3alpha-, 7alpha- and 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities from Clostridium perfringens.

25 strains of Clostridium perfringens were screened for hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity; 19 contained NADP-dependent 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and eight contained NAD-dependent 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase active against conjugated and unconjugated bile salts. All strains containing 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase also contained 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase although 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was invariably in lesser quantity than the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In addition, 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was evident only when 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanoate was substrate but notably absent when 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanoate was substrate. The oxidation product 12alpha-hydroxy-3, 7-diketo-5beta-cholanoate is rapidly further degraded to an unknown compound devoid of either 3alpha- or 7alpha-OH groups. Group specificity of these enzymes was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography studies of the oxidation products. These enzyme systems appear to be constitutive rather than inducible. In contrast to C. perfringens. Clostridium paraputrificum (five strains tested) contained no measurable hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. pH studies of the C. perfringens enzymes revealed a sharp pH optimum at pH 11.3 and 10.5 for the 3alpha-OH- and 12alpha-OH-oriented activities, respectively. Kinetic studies gave Km estimates of approx. 5 X 10(-5) and 8 X 10(-4) M with 3alpha, 7a-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanoate and 3alpha, 12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanoate as substrates for two respective enzymes. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was active against 3alpha-OH-containing steroids such as androsterone regardless of the sterochemistry of the 5H (Both A/B cis and A/B trans steroides were substrates). There was no activity against 3beta-OH-containing steroids. The 3alpha- and 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities, although differing in cofactor requirements cannot be distinguished by their appearance in the growth curve, their mobility on disc gel electrophoresis, elution volume on passage through Sephadex G-200 or heat inactivation studies.     

12 beta-dehydrogenation of bile acids by Clostridium paraputrificum, C. tertium, and C. difficile and epimerization at carbon-12 of deoxycholic acid by cocultivation with 12 alpha-dehydrogenating Eubacterium lentum.

12 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenating activities were detected in 13 strains of Clostridium paraputrificum, 1 strain of C. tertium, and 1 strain of C. difficile, together with a 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase system in many strains. Redox reactions a C-12 of disubstituted and trisubstituted bile acids were performed unspecifically by representative strains of C. paraputrificum. 3 alpha,12 beta-, 3 beta,12 beta-Dihydroxy-, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 beta-trihydroxy-, and 3-keto,12 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acids, so far not known as bacterial bile acid metabolites, were identified. Epimerization of the 12 alpha-hydroxyl group of deoxycholate via the 12-keto intermediate was achieved by cocultivation of C. paraputrificum and Eubacterium lentum, elaborating a 12 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase only. In addition, epimerization at C-12 was demonstrated with mixed human fecal cultures.     

12 beta-dehydrogenation of bile acids by Clostridium paraputrificum, C. tertium, and C. difficile and epimerization at carbon-12 of deoxycholic acid by cocultivation with 12 alpha-dehydrogenating Eubacterium lentum

12 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenating activities were detected in 13 strains of Clostridium paraputrificum, 1 strain of C. tertium, and 1 strain of C. difficile, together with a 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase system in many strains. Redox reactions a C-12 of disubstituted and trisubstituted bile acids were performed unspecifically by representative strains of C. paraputrificum. 3 alpha,12 beta-, 3 beta,12 beta-Dihydroxy-, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 beta-trihydroxy-, and 3-keto,12 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acids, so far not known as bacterial bile acid metabolites, were identified. Epimerization of the 12 alpha-hydroxyl group of deoxycholate via the 12-keto intermediate was achieved by cocultivation of C. paraputrificum and Eubacterium lentum, elaborating a 12 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase only. In addition, epimerization at C-12 was demonstrated with mixed human fecal cultures.     

New markers for Eubacterium lentum.

Of 37 strains of Eubacterium lentum and phenotypically similar organisms, 26 (70%) synthesized a corticoid 21-dehydroxylase and/or a 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. It appeared that the corticoid 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was identical to the bile acid 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Steroid-metabolizing enzymes were found both in E. lentum and in phenotypically similar organisms. E. lentum is characterized by nitrate reduction and enhanced growth in the presence of arginine. Many phenotypically similar organisms possess either one or the other of the two markers. In contrast, using the steroid-metabolizing enzymes as markers, a "steroid-active" and a "steroid-inactive" group were established with minimal overlapping of metabolic characteristics. Synthesis of the steroid enzymes was positively correlated with production of gas from H2O2 and formation of H2S. A simple method for the detection of corticoid 21-dehydroxylase and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, one or both of which were present in 92% of the steroid-active group, is described.     

New markers for Eubacterium lentum.

Of 37 strains of Eubacterium lentum and phenotypically similar organisms, 26 (70%) synthesized a corticoid 21-dehydroxylase and/or a 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. It appeared that the corticoid 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was identical to the bile acid 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Steroid-metabolizing enzymes were found both in E. lentum and in phenotypically similar organisms. E. lentum is characterized by nitrate reduction and enhanced growth in the presence of arginine. Many phenotypically similar organisms possess either one or the other of the two markers. In contrast, using the steroid-metabolizing enzymes as markers, a "steroid-active" and a "steroid-inactive" group were established with minimal overlapping of metabolic characteristics. Synthesis of the steroid enzymes was positively correlated with production of gas from H2O2 and formation of H2S. A simple method for the detection of corticoid 21-dehydroxylase and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, one or both of which were present in 92% of the steroid-active group, is described.     

NADP-dependent 3 beta-, 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities from a lecithinase-lipase-negative Clostridium species 25.11.c

A lecithinase-lipase-negative Clostridium sp. 25.11.c., not fitting in any of the species of Clostridia described so far as judged by morphological, physiological, and biochemical data, was shown to contain NADP-dependent 3 beta-, 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. The three hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases could be demonstrated in the supernatant and in the membrane fraction after solubilization with Triton X-100, suggesting enzymes which were originally membrane bound. The 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was synthesized constitutively, and the specific enzyme activity was significantly reduced by growth medium supplementation with 3-keto bile acids and trisubstituted bile acids. A pH optimum of 7.5 and a molecular weight of approx. 104,000 were estimated by molecular sieve chromatography. The enzyme reduced the 3-keto group of bile acids; an oxidation of a 3 beta-hydroxyl function could not be demonstrated. The lowest Km values were found for disubstituted bile acids, trisubstituted and conjugated bile acids having higher Km values. 7 alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, but not 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, was already present in uninduced cells. The specific activities, however, were greatly enhanced when cells were grown in the presence of chenodeoxycholic acid or 3 alpha-hydroxy-7-keto-5 beta-cholanoic acid. Ursodeoxycholic acid with its 7 beta-hydroxyl group was ineffective as an inducer. Molecular weights of approx. 82,000 and 115,000 were found for the 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, respectively. In contrast to the in vivo situation, the reaction could only be demonstrated in the reductive direction in vitro. Here, the pH optimum for the overall reaction was 8.5-8.7. 3 beta-, 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities were readily demonstrated for at least 48 h when preparations were stored at 4 degrees C, but were found to be heat-sensitive.     

Isolation of a rat intestinal Clostridium strain producing 5 alpha- and 5 beta-bile salt 3 alpha-sulfatase activity

An unnamed sporeforming microorganism, termed Clostridium sp. strain S2, possessing bile salt sulfatase activity was isolated from rat intestinal microflora. The microorganism was a strictly anaerobic, nonmotile, gram-negative, asaccharolytic, sporeforming rod requiring CO2, vitamin K, and taurine; the guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was 40.8 mol% (Tm), and the strain was tentatively classified as an atypical Clostridium species. Sulfatase activity was specific for 3 alpha-sulfate esters of 5 alpha- and 5 beta-bile salts, leaving the 3 beta-, 7 alpha-, and 12 alpha-sulfates unchanged. Strain S2 also deconjugated tauro- and glyco-conjugated bile salts and partially reduced into the corresponding 6 alpha-hydroxy bile salts. By these reactions, alpha-muricholate and beta-muricholate were more than 80% converted into hyocholate and omega-muricholate, respectively. In addition, strain S2 produced 12 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase converting deoxycholate into 3 alpha-hydroxy-12-oxo-5 beta-cholanoate. When strain S2 was associated with gnotobiotic rats, the fecal bile salts were more than 90% desulfated and the fecal excretion of allochenodeoxycholate was five times lower than in control rats.     

Bile acid induction of 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in Clostridium limosum

When grown in the presence of bile acids, two strains of Clostridium limosum were found to contain significant amounts of NADP-dependent 7 alpha/7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and NAD-dependent 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which were active against conjugated and unconjugated bile acids. No measurable activity could be found when deoxycholic acid (3 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid) was used as substrate. No 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and only a trace of 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity could be demonstrated when bile acid was deleted from the growth medium. If bile acid was added after the time of inoculation, the amounts of 7 alpha/7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were greatly reduced. Enzyme enhancement was blocked by addition of rifampicin. The 7 alpha/7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase components had pH optima of approximately 10.5. Both the 7 alpha/7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities were heat-labile, with the 7 beta-component being the more stable of the two. When ranked according to the level of enzymes induced, the order in increasing bile acid induction power on an equimolar scale (0.4 mM) was: 7-ketodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid. Both 7-ketolithocholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid were ineffective as enzyme inducers. Optimal induction was achieved with high concentrations of cholic acid (5 mM) and a harvest time of 24 hr. Addition of ursodeoxycholic acid to medium containing optimal concentrations of deoxycholic acid suppressed enzyme induction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Lyophilized Clostridium perfringens 3 alpha- and Clostridium bifermentans 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: two new stable enzyme preparations for routine bile acid analysis

Preparations of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.50) from Clostridium perfringens were successfully lyophilized into a stable powder form. Purification of the enzyme was achieved using triazine dye affinity chromatography. C. perfringens 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was purified 24-fold using Reactive Red 120 (Procion Red) -cross-linked agarose (70% yield). Quantitative measurement of bile acids with the purified enzymes, 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.159) from Clostridium bifermentans (strain F-6), was achieved spectrophotometrically. Standard curves with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC) and cholic acid were linear within a concentration range of 20-100 microM. Analysis of mixtures of ursodeoxycholic acid and CDC showed the additive nature of the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and showed also that 7 alpha-hydroxyl groups were independently quantified by the 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Bile acids in Folch extracts of human bile samples were measured using purified preparations of Pseudomonas testosteroni 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C. perfringens 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Escherichia coli 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and C. bifermentans (strain F-6) 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Statistical comparison validated the use of C. perfringens 3 alpha- and C. bifermentans 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases for the quantification of bile acids in bile.     

3-Diazirine-derivatives of bile salts for photoaffinity labeling

New carbene-generating photolabile bile salt derivatives, 3,3-azo-7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta [7 beta-3H]cholan-24-oic acid and (3,3-azo-7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta [7 beta-3H]cholan-24-oyl)-2- aminoethanesulfonic acid were synthesized with high specific radioactivity. These 3-diazirine-derivatives could be activated to the corresponding carbenes by irradiation with ultraviolet light at 350 nm with a half-life time of 2 min. The 3-diazirine derivatives behaved in enterohepatic circulation like the natural bile salts. The uptake of [3H]taurocholate into isolated hepatocytes was competitively inhibited by (3,3-azo-7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oyl)-2- aminoethanesulfonic acid indicating that the 3,3-azo-derivative of taurocholate shares the hepatic transport systems for natural bile salts. It was demonstrated that the radioactively labeled 3-diazirine bile salt derivatives are useful probes for photoaffinity labeling of bile salt binding proteins especially in intact cells and tissues.     

Xanthomonas maltophilia CBS 897.97 as a source of new 7beta- and 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and cholylglycine hydrolase: improved biotransformations of bile acids

The paper reports the partial purification and characterization of the 7beta- and 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDH) and cholylglycine hydrolase (CGH), isolated from Xanthomonas maltophilia CBS 897.97. The activity of 7beta-HSDH and 7alpha-HSDH in the reduction of the 7-keto bile acids is determined. The affinity of 7beta-HSDH for bile acids is confirmed by the reduction, on analytical scale, to the corresponding 7beta-OH derivatives. A crude mixture of 7alpha- and 7beta-HSDH, in soluble or immobilized form, is employed in the synthesis, on preparative scale, of ursocholic and ursodeoxycholic acids starting from the corresponding 7alpha-derivatives. On the other hand, a partially purified 7beta-HSDH in a double enzyme system, where the couple formate/formate dehydrogenase allows the cofactor recycle, affords 6alpha-fluoro-3alpha, 7beta-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (6-FUDCA) by reduction of the corresponding 7-keto derivative. This compound is not obtainable by microbiological route. The efficient and mild hydrolysis of glycinates and taurinates of bile acids with CGH is also reported. Very promising results are also obtained with bile acid containing raw materials.     

Histochemical localization of some hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the mouse epididymis.

The mouse epididymis was studied to localize histochemically a number of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the various zones. The epithelium of the posterior half of the initial segment (head) and the anterior half of the middle segment (body) shows a strong reaction for delta5-3beta-, 3alpha,5alpha-, 3alpha,5beta-, 11beta, 16alpha-, 17beta, 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. This activity attenuates posteriorly. Only the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is present throughout the length of the epididymis. The luminal contents of the middle segment also show the histochemical utilization of a number of steroids.     

Demonstration of 3 alpha(17 beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase distinct from 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in hamster liver.

NAD(+)-linked and NADP(+)-linked 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were purified to homogeneity from hamster liver cytosol. The two monomeric enzymes, although having similar molecular masses of 38,000, differed from each other in pI values, activation energy and heat stability. The two proteins also gave different fragmentation patterns by gel electrophoresis after digestion with protease. The NADP(+)-linked enzyme catalysed the oxidoreduction of various 3 alpha-hydroxysteroids, whereas the NAD(+)-linked enzyme oxidized the 3 alpha-hydroxy group of pregnanes and some bile acids, and the 17 beta-hydroxy group of testosterone and androstanes. The thermal stabilities of the 3 alpha- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities of the NAD(+)-linked enzyme were identical, and the two enzyme activities were inhibited by mixing 17 beta- and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid substrates, respectively. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, hexoestrol and 3 beta-hydroxysteroids competitively inhibited 3 alpha- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities of the enzyme. These results show that hamster liver contains a 3 alpha(17 beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase structurally and functionally distinct from 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.     

NAD- and NADP-dependent 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases from bacteroides fragilis.

Twenty strains of Bacteroides fragilis were screened for hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity in cell-free preparations. Eighteen strains were shown to contain NAD-dependent 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Sixteen of the strains containing the NAD-dependent enzyme also contained NADP-depedent 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, but invariably in lesser amounts. A strain particulary rich in both 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities was selected for further study. Measurement of activity as a function of pH revealed a fairly sharp optimal activity range of 9.5--10.0 for the NAD-dependent enzyme and a broad flat optimal range of 7.0--9.0 for the NADP-dependent enzyme. Michaelis constants for trihydroxy-bile acids for the NAD-dependent enzyme were in the range of 0.32--0.34 mM, whereas dihydroxy-bile acids gave a Km of 0.1 mM. Thin-layer chromatography studies on the oxidation product of 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanoic acid (chenodeoxycholic acid) by the dehydrogenase revealed a band corresponding to that of synthetic 3alpha-hydroxy, 7-keto-5beta-cholanoic acid. Similarly the oxidation product of chenodeoxycholic acid by both 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and commercially available 3alpha-hy-droxysteroid dehydrogenase revealed a band corresponding to that of synthetic 3,7-diketo-5beta-cholanoic acid. Neither of these two oxidation products could be distinguished from those by the Escherichia coli dehydrogenase oxidation previously reported. Disc-gel electrophoresis of a cell-free lyophilized preparation indicated one active band for NAD-dependent activity of mobility similar to that for the NADP-dependent E. coli enzyme. The NADP-dependent dehydrogenase was unstable and rapidly lost activity after polyacylamide disc-gel electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, freezing on refrigeration at 4 degrees C. No 3 alpha- or 12alpha-oriented oxidoreductase activity was demonstrated in any of the strains examined.     

Metabolism of bile alcohols in the perfused rabbit liver.

The mechanism and sequence of side chain hydroxylation of cholesterol in bile acid synthesis was studied in the isolated perfused rabbit liver. A comparison was made between the importance of 26- and 25-hydroxylation in cholic acid biosynthesis in the rabbit. The formation of [G-3H]cholic acid was observed when the liver was perfused with 5beta-[G-3H]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol, 5beta-[G-3H]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-12alpha-triol, and 5beta-[G-3H]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 26-triol. No [G-3H]chenodeoxycholic acid was detected in the bile. These findings indicate that potential precursors of chenodeoxycholic acid were hydroxylated at position 12alpha either subsequent to or before hydroxylation of the cholesterol side chain. In addition, no other intermediates (tetrahydroxy or pentahydroxy bile alcohols) were found in the bile when these compounds were perfused in the liver. Bile acid precursors were detected in bile when the rabbit liver was perfused with 5beta-[24-14C]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol. The 5beta-[24-14C]cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol was hydroxylated in the liver at the 12alpha position to yield the corresponding 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 25-tetrol. The tetrol was further metabolized to a series of pentols (5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 22, 25-pentol; 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 23, 25-pentol; 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 24, 25-pentol; and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 25, 26-pentol). The major bile acid obtained from the perfusion of the 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol was cholic acid. The experiments indicated that in the rabbit liver 12alpha-hydroxylation can occur after hydroxylation of the cholesterol side chain at either C-25 (5 beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 25-triol) or C-26 (5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-26-triol). Apparently, the rabbit can form cholic acid via the classical 26-hydroxylation pathway as well as via 25-hydroxylated intermediates.     

Conversion of 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol and 7alpha-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol to 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy- and 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-steroids in vitro.

The metabolism of 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol and 7alpha-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol (24alpha-ethyl-5-cholestene-3beta,7alpha-diol) has been compared in rat liver subcellular fractions. 7alpha-Hydroxy-beta-sitosterol was shown to be metabolized in the same manner as 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. Thus, the following C29 metabolites have been identified: 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-one, 24alpha-ethyl-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol, 24alpha-ethyl-7alpha,12alpha-dihydrozy-5beta-cholestan-3-one, and 24alpha-ethyl-5beta-cholestane-3alha,7alpha,12alpha-triol. The C29 compounds were generally less efficient substrates. The most pronounced difference was noted for the delta4-3-oxosteroid 5beta-reductase. Thus, 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one was three to four times as efficiently reduced as the C29 analog. The oxidation of the 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-delta5-steroid to the 7alpha-hydroxy-delta4-3-oxosteroid, the 12alpha-hydroxylation of the 7alpha-hydroxy-delta4-3-oxosteroid, and the reduction of the 7alpha-hydroxy-5beta-3-oxosteroid to the 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-steroid occurred in up to two times better yields for the C27 steroids.     

Bile acids of snakes of the subfamily Viperinae and the biosynthesis of C-23-hydroxylated bile acids in liver homogenate fractions from the adder, Vipera berus (Linn.).

1. Analysis of bile salts of four snakes of the subfamily Viperinae showed that their bile acids consisted mainly of C-23-hydroxylated bile acids. 2. Incubations of 14C-labelled sodium cholate (3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oate) and deoxycholate (3 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oate) with whole and fractionated adder liver homogenates were carried out in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH or an NADPH-generating system. The formation of C-23-hydroxylated bile acids, namely bitocholic acid (3 alpha, 12 alpha, 23xi-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid) and 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 23 xi-tetrahydroxy-cholanic acid (3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 23 xi-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid), was observed mainly in the microsomal fraction and partly in the mitochondrial fraction. 3. Biosynthetic pathways of C-23-hydroxylated bile acids are discussed.     

Biotransformation of linoleic acid and bile acids by Eubacterium lentum.

Eubacterium lentum is a gram-positive, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, asaccharolytic anaerobe. In the present investigations, 3 E. lentum strains (group E) isolated from rat feces were compared with 30 E. lentum strains (groups A, B, C, and D) previously studied by Macdonald et al. (I. A. Macdonald, J. F. Jellet, D. E. Mahony, and L. V. Holdeman, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:992-1000, 1979). All strains alkalized (pH 8 to 8.5) arginine-containing (2 to 15 mg/ml) culture media, and growth of the majority of the strains was stimulated by arginine. All strains converted linoleic acid into transvaccenic acid by shifting the 12,13-cis double bond of linoleic acid into an 11,12-trans(?) double bond followed by biohydrogenation of the 9,10-cis double bond. Hence, biohydrogenation of linoleic acid is a new general characteristic of E. lentum. The 33 strains were also studied for bile acid deconjugase and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) activities. The 6 strains in group D were steroid inactive; the 27 strains in groups A, B, C, and E were steroid active. The steroid-active group contained bile acid deconjugase-producing strains (groups C and E, plus strain 116 in group A) and nondeconjugating strains. All nondeconjugating strains of groups A and B developed 7 alpha- and 12 alpha-HSDH activities and contained 3 alpha-HSDH-positive strains and 3 alpha-HSDH-negative strains. Deconjugating strains varied in HSDH activities.     

Identification of different transport systems for bile salts in sinusoidal and canalicular membranes of hepatocytes

The preservation of the functional polarity of hepatocytes in liver snips (1 x 2 x 4 mm) was demonstrated by fluorescent microscopic studies using the sodium salt of (N-[7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol)]-3 beta-amino-7 alpha,12 alpha- dihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid. This fluorescent bile salt derivative is not only taken up by hepatocytes of several cell layers at the surface of the snips but also secreted into bile canaliculi. The intact hepatobiliary transport of bile salts by hepatocytes of liver snips demonstrates that they are a useful system for the investigation of those transcellular transport processes which require the integrity of hepatic structure. Photoaffinity labelling of liver snips with the sodium salt of (7,7-azo-3 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-[3 beta-3H]cholan- 24-oyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid revealed that the bile-salt-binding membrane polypeptides with apparent Mr values of 54,000 and 48,000 are exclusively located in the sinusoidal membrane, whereas a single bile-salt-binding polypeptide with an apparent Mr of 100,000 is located in the bile-canalicular membrane. Photoaffinity labelling of liver snips at 4 degrees C, when transcellular bile-salt transport is insignificant, resulted in the labelling of the two sinusoidal membrane polypeptides and practically no labelling of the polypeptide with an apparent Mr of 100,000. This latter polypeptide was also not labelled when Ca2 deprivation abolished bile secretion completely. These results indicate that the directed hepatobiliary transport of bile salts in hepatocytes is accomplished by transport systems which are different for sinusoidal uptake and canalicular secretion.