defense mognogamy)、从领域型一雄多雌制（poly-terri-tory polygyny)和社群繁殖制。合作型一雄一雌制的鸟 类雌雄个体爱力合作才保证繁殖的成功;临界型一悲欢离合一雌制鸟类雌雄个体都有多配倾向,但迫于生态压力必须共同抚育后代才能繁殖成功;保卫雌性型一雄一雌制的鸟 类通过保卫一个雌鸟不被其它雄鸟占有而保证繁殖成功,多领域型一雄多雌制的雄鸟通过占有多个领域而多个雌鸟交配;社群繁殖制的鸟 类由三个以上个体参与工部分参与繁殖,所有个体共同抚育一批后代,现有的鸟类婚配制度可以归为一雄一雌制（monogamy)、一雄多雌繁殖,所有个体共同抚育一批后代。现有的鸟类婚配制度可以归为一雄一雌制(polygyny)、一雌多雄制（polyandry)快速多窝型多配制（rapid-multiple-clutch polygamy)和社群繁殖制（social breeing systen）五大类型。     

楸螟行为观察及性信息素粗提物生物活性测定

本文报道了楸螟Omphisa plagialis Wileman的羽化昼夜规律和（25±1）℃、光周期L∶D=14∶10条件下的雌蛾求偶节律,用Y形管法测定了雄蛾对雌蛾性信息素粗提物的行为反应。结果表明：楸螟的羽化发生在10：00到23：00之间;雌蛾在羽化当天即开始求偶,求偶行为集中在暗周期的23：30到01：30之间。采用正己烷提取的雌蛾性信息素粗提物存在性信息素成分,对雄蛾具有一定的引诱活性。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.