Relationship among Habitual Tea Consumption,Percent Body Fat,and Body Fat Distribution

Objective: To disclose the possible relationship between habitual tea consumption and changes in total body fat and fat distribution in humans. Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional survey of 1210 epidemiologically sampled adults (569 men and 641 women) were enrolled in our study. Tea consumption and other lifestyle characteristics were obtained by structured questionnaires. Percent body fat (BF%) was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body fat distribution was assessed using waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR). Results: Among the 1103 analyzed subjects, 473 adults (42.9%) consumed tea once or more per week for at least 6 months. The habitual tea drinkers were male‐dominant, more frequently current smokers, and alcohol or coffee drinkers than the nonhabitual tea drinkers. Habitual tea drinkers for more than 10 years showed a 19.6% reduction in BF% and a 2.1% reduction in WHR compared with nonhabitual tea drinkers. The multiple stepwise regression models revealed that men, older age, higher BMI, and current smokers were positive factors for BF% and WHR. In contrast, longer duration of habitual tea consumption and higher total physical activity were negative factors for BF%. Longer duration of habitual tea consumption, higher socioeconomic status, and premenopausal status were negative factors for WHR. Discussion: An inverse relationship may exist among habitual tea consumption, BF%, and body fat distribution, especially for subjects who have maintained the habit of tea consumption for more than 10 years.     

Physical activity compliance: differences between overweight/obese and normal-weight adults

Objectives: Comparisons of physical activity measured by accelerometers in overweight/obese adults and their normal‐weight counterparts are limited. Compliance with the 2002 Institute of Medicine (IOM) exercise recommendations for 60 minutes of moderate‐intensity exercise daily has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to compare physical activity, as measured by accelerometers, in overweight/obese adults vs. normal‐weight controls and to assess compliance with recommendations for physical activity by the IOM in 2002 and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine in 1995 for 30 minutes of moderate‐intensity activity, preferably all days of the week. Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐two overweight/obese subjects, BMI ≥ 25, included 31 adults, 12 men and 19 women, 25 to 69 years old, and their normal‐weight controls, BMI 18.5 to 24.9, matched for gender, age, and height. Body composition was assessed using DXA. Physical activity was measured with Actigraph accelerometers (MTI, Fort Walton Beach, FL) worn by each participant for 7 consecutive days. Results: Accelerometry data indicated that overweight/obese adults recorded ～60 counts per minute less per day and spent 21 minutes less engaged in moderate or greater intensity activity than their normal‐weight counterparts. Although 71% to 94% of those studied met 1995 recommendations, only 13% of overweight/obese subjects and 26% of normal‐weight participants met 2002 exercise recommendations. Discussion: These results suggest that daily minutes spent in moderate‐intensity activity or greater are associated with weight status and that the 2002 IOM recommendations may be difficult to meet even for normal‐weight individuals.     

Comparison of three bioelectrical impedance methods with DXA in overweight and obese men

Objective: To compare bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) of body composition using three different methods against DXA in overweight and obese men. Research Methods and Procedures: Forty‐three healthy overweight or obese men (ages 25 to 60 years; BMI, 28 to 43 kg/m²) underwent BIA assessment of body composition using the ImpediMed SFB7 (version 6; ImpediMed, Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland, Australia) in multifrequency mode (Imp‐MF) and DF50 single‐frequency mode (Imp‐SF) and the Tanita UltimateScale (Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Validity was assessed by comparison against DXA using linear regression and limits of agreement analysis. Results: All three BIA methods showed good relative agreement with DXA [Imp‐MF: fat mass (FM), r² = 0.81; fat‐free mass (FFM), r² = 0.81; percentage body fat (BF%), r² = 0.69; Imp‐SF: FM, r² = 0.65; FFM, r² = 0.76; BF%, r² = 0.40; Tanita: BF%, r² = 0.44; all p < 0.001]. Absolute agreement between DXA and Imp‐MF was poor, as indicated by a large bias and wide limits of agreement (bias, ±1.96 standard deviation; FM, ?6.6 ± 7.7 kg; FFM, 8.0 ± 7.1 kg; BF%, ?7.0 ± 6.6%). Imp‐SF and Tanita exhibited a smaller bias but wide limits of agreement (Imp‐SF: FM, ?1.1 ± 8.5 kg; FFM, 2.5 ± 7.9 kg; BF%, ?1.7 ± 7.3% Tanita: BF%, 1.2 ± 9.5%). Discussion: Compared with DXA, Imp‐MF produced large bias and wide limits of agreement, and its accuracy estimating body composition in overweight or obese men was poor. Imp‐SF and Tanita demonstrated little bias and may be useful for group comparisons, but their utility for assessment of body composition in individuals is limited.     

Validity of Physical Activity Intensity Predictions by ActiGraph,Actical, and RT3 Accelerometers

Objective: Accelerometers are promising tools for characterizing physical activity (PA) patterns in free‐living persons. To date, validation of energy expenditure (EE) predictions from accelerometers has been restricted to short laboratory or simulated free‐living protocols. This study seeks to determine the capabilities of eight previously published regression equations for three commercially available accelerometers to predict summary measures of daily EE. Methods and Procedures: Study participants were outfitted with ActiGraph, Actical, and RT3 accelerometers, while measurements were simultaneously made during overnight stays in a room calorimeter, which provided minute‐by‐minute EE measurements, in a diverse subject population (n = 85). Regression equations for each device were used to predict the minute‐by‐minute metabolic equivalents (METs) along with the daily PA level (PAL). Results: Two RT3 regressions and one ActiGraph regression were not significantly different from calorimeter measured PAL. When data from the entire visit were divided into four intensity categories—sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous—significant (P < 0.001) over‐ and underpredictions were detected in numerous regression equations and intensity categories. Discussion: Most EE prediction equations showed differences of <2% in the moderate and vigorous intensity categories. These differences, though small in magnitude, may limit the ability of these regressions to accurately characterize whether specific PA goals have been met in the field setting. New regression equations should be developed if more accurate prediction of the daily PAL or higher precision in determining the time spent in specific PA intensity categories is desired.     

Ethnic Differences in Correlates of Obesity between Latin‐American and Black Women

Objective: To date, no studies have examined dietary intake, physical activity, and body image in a large sample of Latin‐American and black women recruited using the same methodology. The aim of this study was to examine three potential correlates of obesity (dietary intake, body image, and physical activity) in a large sample of Latin‐American and black women across the weight spectrum. Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were black (n = 271) and Latin‐American (n = 234) adult women who completed a 24‐hour dietary recall and physical activity and body image questionnaires. Results: After controlling for BMI, education, marital status, and number of children, black women consumed more kilocalories, dietary fat (grams), and percent calories from fat than Latin‐American women, who consumed more carbohydrates (grams) and dietary fiber (total and soluble). Black women engaged in more sedentary behavior than Latin‐American women. Although Latin‐American women weighed less than black women, they perceived their current body image as heavier and reported greater body image dissatisfaction than black women. Black women also reported a higher ideal body image than Latin‐American women. Discussion: The combined effect of a diet higher in calories and fat, increased sedentary behavior, and more accepting body image could account for higher rates of obesity among black women. Future studies should further explore cultural attitudes and beliefs related to weight that could provide information for the development of culturally competent obesity interventions.     

Physical Activity as a Predictor of Body Composition in American Indian Children

Objective: To examine physical activity in second grade American Indian children as a predictor of percentage body fat 3 years later. Research Methods and Procedures: Physical activity was assessed as average vector magnitude (AVM) counts from an accelerometer in 454 second grade children as part of the Pathways study. BMI was assessed, and skinfolds and bioelectrical impedance were used to estimate fat mass, fat‐free body mass, and percentage body fat in validated prediction equations. Associations were examined using mixed models regression controlling for baseline body composition. Results: In normal‐weight children, higher AVM counts were significantly associated with decreases in percentage body fat. Among overweight children, higher AVM counts were significantly associated with increases in BMI, fat mass, and fat‐free mass but not percentage body fat. Discussion: Higher physical activity levels in second grade were associated with lower levels of percentage body fat in fifth grade in normal‐weight but not in overweight children. BMI showed no association with physical activity among normal‐weight children, and increases in BMI were associated with increasing amounts of physical activity among overweight children. These findings emphasize the importance of valid body composition measures and may indicate important differences in associations between physical activity and adiposity in normal‐weight as compared with overweight children.     

Insulin resistance as a predictor of gains in body fat, weight, and abdominal fat in nondiabetic women: a prospective study

The purpose was to determine the relationship between insulin resistance (IR) and risk of gaining body fat percentage (BF%), body weight, and abdominal fat over 18 months. A prospective cohort study was conducted using a sample of 226 women. IR was assessed using fasting blood insulin and glucose levels to calculate homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Participants were divided into High (4th quartile) Moderate (2nd and 3rd quartiles), and Low (1st quartile) HOMA categories. BF% was estimated using plethysmography (Bod Pod), weight was measured in a standard swimsuit, and abdominal fat was indexed using the average of two circumferences taken at the umbilicus. Participants wore accelerometers and completed weighed food logs for 7 consecutive days to control for the effect of physical activity (PA) and energy intake, respectively. On average, women in the High HOMA group decreased in BF% (-0.48 ± 3.60), whereas those in the Moderate (0.40 ± 3.66) and Low HOMA (1.17 ± 3.15) groups gained BF% (F = 5.4, P = 0.0211). Changes in body weight showed a similar dose-response relationship (F = 4.7, P = 0.0317). However, baseline IR was not predictive of changes in abdominal fat (F = 0.8, P = 0.3635). Controlling for several covariates had little effect on gains in BF% and weight, but adjusting for initial BF% and/or initial weight nullified changes in BF% and weight across the IR groups. In conclusion, women with High HOMA tend to gain significantly less BF% and weight than women with low or moderate HOMA. The decreased risk appears unrelated to several covariates, except initial BF% and weight levels, which seem to play key roles in the relationships.     

Physical Activity in Confined Conditions as an Indicator of Free‐Living Physical Activity

Objective: The main determinants of daily energy expenditure are body size and physical activity. Activity energy expenditure is the most variable component of total energy expenditure. It was assessed whether the physical activity level in confined conditions is an indicator of free‐living physical activity. Research Methods and Procedures: Activity energy expenditure was measured over 1 day in a confined environment of a respiration chamber (floor space, 7.0 m²), where activities were restricted to low‐intensity activities of daily living, and over 2 weeks in a free‐living environment using doubly labeled water. Subjects were 16 women and 29 men (age, 31 ± 10 years; BMI, 24.2 ± 2.7 kg/m²). Results: The free‐living activity level of the subjects, as a multiple of resting energy expenditure, was 1.76 ± 0.13. Activity energy expenditure in the chamber was 47 ± 13% of the value in daily life, and the two values were correlated (r = 0.50, p < 0.001; partial correlation corrected for age, gender, and BMI: 0.40, p < 0.01). The chamber value explained 25% of the total variance in free‐living activity energy expenditure. Discussion: The activity level of a subject under sedentary conditions is an indicator of activity energy expenditure in daily life, showing the importance of nonexercise activity for daily energy expenditure.     

Evaluation of low-intensity physical activity by triaxial accelerometry

Objective: To develop regression‐based equations that estimate physical activity ratios [energy expenditure (EE) per minute/sleeping metabolic rate] for low‐to‐moderate intensity activities using total acceleration obtained by triaxial accelerometry. Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐one Japanese adults were fitted with a triaxial accelerometer while also in a whole‐body human calorimeter for 22.5 hours. The protocol time was composed of sleep (8 hours), four structured activity periods totaling 4 hours (sitting, standing, housework, and walking on a treadmill at speeds of 71 and 95 m/min, 2 × 30 minutes for each activity), and residual time (10.5 hours). Acceleration data (milligausse) from the different periods and their relationship to physical activity ratio obtained from the human calorimeter allowed for the development of EE equations for each activity. The EE equations were validated on the residual times, and the percentage difference for the prediction errors was calculated as (predicted value ? measured value)/measured value × 100. Results: Using data from triaxial accelerations and the ratio of horizontal to vertical accelerations, there was relatively high accuracy in identifying the four different periods of activity. The predicted EE (882 ± 150 kcal/10.5 hours) was strongly correlated with the actual EE measured by human calorimetry (846 ± 146 kcal/10.5 hours, r = 0.94 p < 0.01), although the predicted EE was slightly higher than the measured EE. Discussion: Triaxial accelerometry, when total, vertical, and horizontal accelerations are utilized, can effectively evaluate different types of activities and estimate EE for low‐intensity physical activities associated with modern lifestyles.     

Accelerometry‐Measured Activity or Sedentary Time and Overweight in Rural Boys and Girls

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the association between overweight and physical activity or sedentary time measured by accelerometry in rural boys and girls 7 to 19 years old. Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study was conducted involving 130 girls and 99 boys in elementary, middle, and high school in rural Maryland. After weight, height, and body composition were measured, children wore an Actiwatch accelerometer for 6 days. Comparisons for activity counts were made between normal and overweight or at risk for overweight (at‐risk/overweight) participants (≥85th percentile of BMI). The associations between body composition and accelerometry‐defined activity levels (sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous) were analyzed by age group for boys and girls. Results: Differences in total activity in counts per day or counts per minute were not observed between normal and at‐risk/overweight boys or girls in all age groups. No associations between measures of body composition and time spent in an activity level were seen in boys. Fat mass and percentage fat were positively correlated to time spent in sedentary activity (range r = 0.42 to 0.54, all p < 0.01) for girls. In contrast, fat mass and percentage fat were negatively related to time spent in light activity (range, r = ?0.40 to ?0.51, p < 0.05) for girls. Discussion: In girls, but not boys, greater body fat is associated with greater time spent being inactive, and lower levels of body fat are associated with more time spent in light activity. Physical activity interventions targeting inactive children in rural communities are warranted.     

Interactive Multimedia for Promoting Physical Activity (IMPACT) in Children

Objective: To develop and examine the efficacy of a computer‐based interactive multimedia curriculum for promoting physical activity in fourth grade children. Research Methods and Procedures: The participants were 209 fourth grade children (mean age of 9.5 ± 0.4 years) from four schools. Two schools received an 8‐week multimedia intervention delivered by interactive CD‐ROM, supplemented by four classroom and four homework assignments. Two control schools received educational CD‐ROMS not related to health outcomes. Measures conducted before and after intervention included height, weight, percentage body fat (bioimpedance analysis), physical activity (5‐day accelerometry), and psychosocial aspects of physical activity by questionnaire. All outcomes were examined using general linear models. Results: There was a significant treatment effect for obesity reduction in girls but not in boys. There were no significant treatment effects on total physical activity by accelerometry (total counts per minute), but there was an overall treatment effect on reducing percent of time in moderate‐intensity activity (16.5% to 15% of the time) and significant sex‐by‐ treatment interactions for light‐intensity activities (reduction in boys from 78% to 75% of the time and an increase in girls from 78% to 81% of the time). There were marginal/significant treatment effects for improvements in behavioral outcomes, including self‐efficacy (p = 0.06), social norms (p = 0.07), and outcome expectancies (p = 0.049). Discussion: The interactive multimedia curriculum favored an improvement in obesity indices in girls and was associated with subtle changes in physical activity in girls and general improvement in psychosocial outcomes related to physical activity.     

The Influence of Physical Activity,Socioeconomic Status,and Ethnicity on the Weight Status of Adolescents

Objective: This study examined the effects of physical activity, television viewing, video game play, socioeconomic status (SES), and ethnicity on body mass index (BMI). Research Methods and Procedures: The sample was 2389 adolescents, 10 to 16 years of age (12.7 ± 1.0 years); 1240 (52%) females and 1149 (48%) males; 77% white and 23% African American; from rural (77%) and urban (23%) settings. BMI and skinfolds were directly assessed. All other data were obtained from questionnaires. Results: Watching television on non‐school days was related to being overweight (p < 0.005). However, when BMI analyses were adjusted for ethnicity and SES, there were no significant effects of television viewing on BMI (p > 0.061). Increased hours of video game play enhanced the risk of being overweight for both genders when analyses were adjusted for ethnicity and SES (p < 0.019). In males, participation in as little as one high‐intensity physical activity 3 to 5 days a week decreased the ethnic‐ and SES‐adjusted relative risk of being overweight (RR = 0.646; CI: 0.427 to 0.977). For females, the ethnic‐ and SES‐adjusted relative risk for being overweight was not significantly altered by physical activity. The logistic analyses further indicated the influence of low SES and African American ethnicity overshadowed any direct effect of television or videos. Discussion: Because weight status of male adolescents appears to be more related to exercise habits than to television or video game habits, increased participation in high‐intensity exercise appears to be important. For females, neither videos nor exercise habits appear to be related to risk of being overweight. However, ethnicity and SES may be important factors that can influence body weight status, while television viewing may be of some importance. Thus, programs to reduce obesity in female adolescent should focus their efforts in lower SES communities.     

Energy Expenditure Determined by Self-Reported Physical Activity Is Related to Body Fatness

BUCHOWSKI, MACIEJ S., KAREN M. TOWNSEND, KONG Y. CHEN, SARI A. ACRA, AND MING SUN. Energy expenditure determined by self-reported physical activity is related to body fatness. Obes. Res. 1999;7:23–33. Objective : Activity self-reports are a commonly used tool in assessing daily physical activity (PA) and associated energy expenditure (EE). This study examined the effect of relative body fatness (%BF) on differences between self-reported and measured duration and associated EE in healthy adults. Research Methods and Procedures: Men and women (n= 115, age 38±9 years), ranging in %BF from 7.9% to 58.9%, spent two separate days (normal and exercise) in a whole-room indirect calorimeter where EE was measured. While in the room calorimeter, subjects reported the type, intensity, and duration of each performed PA. The Compendium of Physical Activity was used to calculate the energy cost of each reported activity. The EE of all self-reported activities (EE_r) was categorized into four intensity levels, synchronized, and compared with EE from the room calorimeter (EE_m). Results : With increasing %BF, subjects significantly overestimated duration of more strenuous activities (≥4.5), while underestimating moderate activities (2.5 to 4.4 metabolic equivalents (METs)). Misreporting of duration and/or intensity caused an overestimation or underestimation of PA-associated EE at these levels. Reported EE sleep was lower than measured EE sleep, although both had similar durations. As a result, total EE_r was similar to EE_m. Discussion : Individual variability of daily total PA and associated EE generated from self-reports in adults is high. Persons with a higher %BF report duration and/or intensity of moderate to high levels of PA with lower accuracy than leaner individuals. We conclude using the Compendium of Physical Activity is not suitable for the accurate estimation of self-reported EE of AA in adults with a higher %BF.     

Gastric Electrical‐Stimulation Effects on Canine Gastric Emptying,Food Intake,and Body Weight

Objective: It has been reported that electrical stimulation at the distal stomach can disrupt intrinsic gastric electrical activity and delay gastric emptying. Gastric dysrhythmia and impaired gastric emptying are associated with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and weight loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low‐frequency/long‐pulse gastric electrical stimulation (GES), at proximal and distal stomach, on canine gastric emptying, food intake, and body weight. Research Methods and Procedures: Eight dogs were surgically implanted with four pairs of electrodes along the greater curvature and a gastric tube at the dependent part of the stomach. Liquid gastric emptying at baseline, during proximal and distal GES at 6 cycles per minute, was assessed first by a dye dilution technique. Proximal and distal GES were then randomly delivered during feeding for 10 consecutive days, and food intake and body weight were recorded daily. Results: There was no significant difference in gastric emptying parameters among the various sessions. The mean daily food consumption was significantly reduced during both sessions of GES, resulting in significant immediate weight loss. Percentage weight loss was comparable between both sessions of GES. Discussion: Short‐term GES significantly reduced canine food intake and weight. This effect may not be related to changes in gastric emptying. GES may have a potential role in the treatment of obesity.     

Television viewing and obesity in 300 women: evaluation of the pathways of energy intake and physical activity

We assessed the roles of energy intake and physical activity in the relationships among television (TV) viewing, body composition, and obesity using high-quality measurement methods. Adult women (n = 300) reported TV viewing behavior, which was categorized into infrequent (≤ 1 h/day), moderate (2 h/day), and frequent (≥ 3 h/day) viewing. Body fat percentage (BF%) was assessed using plethysmography (Bod Pod) and BMI was calculated from height and body weight. Energy intake and physical activity, including time spent in sedentary, moderate, and vigorous physical activity (PA), were objectively measured using 7-day weighed food records and 7-day accelerometry, respectively. The mean BF% of frequent TV viewers (34.6 ± 6.9%) was significantly greater (F = 3.9, P = 0.0218) than those of moderate (31.5 ± 6.7%) and infrequent viewers (30.8 ± 7.0%); however, BMI did not differ across the TV viewing groups (F = 0.8, P = 0.4172). Controlling statistically for differences in age, education, time in sedentary activity, time in moderate activity, and energy intake, considered individually, had no influence on the relationships between TV viewing and BF%, nor TV and BMI. Moreover, the relationship between TV and BF% remained significant after adjusting for differences in BMI (F = 3.6, P = 0.0276). However, adjusting for total PA reduced the relationship between TV and BF% to nonsignificance (F = 2.5, P = 0.0810), as did time spent in vigorous PA (F = 2.2, P = 0.1307). These data suggest a strong relationship between TV viewing and BF%. This association appears to be due, in part, to differences in total PA, particularly vigorous PA, but not time spent in sedentary activity, moderate activity, or energy intake.     

Energy intake, diet composition, energy expenditure, and body fatness of adolescents in northern Greece

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine energy intake, energy expenditure, diet composition, and obesity of adolescents in Northern Greece. Research Methods and Procedures: Anthropometric measurements were taken for all participants. Height, weight, and skinfold thickness at two sites were measured. BMI and percentage body fat were calculated. Energy intake and macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were determined by a 3‐day weighed dietary diary. Energy expenditure was calculated based on calculated resting metabolic rate (RMR) 1 multiplied by an activity factor based on reported physical activity. Results: Thirty‐one percent of boys and 21% of girls had BMI corresponding to ≥25 kg/m² at 18 years and were classified as overweight. Both overweight boys and girls reported a lower energy intake compared with their non‐overweight counterparts when expressed as kilocalories per kilogram body weight. Overweight children had a higher negative energy balance. Both overweight and non‐overweight adolescents had higher than recommended fat intakes. Mean daily carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake, expressed as grams per kilogram body weight, of overweight adolescents were significantly lower compared with the non‐overweight adolescents. Total daily carbohydrate intake, when expressed in grams, was found to be higher for non‐overweight adolescents. Both overweight boys and girls had lower iron intakes than their non‐overweight counterparts. Overweight boys had statistically lower fiber and niacin intakes than non‐overweight boys. Both overweight and non‐overweight adolescents had lower than recommended iron intakes. Furthermore, overweight adolescents consumed more snacks (potato chips, chocolate bars, pizza, cheese pie, and cream pie), more sugar, jam, and honey, and fewer legumes, vegetables, and fruits than their non‐overweight counterparts. Discussion: Reported energy intake of overweight adolescents was lower than their non‐overweight counterparts. Regarding diet composition overweight subjects had significantly lower intakes of carbohydrates compared with non‐overweight subjects. The food consumption pattern of overweight children showed less adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet.     

Obesity‐Related Knowledge,Attitudes, and Behaviors in Obese and Non‐obese Urban Philadelphia Female Adolescents

Objectives: To examine relationships between knowledge, attitudinal and behavioral factors, and obesity and to determine how these factors influence obesity status in west Philadelphia female adolescents. Research Methods and Procedures: A matched‐pairs study was conducted with 32 stature‐ and age‐matched pairs of obese (body mass index and triceps skinfold ≥95th percentile of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I) and non‐obese (body mass index and triceps skinfold between the 15th and 85th percentiles of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I) female African American adolescents (aged 11 to 15 years), selected from a school‐based study sample, based on obesity status and matching criteria. Adolescents were compared on the following measures: physical activity, inactivity, dietary intake, eating attitudes, health behavior knowledge, body image, self‐esteem, and maturation status. Differences between obese and non‐obese females were tested using paired t tests and Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐rank tests. Results: Physical activity, inactivity, and perception of ideal body size emerged as the most important contributory factors to obesity status. There were no statistically significant matched‐pair differences in macronutrient and micronutrient intakes, self‐esteem, eating attitudes, health behavior knowledge, or maturation status of these adolescents. Obese adolescents had significantly lower levels of physical activity, higher inactivity, and a larger perception of ideal body size than non‐obese adolescents. Discussion: Knowledge and attitudinal factors (with the exception of perception of ideal body size) had far less association with obesity than activity‐related behavioral factors. These findings suggest that future intervention strategies should pay particular attention to physical activity, inactivity, and body image attitudes.     

Body Composition and Hormonal Adaptations Associated with Forskolin Consumption in Overweight and Obese Men

Objective: This study examined the effect of forskolin on body composition, testosterone, metabolic rate, and blood pressure in overweight and obese (BMI ≥ 26 kg/m²) men. Research Methods and Procedure: Thirty subjects (forskolin, n = 15; placebo, n = 15) were studied in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study for 12 weeks. Results: Forskolin was shown to elicit favorable changes in body composition by significantly decreasing body fat percentage (BF%) and fat mass (FM) as determined by DXA compared with the placebo group (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, forskolin administration resulted in a change in bone mass for the 12‐week trial compared with the placebo group (p ≤ 0.05). There was a trend toward a significant increase for lean body mass in the forskolin group compared with the placebo group (p = 0.097). Serum free testosterone levels were significantly increased in the forskolin group compared with the placebo group (p ≤ 0.05). The actual change in serum total testosterone concentration was not significantly different among groups, but it increased 16.77 ± 33.77% in the forskolin group compared with a decrease of 1.08 ± 18.35% in the placebo group. Discussion: Oral ingestion of forskolin (250 mg of 10% forskolin extract twice a day) for a 12‐week period was shown to favorably alter body composition while concurrently increasing bone mass and serum free testosterone levels in overweight and obese men. The results indicate that forskolin is a possible therapeutic agent for the management and treatment of obesity.     

The Novel Antiobesic HMR1426 Reduces Food Intake without Affecting Energy Expenditure in Rats

Objective: To determine the effect of acute and chronic administration of a new food intake‐reducing compound (HMR1426) with novel mode of action (retardation of gastric emptying) on body weight development, food intake, and energy metabolism in rats. Research Methods and Procedures: Adult male Shoe‐Wistar rats were implanted with transponders allowing registration of body temperature (T_b) and locomotor activity. HMR1426 (10 or 50 mg/kg) was given orally, and acute (8 hours) and chronic (15 days) effects were measured on food intake, T_b, activity, total energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), and epididymal adipose tissue mass. The effect of chronic treatment was compared with the effect of sibutramine (10 mg/kg). Results: HMR1426 (50 mg/kg) caused an acute and chronic decrease of food intake. There was no effect on the level and daily pattern of total energy expenditure, T_b, and locomotor activity. Respiratory quotient was acutely decreased by HMR1426 due to reduced food intake. Chronic treatment with HMR1426 decreased weight gain by 31% and epididymal white fat by 24%. Sibutramine caused a respective reduction of 48% and 35%. Energy efficiency was not affected by HMR1426 in contrast to sibutramine, which reduced energy efficiency and transiently increased activity. Discussion: HMR1426 showed an anorectic potential in rats and decreased body weight and fat mass. This was achieved solely by reducing food intake without influencing overall energy expenditure or behavior suggesting a peripheral mode of action. Thus, HMR1426 can be considered a potential new drug for obesity treatment.     

Calcium and body fat in peripubertal girls: cross-sectional and longitudinal observations

Objective: The objective was to investigate whether calcium intake is independently associated with body fat in peripubertal girls. Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 45 healthy premenarcheal girls (initially 10.5 ± 0.6 years of age) completed a 2‐year prospective observational study. Percent body fat and trunk fat (by DXA), height, weight, maturational stage, and eating attitudes (children's Eating Attitudes Test [EAT]) were measured at baseline and at 1 and 2 years. Physical activity (by questionnaire) and calcium intake (by calcium‐specific food frequency questionnaire and 3‐day food records) were assessed at 6‐month intervals. Results: Girls with 2‐year mean calcium intake below and above the median had similar age, height, lean mass, and maturational stage at baseline, but girls below the median had significantly higher baseline percentage body fat (29.3 ± 10.3% vs. 22.0 ± 6.8%, p < 0.01) and trunk fat (24.2 ± 10.6% vs. 15.8 ± 6.8%, p < 0.01). However, differences were no longer significant when covariates (most notably children's EAT dieting score) were considered. Regression analysis revealed that dieting score was a consistent positive predictor of percentage body and trunk fat at all cross‐sectional time‐points, accounting for >20% of the variance, but did not predict 2‐year change in percentage fat. Calcium intake did not enter longitudinal regression equations for 2‐year change in percentage fat. Discussion: In this group of girls, an inverse cross‐sectional association between calcium intake and body fat appeared to result from avoidance of foods high in calcium by girls who were concerned about their body weight or shape. Calcium intake was not associated with change in fat over time.