Genetic studies in Paraguay: blood group, red cell, and serum genetic patterns of the Guayaki and Ayore Indians, Mennonite settlers, and seven other Indian tribes of the Paraguayan Chaco

Genetic studies of 540 Paraguayan Indians from nine tribal groups and 51 Mennonites are presented for ABO, MNSs, P₁, Rh, Kell, Lewis, Duffy, Diego; for serum immunoglobulins and haptoglobins, G6PD-deficiency, and thalassemia trait. Group O gene frequencies for all Indian groups were 1.00; for r (cde), 0.00. Tapiete, Lengua, Toba, and Sanapana R_z (CDE) frequencies were among the highest ever reported. N frequencies were high for Ache Kwera (Guayaki), Lengua, Cheroti, Guarayu, Tapiete; N and s low for Ayore. MS frequencies were high for Sanapana, Lengua, Ayore; Ns for Tapiete. Diego was notably absent for Toba, Lengua, Guarayu, Tapiete, Ayore. Homogeneous frequencies for Fy^a (1.000) occurred among Guarayu and Tapiete, and for P₁ among Guayaki. Inv(a) frequencies were low for Cheroti, Chulupi, Guayaki. Hp 1 among Guayaki (Ache Kwera 0.15) is lowest ever reported. G6PD deficiency and abnormal hemoglobins were uniformly absent from all groups. Mennonite results were homogeneous and point toward Dutch origins. Differences among groups studied, and between Paraguayan and other Amerinds emphasize importance of genetic drift and founder principle. Abandonment of their tribes by mixed-blood offspring is partly responsible for apparent genetic purity and homogeneity of groups.     

Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. II. In Peru

Blood specimens were procured from the following putatively pure Indians of the Peruvian rain forest: 90 Piro and 89 Campa on the Urubamba and Tambo rivers, 142 Shipibo and 14 Isconahua on the Rio Ucayali near Yarinacocha, 151 Aguaruna at Santa Maria de Nieva, where the Marañon and Nieva rivers join, and from 122 Ticuna and 9 Yagua near the Brazilian border on the Amazon. Specimens from highland Indians were obtained from 93 Aymará and 181 Quechua at Puno and environs. These 891 specimens were tested for antigens in the A-B-O, M-N-S-s, P, Rh-Hr, Lutheran, K-k, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego (Di^a) systems, and for the Wright (Wr^a) aglutinogen. Serum samples from these bloods were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins and hemolysates were prepared and examined for hemoglobin types. Results for these tests with claculated gene frequencies are presented, for the most part, on appropriate tables. A map is included to show the locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured. As in South American Indians generally, frequencies are high for the O gene it being the only gene of the ABO system which appears in isolated jungle populations and the Aymará. Gene frequencies are usually high also for M, s, R¹ (CDe), R² (cDE), Lu^b, k, Le^H, and Fy^a; and low or absent for A, B, N, S, Mi^a, Vw, R^o (cDe), r (cde), Lu^a, K, Le¹, Fy^b, and Wr^a. The Diego (Di^a) gene is present but varies greatly in frequencies among tribes. Hp¹ gene frequencies vary from 0.44 to 0.69 among the Peruvian Indians tested. Transferrin CD was encountered in only one population i.e., in 3 of 86 Piro (gene frequency Tf^D= 0.02). All others were C. All Peruvian Indian bloods tested electrophoretically contained only hemoglobin (A) as a major component.     

Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. IV. In Chile with inferences concerning genetic connections between Polynesia and America

This is the fourth paper in a series on the distribution of blood groups among Indians of South America. It reports the findings on the Indians of Chile and the Polynesians of Chile's Easter Island. Blood specimens were procured from the following putatively pure Indians and unmixed Polynesians: 44 Alacaluf of Puerto Eden, Isla Wellington, 141 Mapuche (Araucanian) of Lonquimay, Malleco Province, 80 Atacameños of Antofagasta Province, and 45 Polynesians of Easter Island. These 310 samples were tested for blood factors in the A-B-O, M-N-S-s, P, Rh-Hr, Lutheran, K-k, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego systems, and for the Wright (Wr^a) agglutinogen. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates prepared from the blood clots were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented as phenotype incidences and calculated gene frequencies in appropriate tables. Locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured are shown on two maps. The high frequencies for the O gene usually reported for South American Indians obtain in putatively pure Chilean Indians but A¹ is high in Easter Island Polynesians. In both Indians and Polynesians M, s, R¹ (CDe), R² (cDE), Lu^b, k, Le^H, and Fy^a gene frequencies are high and B, N, S, Mi^a, Vw, Rº (cDe), r (cde), Lu^a, K, Le¹, Fy^b, and Wr^a (Ca) are low or absent. The Diego (Di) gene is present in the Mapuche and Atacameños but absent in the Alacaluf and Polynesians. Hp¹ gene frequencies were determined only in the Alacaluf and Atacameños, in which they are 0.48 and 0.67 respectively. Transferrins were determined for the Alacaluf and Atacameños Indians and all were classified as Tf C. All Chilean Indian and Polynesian specimens were tested electrophoretically for hemoglobin types and all contained only hemoglobin (A) as a major component.     

Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. I. In Ecuador

Blood specimens were procured from 658 Quechua, 36 Colorado, 233 Jivaro, 244 Cayapa, and 48 Secoya Indians of Ecuador. These were examined for antigens in the A-B-O, M-N-S-s, P, Rh-Hr, Lutheran, K-k, Lewis, Duffy and Kidd systems and for Diego (Di^a), Wright (Wr^a), and Berrens (Be^a) agglutinogens as well. Hemolystes were prepared and studied for hemoglobin types and the serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transfserrins. Gene frequencies are high for O, M, s, R¹, (CDe), R² (cDE), Lu^b, k, Kp^b, Le^b and Fy^a; and low or absent for A, B, N, S, Mi^a, Vw, Mt^a, R⁰ (cDe), V (ce^s), Lu^a, K, Kp^a, Le^a, Fy^b, Js^a, Wr^a and Be^a. The Diego (Di^a) gene is present but its frequency varies greatly from tribe to tribe. Gene frequency Hp¹ is well within the range previously reported for Indians in Middle America excepting the Colorado in which population the frequency of 0.889 is unusually high. All 723 serum specimens tested for transferrins were C or CD. No D or BC types were found. All Ecuadorian Indian bloods tested electrophoretically contained only hemoglobin (A) as a major component.     

Distribution of hereditary blood groups among indians in South America. VII. In Argentina

This seventh and last paper in a series on the distribution of blood groups among Indians in South America reports the findings among Amerinds in Argentina. Blood specimens were procured from putative full-bloods of the following tribes: 38 Diaguita (Calchaqui), 230 Mataco, 90 Chiriguano, 142 Choroti, 51 Toba, 120 Chané, 96 Chulupi (Ashluslay), and 178 Araucano (Mapuche). These 945 samples were tested for blood factors in the A-B-O, M-N-S-s, P, Rh-Hr, K-k, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego systems. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates prepared from whole blood were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented in tables as phenotype distribution and calculated allele frequencies. Locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured are shown on a map of North and Central Argentina. High frequencies are reported for the O allele. Allele frequencies are high also for M, s, R¹ (CDe), R² (cDE), k, Le^H and Fy. They are usually low or absent for alleles B, N, S, Mi^a, Vw, R^o (cDe), r (cde), K, Le¹, and fy. The Di allele ranged from 0.013 in the Araucano (Mapuche) to 0.192 in the Toba. Allele frequencies aberrant for Indians were observed more often in the Araucano (Mapuche) and Diaguita tribes, due probably to greater inflow of non-Indian genes into their gene pool and perhaps also to genetic drift in small inbred populations. Hp¹ allele frequencies varied from 0.43 in the Choroti to 0.80 in the Diaguita. All samples tested for transferrins except six contained the variant Tf C; the six were B₁ C present in samples from one Mataco and six Araucano persons. All the specimens tested electrophoretically for hemoglobin types contained only (A) as a major component.     

Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. V. In northern Brazil

This paper reports the results of tests made for hereditary antigens in blood samples procured from Indians in northern Brazil. Specimens were procured from 423 putatively full-blood persons of the following tribes: in the province of Roraima from 261 Macuxi, 48 Uaica, 27 Xirixano, 10 Uapixana, 9 Cacarapai and 9 Paramiteri; in Pará from 21 Assurini; and in Amapá from 38 Galibi. Erythrocyte samples were tested for factors in the A-B-O, M-N-S-s, P, Rh-Hr, Lutheran, Kell-Cellano, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego systems. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates, prepared from whole blood, were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented on appropriate tables as number and per cent of phenotypes for the various blood group anigens and their calculated gene frequencies. Locations from which blood samples were procured are listed in the tables and shown on a map (fig. 1). All the 423 samples except one Macuxi belonged to group O. The Uaica tribe had a low frequency for M (0.534). All others showed the high frequency usually observed in Amerinds. The s allele was high in all except the Galibi in which the frequency was (0.500). Frequencies for P² was higher than for P¹ in all except the Assurini and Galibi, theirs was high for P¹ (1.00) and low for P² (0.00). The frequencies for R¹ (CDe) and R² (cDE) were high and all others in the Rh-Hr system were low or absent. All specimens were positive for Cellano (k) and negative for Kell (K). There was a complete absence of Lewis (Le₁), excepting in the Uaica and Xirixano in which populations Fy^a allele frequencies were higher than 0.500. The distribution of the Jk (a+) phenotype and corresponding ellele frequencies varied widely in Brazilian Indians as did those for Diego (a+). The haptoglobin Hp¹ allele frequencies were in essential agreement with those reported elsewhere for Indians in South America, and all transferrins determined were classified as Tf C. All samples tested for homoglobin types contained homoglobin (A) as a major component, but five members of the Galibi tribe possessed hemoglobin (S) as well.     

Distribution of hereditary factors in the blood of Indians of the Gila River, Arizona

This paper reports the distribution of blood groups, A-B-H secretors, haptoglobins, transferrins and hemoglobin types among Indians of the Gila River Valley in Arizona. Specimens were procured from the following putative full-bloods: 909 Pima, 37 Papago, and 124 Maricopa; and from the following known mixed-bloods: Pima-Papago 134, Pima-Maricopa 26, Pima-Other Indian 41, Pima-Caucasian 33. These 1304 samples were tested for factors in the A-B-O, M-N-S-s, P, Rh-Hr, Lutheran, Kell-Cellano, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego blood group systems, and for additional blood factors (Wr^a), Do^a, Vel, Yt^a, Co^a, Gy^a, Sav, and L. W. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates, prepared from whole blood, were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented on appropriate tables as number and per cent of phenotypes for the various blood group antigens and their calculated allele frequencies. Locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured are shown on a map (fig. 1). Tests made by earlier workers on the blood of Arizona Indians and related tribes are presented for comparison and discussed. The usual high frequencies for allele O reported in Amerinds was found among the putatively full-blood Gila Indians; the 124 Maricopa presented the maximum frequency of 1.000. High frequencies were reported generally for M, s, P¹, R¹ (CDe), R² (cDE), k (100%) Fy, and Do^a alleles. Low frequencies were reported for N, S, r (cde), R° (cDe), fy, Le¹w and Di^a (Pima only). There was a wide variation in frequencies for jk, and Hp¹, and there were 17 Transferrin Tf B₁C observed in 270 Pima samples tested. All the remaining were classified as Tf C except two Tf B;C from mixed-bloods. All samples tested for Vel, Yt^a, Co^a, Sav, and Hemoglobin (A) showed the maximum frequency (1.000) for their genes. The following antigens were completely absent: Lu^a, Mi^a, Vw, Mt^a, p, P^k, r^y (CdE), K, and Wr^a. The results of this study suggests that the Papago tribe presents fewer genes of non-Indian origin than the Pima, and the Maricopa least of the three populations.     

Blood groups and H-Lea salivary secretion of Brazilian Cayapo Indians

Five hundred and twenty-six individuals from four populations were studied in relation to the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lutheran, Kell, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, Diego and I systems, as well as for the Wright antigen of blood groups. The H-Le^a salivary secretion of 406 of them was also investigated. Considering the gene markers which show variation in South American Indians, the Cayapo frequencies are in the middle of the distribution range for genes L^Ms, R¹ (CDe), R² (cDE), P¹, Jk^a, Di^a and Se but present high values of Le and Fy^a and low ones of L^MS, L^Ns, R^o (cDe) and/or r (cde), L^NS and R^z (CDE). Unusual findings in relation to previous studies are the high prevalence of Le (a+) persons (which, however, could be expected since the frequency of gene Se is not too high) and the presence of one Lu (a+) and one PP₁ (Tj^a) (?) individuals. Comparison of the pattern of inter-village variation in relation to these polymorphisms with those furnished by historical, demographic and morphological data gives in general reasonable concordance, but some results are difficult to interpret. New approaches and further multidisciplinary studies are needed to obtain a clearer picture of the genetic relationships present among different tribes of South American Indians as well as to understand how polymorphisms are created and maintained in human populations.     

X-Linked Leigh's syndrome

Summary Three subpopulations of the Hadza were examined for the following antigens and proteins including enzymes A₁ABH, MNS Henshaw, C c C^W D D^u E e V Ce, Lu^a, KJs^a, Fy¹ Fy², Jk^a Jk^b, Di^a, Wr^a, haemoglobin, haptoglobin, transferrin, acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, adenylate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase. The results are discussed in relation to other African populations including the Sandawe, Nyaturu, Pygmies, San, and Khoikhoi.     

Blood groups of Cakchiquel Indians from Sumpango, Guatemala

ABO, MN, Rh, P, Lutheran, Kell, Duffy and Kidd blood group systems were studied in a sample of 135 Cakchiquel-speaking Indians from Sumpango, Dpto. Sacatepequez, Guatemala. Sumpango represents an almost exclusively endogamous isolate in the western highlands some 42 km outside of Guatemala City. The bloods were collected by families, and tests on them are much more revealing than on unrelated individuals because the genotypes are so often evident, and genes that could not have been otherwise detected are revealed. What is lost in numbers of unrelated people is probably more than compensated for by the precision of gene identification. Some evidence of foreign genes in this Indian sample is afforded by gene B in a mother and three of her children, in a small frequency (0.01) of R^?2,?3 (cde or cDe), and perhaps in gene MU or Mu in a mother and son. Gene frequencies for the Sumpango sample are very similar to those of Matson and Swanson's ('63) Cakchiquel from nearby Chimaltenango and Patzicia. The Sumpango sample shows lower P and Jk^a and higher R^2,?3 (CDe), and of these the low P and high R^2,?3 stand outside of the known Maya range.     

Blutgruppen und Lepra bei moçambiquanischen Völkerschaften

Zusammenfassung Etwa 600 moçambiquanische Eingeborene, vorwiegend Chuabo und Macua wurden auf folgende Blutgruppensysteme bzw. Merkmale untersucht: A B 0, M N S s S^u, C C^wc D E e, K k Kp^aJs^aJs^b, P₁, Fy^aFy^bFy, Jk^aJk^b, Le^a, Di^a, Gc, SEPh, PGM₁, PGM₂ und ADA.Im Durchschnitt gesehen überwiegen die typischen Negermerkmale bei den Moçambiquanern mehr als bei anderen negriden Populationen. Signifikante Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Stämmen, insbesondere zwischen Macua, Chuabo, Bitonga und Changane, wurden nicht gefunden. In nahezu allen Systemen unterschieden sich dagegen die leprösen von den nichtleprösen Macua mehr oder weniger deutlich. Im AB0-, MNSS^us-, Rhesus-, Lewis-, Gc- und PGM-System sind die Unterschiede sogar signifikant. Zur Zeit haben wir keine Erklärung für diese Befunde.

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Blood groups and lepra in populations of moçambique

Summary About 600 natives of Moçambique, preferably Chuabo and Macua were tested for the following blood group systems, resp. markers: A B 0, M N S s S^u, C C^wc D E e, K k Kp^aJs^aJs^b, P₁, Fa^aFy^bFy, Jk^aJk^b, Le^a, Di^a, Gc, SEPh, PGM₁, PGM₂ and ADA.The typical blood group markers for negroes were found to a higher extent than in nearly all the other negroid populations. Significant differences between the single tribes of Moçambique, especially between Macua, Chuabo, Bitonga and Changane were not found. In almost all systems, however, marked differences between leprous and non-leprous Macuas could be detected. These were statistically significant in the AB0-, Rhesus-, Lewis-, Gc- and P.GM-system. At this time no explanation for these findings can be given.

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Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. 3. In Bolivia

Blood samples were procured from the following populations of putatively pure Indians in Bolivia: 503 Aymará from the Altiplano and Yungas, 30 Chama, 11 Tacana, 14 Chácobo, 109 Itonama, 67 Moré, and 27 Sirionó from the Beni and lowland rainforest. Erythrocytes from these 761 specimens were tested for antigens in the A-B-O, M-N-S-s, P, Rh-Hr, Lutheran, Kell-Cellano, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego systems, and for the Wright agglutinogen. The serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins; and hemolysates were prepared and examined for hemoglobin types. Results of these tests are presented as phenotypes and calculated gene frequencies on appropriate tables. A map is included to show the locations of the populations from which blood samples were obtained. Frequencies are generally high for the O gene, it being the only gene of the ABO system which appears in the Chama, Chácobo and Sirionó. The presence of A₁, A₂ or B genes in the Bolivian Indians is interpreted as being most probably of caucasoid introduction. Excepting the Sirionó the frequencies are high for M and low for N genes as is usual for Amerinds, the M gene being the only one detected in the Chama. The s gene frequency in high and the S low except in the small isolated Chácobo population in which S gene frequency is extremely high for Amerinds. Inbreeding and perhaps genetic drift in this small isolate may account for this aberrancy from normal. The Bolivian specimens presented the high frequencies for genes R¹ (CDe) and R² (cDE) and the low frequencies for genes r (cde) and R⁰ (cDe) usually observed in American Indians. The Lu^a factor was observed in only one of 120 Aymará at Santa Fe in the Yungas. The Lu^a factor, when observed in Amerinds, suggests foreign introduction of the responsible gene. Fy^a gene frequencies are consistently high and excepting the Aymará and Chama so also are Jk^a frequencies. Frequencies for the Diego (Di^a) factor vary from 3.70% in 27 Sirionó to 73.33% in 30 Chama. No K, Mi^a, Vw or Wr^a antigens were demonstrable in the Indian blood samples from Bolivia. Phenotypes and calculated gene frequencies for haptoglobins and transferrins are presented. All Bolivian Indian bloods tested electrophoretically contained only hemoglobin (A) as a major component.     

Application of a multiplex PCR genotyping assay of 31 red blood cell antigens for establishment of a panel of reference DNA in China

DNA based blood group genotyping has been widely used in clinical blood transfusions, and a number of different molecular blood group testing methods have been developed, including the detection of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and genomic DNA sequencing. As the molecular bases of blood groups can differ widely between ethnic groups, a set of reference DNAs, especially for the Chinese population, is required for the development and validation of these methods, and for their optimal use in routine practice in China. In this study, a total of 100 DNA samples obtained from 60 established cell lines and 40 Chinese blood donors were typed for 31 red blood cell antigens of 13 blood group systems using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Finally, nine DNA samples were selected to establish a panel of reference DNA that included M, N, S, s, Mur, Lu^a, Lu^b, Au^a, Au^b, K, k, Fy^a, Fy^b, Jk^a, Jk^b, Di^a, Di^b, Sc1, Sc2, Do^a, Do^b, Co^a, Co^b, Kn^a, Kn^b, In^b, Vel antigens and Fy (a-b-) null phenotype.     

South-Sinai Beduin. A preliminary report on their inherited blood factors

Preliminary results of serological tests on 297 Beduin from several tribes in South-Sinai include seven different blood-group systems, three serum factors and eight red-cell enzyme systems. The present tests show only slight differences between the various tribes, except for the tribe of Jebeliya, which differs very markedly not only from the other Sinai Beduin but from all other neighbouring populations. A considerable African component characterizes this “European” tribe as manifest by high frequencies of cDe(Rº), Fy, Js^a, acid phosphatase P^b and the presence of V(ce^s) and G6PD electrophoretic type A.     

Intra and intertribal genetic variation within a linguistic group: The Ge-speaking Indians of Brazil

A total of 562 individuals living in four villages of two Brazilian Indian tribes (Cayapo and Krahó) was studied in relation to blood groups ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego; haptoglobin, Gc, acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase types. These results were compared with those obtained previously among the Xavante, and the inhabitants of three other Cayapo villages, all of whom speak Ge languages; the ranges in gene frequencies observed in a representative series of South American Indians from all over the continent were also compiled. The Ge Indians are characterized by low frequencies ofR^z, medium frequencies ofR¹,R², R⁰, orr,Jk^a andPGM¹₁, and high frequencies ofGc² andACP^A when compared with other South American tribes. Genetic distance analyses based on six loci indicate that the intratribal variability observed among Cayapo is of the same order of magnitude as those obtained among the Xavante and Krahó, being much less pronounced than those observed among the Yanomama and Makiritare. The intertribal differences within this linguistic group are much less pronounced than those encountered among tribes that speak more differentiated languages.     

Restriction and persistence of polymorphisms of HLA and other blood genetic traits in the Parakanã Indians of Brazil

Results concerning HLA types and 22 other blood genetic systems are reported for the Parakanã Indians of northern Brazil, a tribe that is notable for the light color and pilosity of some of its members. No clear evidence of Caucasoid admixture was found, but the Parkanã show unusual frequencies in the EsD¹, PGM¹₁, Gc², Cp^B, Fy^a, Di^a, and L^M genetic markers. In addition, the very rare Rh allele r^y is present, as well as what seems to be a new PGM₂ variant. There is very limited heterogeneity in the HLA system. All these distinctive features may have arisen through a combination of founder effects and genetic drift. However, low F_is values, as well as higher mean ages in heterozygous as compared to homozygous persons, suggest that an heterotic effect is counteracting these dispersive forces.     

Genetic factors in the population of Plati,Greece

One-thousand, thirty-eight individuals from Plati, Greece were examined for the following red cell antigens, serum proteins, and red cell enzymes A A₁ A_i B H; MNSs Mg Henshaw Ny^a Mur V^w; CC^wcDEeCe; K k Kp^a Kp^b Js^a Js^b; P₁; Lu^a; Fy¹ Fy²; Jk^a Jk^b; Wr^a; Zt; Vel; Sw^a; Jensen, Radin, Gerbich, Diego, Gregory, Haptoglobin, Transferrin, Acid phosphatase, Adenylate kinase, Adenosine deaminase, Esterase-D, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Phosphoglucomutase, 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, Phosphohexose isomerase, Lactate dehydrogenase, Malate dehydrogenase, and Superoxide dismutase. The results are discussed in detail and compared with other Greek and neighbouring populations. Because of the Plati population's long history of residence in the Cappadocian area of Turkey the data have been compared, whenever possible, with results for that region.     

Two Populations of Rh Groups together with Chromosomally Abnormal Cell Lines in the Bone Marrow

At the onset of his disease a man with polycythaemia vera had chromosomally normal cells in the bone marrow and Rh blood group CDe/cDE. Five years later he developed pancytopenia with erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow. This was associated with the presence of a major abnormal clone, 45,XY,B-,C-,16+, a minor clone, 45,XY,2+,3-,C-, and a few apparently normal cells. At the same time Rh blood grouping showed two populations of red cells, one CDe/cDE and one giving the reactions of CDe/CDe which can be interpreted as CDe. If monosomic CDe be the correct interpretation the case provides a strong hint that the Rh complex locus is sited either on the long arm of a B-group chromosome or, less probably, on an autosome of the C group.     

The influence of cultural factors on the demography and pattern of gene flow from the Makiritare to the Yanomama Indians

A single village of Yanomama Indians was found to have frequencies of Di^a of 0.06 and of Ap^a of 0.08, in contrast to 40 other villages whereDi^a was absent and Ap^a quite rare. The source of these genes was identified as a village of Makiritare Indians, but the two allele frequencies were approximately the same or even higher in the Yanomama than in the Makiritare village. Demographic, social and cultural parameters affecting marriage and reproduction in the two tribes explain this. Genealogical relationships and informants' accounts collected in the field, when viewed against the traditional marriage practices, reproductive advantages of headmen, and differential treatment of captured women, indicate that the mating and reproduction parameters inherent in tribal social organization of this kind constitute an essential part of the explanation of the genetic findings. It is argued that mating systems of this sort are such that the probability of a new gene introduced by a captive surviving in the recipient population is a function of the sex of the initial carrier. The implications for tribalization and potentially radical changes in allele frequencies are briefly explored by considering aspects of settlement pattern and population fissioning known to characterize the tribes in question. Finally, it is shown that genetic sampling from a single location can and does result in unrepresentative allele frequencies when this single sample is taken to characterize the tribe as a whole.     

Blood groups and types,hemoglobin variants,and G-6-PD deficiency among Abu Dhabians in the United Arab Emirates

Some erythrocyte genetic factors were studied in the indigenous population of Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, on the south-eastern coast of the Arabian peninsula. Determinations carried out included blood groups and types ABO, MNS, Rh_o, KkJs^a, Fy^aFy^b, P₁, Le^a, Vel^a, hemoglobin variants, and screening for G-6-PD deficiency. Prevalence of most blood groups and types harmonized with that among neighboring Arabs and some Arabs elsewhere. The MS and NS gene complexes were noticeably high. African admixture was expressed by the presence of Js^a and Hb S and large numbers of Fy. G-6-PD deficiency was rather high.