内蒙古高原甘蒙锦鸡儿的遗传分化研究

对分布于内蒙古和林格尔和阿拉善的甘蒙锦鸡儿(Caragana opulens Kom)种群的叶片形态特性和遗传结构进行了比较研究。结果发现:从叶厚度、面积、长/宽、生物量及SLA来看,阿拉善种群与和林格尔种群之间存在明显变异,阿拉善种群比和林格尔种群保水能力强,对干旱的适应能力好。遗传结构比较研究发现,甘蒙锦鸡儿种群间发生明显的遗传分化(遗传相似度为0.711),表明生物对环境的适应是有分子基础的、是以遗传变异为基础的种群分化适应。     

小叶锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿的生态和水分调节特性比较研究

对锦鸡儿属羽状叶类群的代表植物——小叶锦鸡儿和假掌状叶类群的代表植物——狭叶锦鸡儿的地理分布、生长发育、形态结构、渗透调节和水分代谢进行了比较研究。小叶锦鸡儿在内蒙古高原分布于东起呼伦贝尔 (1 2 4 .0 0°E)西至达茂旗(1 1 0 .4 3°E)的半湿润至半干旱地区 ,生长发育最适地区是锡林浩特 ;狭叶锦鸡儿在内蒙古高原分布于东起锡林浩特 (1 1 6 .0 7°E)西至阿拉善 (98°E)的半干旱至极干旱地区 ,生长发育最适地区是阿拉善。这种分布格局和生长发育适应性说明 ,狭叶锦鸡儿比小叶锦鸡儿更适宜干旱环境。小叶锦鸡儿叶片平展、被绿色柔毛 ,有时上面近无毛 ,狭叶锦鸡儿叶片呈瓦状、被粉白色柔毛 ;狭叶锦鸡儿叶片厚度 /面积比值和长 /宽比值大于小叶锦鸡儿 ,叶片生物量小于小叶锦鸡儿。这些特性使狭叶锦鸡儿比小叶锦鸡儿保水能力强。由于狭叶锦鸡儿的渗透调节物质浓度大于小叶锦鸡儿 ,导致细胞渗透势低于小叶锦鸡儿 ;狭叶锦鸡儿叶含水量低于小叶锦鸡儿 ,束缚水 /自由水比值大于小叶锦鸡儿 ;狭叶锦鸡儿叶水势低于小叶锦鸡儿。这些特性表明狭叶锦鸡儿比小叶锦鸡儿渗透调节能力强。狭叶锦鸡儿的蒸腾速率和日蒸腾积累值均小于小叶锦鸡儿 ,水分利用效率高于小叶锦鸡儿。由于叶形态变异、良好的渗透调节功     

内蒙古高原甘蒙锦鸡儿光合作用和水分代谢的生态适应性研究

 对分布于内蒙古高原和林格尔和阿拉善的甘蒙锦鸡儿（Caragana opulens）种群的光合特性和水分代谢特性进行了比较研究。结果发现：和林格尔种群的光补偿点（500 μmol proton·m-2·s-1以下）、光饱和点（1 200 μmol proton·m-2·s-1）、光合最适温度（26 ℃）均低于阿拉善种群（光补偿点为700～800 μmol proton·m-2·s－1之间;光饱和点为1 500 μmol proton·m－2·s－1;光合最适温度为28～29 ℃）,在低温、低光强下表现出更高的光合速率;和林格尔种群比阿拉善种群需要更高的空气湿度来维持其光合速率;和林格尔种群表现高蒸腾、高光合和低水分利用效率的代谢特点,阿拉善种群采取低蒸腾、低光合和高水分利用效率的节水对策。这些生理特性与它们分布区的光、温、湿条件相适应。阿拉善种群的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和光能利用效率远低于和林格尔种群,而水分利用效率和叶水分亏缺明显高于和林格尔种群。这主要是由于两地区水分状况差异引起的。     

内蒙古高原锦鸡儿属植物的形态和生理生态适应性

比较研究内蒙古高原锦鸡儿属(Caragana)中生种,旱生种和强旱生种的叶片形态结构、渗透调节、气孔调节和保护酶,目的是揭示锦鸡儿属不同类型植物的生态适应策略。中生种叶片平展,被稀疏绿色短柔毛;旱生种叶片平展或呈瓦状,被灰色柔毛;强旱生种叶片呈瓦状或卷成筒状,被直立或伏帖绢毛。叶片厚度强旱生种>旱生种>中生种,叶片面积、生物量和比叶面积(SLA)强旱生种<旱生种<中生种。叶片长宽比,强旱生种和旱生种大于中生种。这些形态结构导致保水能力强旱生种>旱生种>中生种,光能利用能力中生种>旱生种>强旱生种。渗透调节物质含量、细胞质离子浓度和细胞渗透势强旱生种>旱生种>中生种。渗透调节物质含量的差异主要表现在强旱生种可溶性糖和无机离子含量远高于旱生种,后者又远高于中生种。叶含水量、自由水含量、叶水势和气孔导度中生种>旱生种>强旱生种,束缚水含量、束缚水/自由水比值、POD和SOD活性正好相反,CAT活性旱生种>中生种>强旱生种。这些生理特性导致抗旱能力强旱生种>旱生种>中生种,但代谢速率正好相反。旱生种和中生种表现出较少的日水分亏缺,强旱生种水分亏缺从清晨到傍晚持续大幅增加。细胞膜相对透性和MDA含量强旱生种>旱生种>中生种。自由基含量表现为旱生种>中生种>强旱生种。这些数据说明虽然旱生种和强旱生种形成了多种特点来适应干旱环境,但仍然是不充分的。结论:(1)分布于半湿润至半干旱区的锦鸡儿属中生种依靠活跃的代谢、大量的水分消耗和快速生长使其在生物环境中取得竞争优势;生活在干旱地区和强干旱地区的旱生种和强旱生种依靠低代谢、节水和高抗旱性来抵抗苛刻的非生物环境。(2) 旱生种和强旱生种主要通过可溶性糖和无机离子的积累,调节细胞质渗透势,保持水分平衡,这是一种相对节省能量的适应对策。     

不同品种油橄榄离体叶片对渗透胁迫的生理响应及其抗旱机制

以油橄榄3个主栽品种(‘戈达尔’、‘城固32’、‘弗奥’)离体叶片为研究对象,在实验室条件下考察了30%PEG溶液模拟渗透胁迫对叶片相关生理生化指标的影响,探讨不同品种间的响应差异及其生理机制。结果显示:(1)随着渗透胁迫时间的延长,各油橄榄品种离体叶片含水量和叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,相对电导率和MDA含量大幅度升高,即渗透胁迫造成了油橄榄离体叶片水分状况恶化、叶绿素分解、脂质过氧化和细胞膜损伤程度加重;同时,3个品种油橄榄叶片的束缚水与自由水相对含量、超氧阴离子产生速率、SOD活性及渗透调节物质含量表现出升高的趋势。(2)品种间相比较,随着胁迫时间的延长,‘城固32’叶片脂质过氧化产物MDA含量相对较低、细胞膜损伤较小,‘戈达尔’的表现则相反,‘弗奥’介于二者之间;同期各品种间叶片束缚水与自由水相对含量、超氧阴离子产生速率、SOD活性及渗透调节物质含量的变化表现相似。研究表明,3个油橄榄主栽品种中‘城固32’对30%PEG溶液渗透胁迫的抗性最强,‘弗奥’次之,‘戈达尔’最差;在30%PEG溶液渗透胁迫下,‘城固32’叶片具有较高的束缚水与自由水含量比值、较低的超氧阴离子产生速率、较高的SOD活性及较高渗透调节物质含量,这在一定程度上保证其叶片具有较强的抗脱水能力、抗氧化能力和渗透调节能力,从而在整体上表现出对渗透胁迫的较强抗性。     

内蒙古高原荒漠区几种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)优势植物的生理生态适应特性

比较了内蒙古高原荒漠区4种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)优势植物——柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿、垫状锦鸡儿和荒漠锦鸡儿的生理适应特性。研究发现:4种锦鸡儿属植物中,荒漠锦鸡儿的叶片含水量、束缚水/自由水比值、水势以及水分利用效率最低,气孔导度日变化表现为与气温变化相似的早晚低、中午高的单峰曲线。4种锦鸡儿蒸腾速率日变化状况相似,均在10:00达到最大,以后逐渐降低,但日蒸腾积累值垫状锦鸡儿<荒漠锦鸡儿<柠条锦鸡儿<狭叶锦鸡儿。相比较,柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿和垫状锦鸡儿对当地的水分条件有良好的适应性,能够保持较好的水分状况,水分亏缺在15%以下,而荒漠锦鸡儿叶水分亏缺日变幅较大,保水能力不及其它3种。渗透调节比较研究发现:荒漠锦鸡儿的渗透势最低,细胞质离子浓度最高,无机渗透调节物产生的渗透势所占的比例也更大,说明其低渗透势的维持主要来自无机渗透调节物质的较多积累。保护酶和自由基比较研究发现:POD和SOD活性荒漠锦鸡儿明显高于其它3个种,但CAT活性在4种植物中无显著差别;叶片自由基含量狭叶锦鸡儿>荒漠锦鸡儿>柠条锦鸡儿>垫状锦鸡儿。这些结果表明:(1)荒漠锦鸡儿对干旱环境的适应方式与其它3种不同,柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿和垫状锦鸡儿以强保水能力、维持稳定的水分而适应,而荒漠锦鸡儿以更负的渗透势、更高细胞质离子浓度弥补其更多的水分消耗和对水分变化的强耐性而适应,较高的保护酶活性可能是其强耐性的生理基础之一。(2)保水能力弱的锦鸡儿种主要通过无机离子的积累,调节细胞质渗透势,保持水分平衡,这是一种相对节省能量的适应对策。     

内蒙古高原西部荒漠区锦鸡儿属(Caragana)优势种的形态适应特征

研究内蒙古高原西部荒漠区锦鸡儿属（Caragana）4种优势植物——柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿、垫状锦鸡儿和荒漠锦鸡儿的地理分布和叶形态适应特征.通过地理分布和生长发育研究发现：4种锦鸡儿均能在阿拉善荒漠区分布和正常生长,它们能够适应阿拉善荒漠区环境.叶形态结构研究表明：狭叶锦鸡儿叶片呈瓦状,在一定程度上阻碍了水分散失和气体交换,缩小受光面积;垫状锦鸡儿叶片卷成筒状,水分散失和气体交换阻力更大,受光面积更小.柠条锦鸡儿密被伏帖绢毛、狭叶锦鸡儿多被灰白色柔毛、垫状锦鸡儿密被绢毛和荒漠锦鸡儿密被直立绢毛,对光线反射能力强,使叶温降低,减少蒸腾.狭叶锦鸡儿和垫状锦鸡儿具有的长条型叶,4种荒漠区锦鸡儿都具有更小的叶面积、更大的厚度/面积比值、更低的叶片生物量和更小的比叶面积（SLA）,减小了蒸腾和受光面积,提高了荒漠区锦鸡儿的保水能力.荒漠区锦鸡儿这些叶片形态特性有利于适应干旱、高温和强辐射的荒漠区环境.叶绿素含量测定和叶色研究结果表明：4种荒漠区锦鸡儿叶绿素含量低,更低的叶绿素含量和密被灰白色柔毛或绢毛导致叶色浅、反光性能好,有利于减少对辐射的吸收,避免强辐射对植物的伤害,同时也使叶温低,减轻高温伤害和水分蒸发,以适应环境.这是荒漠区锦鸡儿适应高光强、高气温、极干旱的荒漠区环境的特性.垫状锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿叶绿素a/b高也是适应强辐射的特性.比较4种荒漠区锦鸡儿的叶形态特性发现,4种荒漠区锦鸡儿植物对荒漠环境的形态适应方式是不同的.     

科尔沁沙地4种植物抗旱性的比较研究

对科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿,紫穗槐,差巴嘎蒿和胡枝子4种植物的若干水分生理生态指标进行了测定。结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿具有低水势,高水力和束缚水／自由水比及水分利用效率,抗旱性强;紫穗槐的各项指标与小叶锦鸡儿相反,抗旱性最差;差巴嘎蒿虽然水势较高,但它的持水力高,束缚水／自由水比和水分利用效率都较高,抗旱性也较强,但次于小叶锦鸡儿;胡枝子的水势和持水力较低,束缚水／自由水比及水分利用效率一般,它的抗旱性强于紫穗槐,但比差巴嘎蒿差。     

内蒙古高原荒漠区几种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)优势植物的生理生态适应特性

比较了内蒙古高原荒漠区4种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)优势植物——柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿、垫状锦鸡儿和荒漠锦鸡儿的生理适应特性。研究发现：4种锦鸡儿属植物中,荒漠锦鸡儿的叶片含水量、束缚水/自由水比值、水势以及水分利用效率最低,气孔导度日变化表现为与气温变化相似的早晚低、中午高的单峰曲线。4种锦鸡儿蒸腾速率日变化状况相似,均在10:00达到最大,以后逐渐降低,但日蒸腾积累值垫状锦鸡儿 < 荒漠锦鸡儿 < 柠条锦鸡儿< 狭叶锦鸡儿。相比较,柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿和垫状锦鸡儿对当地的水分条件有良好的适应性,能够保持较好的水分状况,水分亏缺在15％以下,而荒漠锦鸡儿叶水分亏缺日变幅较大,保水能力不及其它3种。渗透调节比较研究发现：荒漠锦鸡儿的渗透势最低,细胞质离子浓度最高,无机渗透调节物产生的渗透势所占的比例也更大,说明其低渗透势的维持主要来自无机渗透调节物质的较多积累。保护酶和自由基比较研究发现：POD和SOD活性荒漠锦鸡儿明显高于其它3个种,但CAT活性在4种植物中无显著差别;叶片自由基含量狭叶锦鸡儿 > 荒漠锦鸡儿 > 柠条锦鸡儿 > 垫状锦鸡儿。这些结果表明： (1)荒漠锦鸡儿对干旱环境的适应方式与其它3种不同,柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿和垫状锦鸡儿以强保水能力、维持稳定的水分而适应,而荒漠锦鸡儿以更负的渗透势、更高细胞质离子浓度弥补其更多的水分消耗和对水分变化的强耐性而适应,较高的保护酶活性可能是其强耐性的生理基础之一。(2) 保水能力弱的锦鸡儿种主要通过无机离子的积累,调节细胞质渗透势,保持水分平衡,这是一种相对节省能量的适应对策。     

内蒙古高原西部荒漠区锦鸡儿属(Caragana)优势种的形态适应特征

研究内蒙古高原西部荒漠区锦鸡儿属(Caragana)4种优势植物——柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿、垫状锦鸡儿和荒漠锦鸡儿的地理分布和叶形态适应特征。通过地理分布和生长发育研究发现：4种锦鸡儿均能在阿拉善荒漠区分布和正常生长,它们能够适应阿拉善荒漠区环境。叶形态结构研究表明：狭叶锦鸡儿叶片呈瓦状,在一定程度上阻碍了水分散失和气体交换,缩小受光面积;垫状锦鸡儿叶片卷成筒状,水分散失和气体交换阻力更大,受光面积更小。柠条锦鸡儿密被伏帖绢毛、狭叶锦鸡儿多被灰白色柔毛、垫状锦鸡儿密被绢毛和荒漠锦鸡儿密被直立绢毛,对光线反射能力强,使叶温降低,减少蒸腾。狭叶锦鸡儿和垫状锦鸡儿具有的长条型叶,4种荒漠区锦鸡儿都具有更小的叶面积、更大的厚度/面积比值、更低的叶片生物量和更小的比叶面积(SLA), 减小了蒸腾和受光面积,提高了荒漠区锦鸡儿的保水能力。荒漠区锦鸡儿这些叶片形态特性有利于适应干旱、高温和强辐射的荒漠区环境。叶绿素含量测定和叶色研究结果表明：4种荒漠区锦鸡儿叶绿素含量低,更低的叶绿素含量和密被灰白色柔毛或绢毛导致叶色浅、反光性能好,有利于减少对辐射的吸收,避免强辐射对植物的伤害,同时也使叶温低,减轻高温伤害和水分蒸发,以适应环境。这是荒漠区锦鸡儿适应高光强、高气温、极干旱的荒漠区环境的特性。垫状锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿叶绿素a/b高也是适应强辐射的特性。比较4种荒漠区锦鸡儿的叶形态特性发现,4种荒漠区锦鸡儿植物对荒漠环境的形态适应方式是不同的。     

干旱胁迫对持绿性高粱叶片渗透调节及叶绿体超微结构的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了开花期和灌浆期干旱胁迫(土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的45%~50%)对持绿性高粱(B35)和非持绿性高粱(三尺三)叶片水分、渗透调节物质以及叶绿体超微结构的影响.结果表明: 干旱胁迫下,两高粱品系叶片自由水含量下降,束缚水含量增加,相对含水量降低,水分饱和亏缺增加,相对电导率增大,但三尺三各指标的变化幅度均大于B35.对于渗透调节物质,干旱胁迫下,三尺三可溶性糖含量的增幅大于B35,脯氨酸含量的增幅小于B35,可溶性蛋白含量的降幅大于B35.干旱胁迫下,B35与三尺三的叶绿体超微结构均受到一定程度的破坏,但B35叶绿体结构保持相对完好,受损程度明显小于三尺三.在干旱胁迫下,持绿性高粱通过较强的渗透调节表现出更好的干旱适应能力.
     

Contribution of osmotic adjustment to the dehydration tolerance of water-stressed pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) millsp.) leaves

Abstract Water-stressed pigeonpea leaves have high levels of osmotic adjustment at low leaf water potentials. The possible contribution of this adjustment of dehydration tolerance of leaves was examined in plants grown in a controlled environment. Osmotic adjustment was varied by withholding water from plants growing in differing amounts of soil, which resulted in different rates of decline of leaf water potential. The level of osmotic adjustment was inversely related to leaf water potential in all treatments. In addition, at any particular water potential, plants that had experienced a rapid development of stress exhibited less osmotic adjustment than plants that experienced a slower development of stress. Leaves with different levels of osmotic adjustment died at water potentials between –3.4 and –6.3 MPa, but all leaves died at a similar relative water content (32%). Consequently, leaves died when relative water content reached a lethal value, rather than when a lethal leaf water potential was reached. Osmotic adjustment delayed the time and lowered the leaf water potential when the lethal relative water content occurred, because it helped maintain higher relative water contents at low leaf water potentials. The consequences of osmotic adjustment for leaf survival in water-stressed pigeonpea are discussed.     

LWR1 and LWR2 are required for osmoregulation and osmotic adjustment in Arabidopsis

With the goal of identifying molecular components of the low-water-potential response, we have carried out a two-part selection and screening strategy to identify new Arabidopsis mutants. Using a system of polyethylene glycol-infused agar plates to impose a constant low-water-potential stress, putative mutants impaired in low-water-potential induction of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) le25 promoter were selected. These lines were then screened for altered accumulation of free Pro. The seedlings of 22 mutant lines had either higher or lower Pro content than wild type when exposed to low water potential. Two mutants, designated low-water-potential response1 (lwr1) and lwr2, were characterized in detail. In addition to higher Pro accumulation, lwr1 seedlings had higher total solute content, greater osmotic adjustment at low water potential, altered abscisic acid content, and increased sensitivity to applied abscisic acid with respect to Pro content. lwr1 also had altered growth and morphology. lwr2, in contrast, had lower Pro content and less osmotic adjustment leading to greater water loss at low water potential. Both lwr1 and lwr2 also had altered leaf solute content and water relations in unstressed soil-grown plants. In both mutants, the effects on solute content were too large to be explained by the changes in Pro content alone, indicating that LWR1 and LWR2 affect multiple aspects of cellular osmoregulation.     

Influence of Xylem Water Potential on Leaf Elongation and Osmotic Adjustment of Wheat and Lupin

The leaf elongation rate and osmotic pressure at full turgorof wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and lupin (Lupinus cosentiniiGuss.) were measured in well watered plants, in plants thatwere allowed to dry the soil slowly over 7 d, and in plantsin which the water potential of the leaf xylem was maintainedhigh by applying pressure to the roots during the drying cycle.Maintenance of high xylem water potentials failed to preventa reduction in the rate of leaf elongation as the soil dried,while the osmotic pressure at full turgor and the degree ofosmotic adjustment increased as the soil water content decreased.The rate of leaf elongation was reduced more and the degreeof osmotic adjustment was higher in leaves with high xylem waterpotentials than in those in which leaf xylem potentials wereallowed to decrease as soil water content decreased. Osmoticadjustment was linearly correlated with the reduction in leafelongation rate in both wheat and lupin. Key words: Osmotic adjustment, leaf elongation, turgor regulation     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨P-V曲线水分参数的初步研究

运用P-V技术初步研究了人工林胡杨、灰叶胡杨两个树种的水分参数差异,探讨了树种的抗旱性。结果表明灰叶胡杨的主要水分参数(ψ100、ψ0、ROWC、AWC、RWD、ε）明显低于胡杨,渗透调节能力和束缚水含量高于胡杨,表现对干旱环境具有较强的耐旱能力。综合评判表明灰叶胡杨对干旱的适应性较强。     

Combined effects of long-term salinity and soil drying on growth, water relations, nutrient status and proline accumulation of Sesuvium portulacastrum

The interaction between soil drying and salinity was studied in the perennial halophyte, Sesuvium portulacastrum. Rooted cuttings were individually cultivated for three months in silty-sandy soil under two irrigation modes: 100 and 25% of field capacity (FC). The amount of the evapotranspirated water was replaced by a nutrient solution containing either 0 or 100 mM NaCl. Whole-plant growth, leaf water content, leaf water potential (Psi(w)), and Na+, K+, and proline concentrations in the tissues were measured. When individually applied, both drought and salinity significantly restricted whole-plant growth, with a more marked effect of the former stress. However, the effects of the two stresses were not additive on whole-plant biomass or on leaf expansion. Root growth was more sensitive to salt than to soil drying, the latter being even magnified by the adverse impact of salinity. Leaf water content was significantly reduced following exposure to water-deficit stress, but was less affected in salt-treated plants. When simultaneously submitted to water-deficit stress and salinity, plants displayed higher values of water and potassium use efficiencies, leaf proline and Na+ concentrations, associated with lower leaf water potential (-1.87 MPa), suggesting the ability of S. portulacastrum to use Na+ and proline for osmotic adjustment.