低等生物谷氨酸脱氢酶基因用于作物遗传改良的研究进展

谷氨酸脱氢酶(glutamate dehydrogenase,GDH)是生物体中普遍存在的氮代谢相关酶.高等植物GDH因对NH4+的亲和力较低而在氨同化过程中仅起辅助作用,但在碳氮代谢、光呼吸和逆境响应中起着重要作用.低等生物GDH对NH4+的亲和力高,氨同化能力强,可异源表达于作物中以提高其氮素利用效率.本文对低等生...     

克雷伯杆菌甘油脱氢酶基因的克隆表达与纯化

以克雷伯杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)基因组DNA为模板, 运用PCR扩增得到编码甘油脱氢酶(GDH)的基因(gldA), 并克隆到pMD-18T载体上, 构建克隆载体pMD-gldA。经测序正确后, 将gldA亚克隆至表达载体pET-32a(+)上构建表达质粒pET-32gldA。在乳糖诱导下, 携带pET-32gldA的E. coli BL21 (DE3)高效表达分子量约为54 kD的可溶性蛋白。表达产物带有His6-tag标记, 选用Ni柱对表达产物进行纯化, 纯化后酶液的比活为188 u/mg, 纯化倍数和回收率分别为3倍和67.5%。     

克雷伯杆菌甘油脱氢酶基因的克隆表达与纯化

以克雷伯杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)基因组DNA为模板, 运用PCR扩增得到编码甘油脱氢酶(GDH)的基因(gldA), 并克隆到pMD-18T载体上, 构建克隆载体pMD-gldA。经测序正确后, 将gldA亚克隆至表达载体pET-32a(+)上构建表达质粒pET-32gldA。在乳糖诱导下, 携带pET-32gldA的E. coli BL21 (DE3)高效表达分子量约为54 kD的可溶性蛋白。表达产物带有His6-tag标记, 选用Ni柱对表达产物进行纯化, 纯化后酶液的比活为188 u/mg, 纯化倍数和回收率分别为3倍和67.5%。     

一个深黄被孢霉苹果酸脱氢酶基因的克隆与表达

根据转录组测序结果设计特异性引物,以深黄被孢霉(Mortierella isabellina)M6-22的c DNA为模板,PCR扩增苹果酸脱氢酶基因MIMDH2,测序结果显示该序列长1 017 bp,编码338个氨基酸。序列分析表明该序列与已报道的烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigates)线粒体苹果酸脱氢酶的相似性最高,达71.26%,且含有苹果酸脱氢酶的保守辅酶结合位点、底物结合位点和催化活性位点。将MIMDH2片段连接到表达载体pET32a(+)中,构建重组表达质粒pET32a-MIMDH2,并转化至大肠杆菌BL21中进行诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳检测结果显示在50 k D左右处有一蛋白质条带,酶活分析结果显示经镍柱亲和层析纯化的重组蛋白酶活高达271.33 U/mg。以上结果说明所克隆的MIMDH2为一个新的潜在的苹果酸脱氢酶基因,所编码的蛋白质具有苹果酸脱氢酶的活性。     

氮素营养对丙酮酸磷酸二激酶的调节（简报）

成熟苋菜和玉米叶片以 KNO_3为主要氮源的完全营养液离体培养时,可溶性蛋白质和PPDK酶活性随氮浓度增加而增加,环己酰亚胺(20μmol/L)和水杨醛肟(0.5mmol/L )抑制可溶性蛋白质含量和PPDK酶活性。光下氮素促进PPDK酶活性的提高。     

球孢白僵菌九个菌株对赤拟谷盗成虫的毒效（英文）

球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin是最重要的昆虫病原真菌, 广泛用于防治世界各地的多种害虫。本研究评价了球孢白僵菌9个菌株对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)成虫的致病性。将15头赤拟谷盗成虫浸入到4个浓度 (1×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 1×10⁸ 和 1×10⁹ 个分生孢子/mL)的白僵菌菌株中 20 s, 14 d内每日记录成虫的死亡率。结果表明： IRAN 440C菌株对赤拟谷盗成虫的LC₅₀最低 (5.04×10⁷ 个分生孢子/mL), IRAN 187C菌株的最高(5.05×10⁸ 个分生孢子/mL); DEBI 005菌株对赤拟谷盗成虫的LT₅₀最短(2.88 d), DEBI 014菌株的最长(4.96 d)。根据LC₅₀, LT₅₀和死亡率结果得出IRAN 440C是防治这一害虫的理想菌株。     

匍枝根霉（Rhizopus stolonifer）As 3.38△6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的克隆与酵母表达

通过气相色谱法(GC)快速分析8种真菌的脂肪酸成分,发现匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)具有较高的γ-亚麻酸含量,利用RT-PCR和RACE方法获得了全长为1475bp的匍枝根霉△6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的cDNA序列,其中开放阅读框为1380bp,编码459个氨基酸。生物信息学分析所克隆的基因具有△6-脂肪酸脱氢酶的典型结构:N端具有细胞色素b5结构、具有3个保守的组氨酸区序列和跨膜结构;把该基因的开放阅读框序列连接到表达载体pYES2.0上,构建重组表达载体pYRnD6D,并将其转入缺陷型酿酒酵母INVScl中进行表达。GC分析表明,该序列在酵母中获得了表达,表达产物表现出△6-脂肪酸脱氢酶的酶学活性,能将底物亚油酸转化为γ-亚麻酸。新生成的γ-亚麻酸占酵母细胞总脂肪酸的12.25%。     

利用结构优化的TALE-TF高效诱导MEF细胞内源基因Oct4的表达（英文）北大核心CSCD

转录激活子样效应因子核酸酶(TALENs)已用于基因组编辑,而TALE转录激活因子(TALE-TFs)可用于内源基因的调控。通过修饰的TALE蛋白与内源基因的启动子特异性结合来激活或抑制基因的表达。但是,对于截短了N端的TALE是否会影响TALENs的效率还不确定。本文设计了不同长度N端的TALENs哺乳动物及酵母表达载体,对应哺乳动物绿色荧光报告载体及酵母报告载体。分别在哺乳动物细胞和酵母细胞上对不同长度N端TALENs的活性进行了检测。检测结果发现,含120个氨基酸N端的TALEN在酵母AH109细胞中的活性最高,N端长度为153个氨基酸的TALENs在293T细胞中表现最高的活性,但N端长度为153、140和160个氨基酸的TALENs的活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。随后,将结构优化了的TALE-TF用于小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞中激活Oct4基因。相对阴性对照组,TALE-TF将Oct4基因表达量上调了418倍。本研究结果表明,在哺乳动物细胞和酵母细胞中,具有最高活性TALENs的N端长度是不同的。本研究用结构优化的TALE-TF诱导内源基因高水平的表达,为从体细胞中获得iP S细胞提供了研究策略。     

川草2号老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus L.）UV-B辐射敏感基因rbcL的克隆及其调控表达研究

rbcL是编码光合关键酶1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（Rubisco）大亚基的基因。本文运用mRNA差异显示技术（DDRT-PCR）并通过5ˊRACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) 从高原植物川草2号老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus L. cv. 'chuancao No.2'）中获得了受增强UV-B辐射抑制的rbcL基因,该基因全长cDNA为1.51kb,开放阅读框（ORF）长1.434kb,编码477个氨基酸。氨基酸序列与Elymus trachycaulus中的Rubisco大亚基具有97％的同源性、与Triticum aestivum和Hordeum comosum的Rubisco大亚基同源性均为 98％。Northern杂交分析表明,增强UV-B辐射后6h,rbcL基因表达受到强烈抑制,处理后60h,其表达几乎完全被抑制,表明即使是长期生长在高原地区、强UV-B辐射条件下的高原物种,在受到较强的UV-B辐射后,其rbcL基因的转录也会受到抑制。     

Production and purification of a novel extracellular lipase from Alternaria brassicicola

Alternaria brassicicola produced higher quantities (3.2 U/ml) of an inducible extracellular lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) in shaken synthetic medium supplemented with 20 mM methyloleate. After purification, the M r of the lipase was determined as 80 kDa by SDS-PAGE and estimated at 85 kDa using gel filtration, which suggest that the enzyme may be a monomer. The optimum pH and temperature for activity of the enzyme were 9.0 and 25ºC, respectively. Using umbelliferone esters, the lipase was shown highly specific towards a synthetic substrate with long-chain unsaturated fatty acid.     

Nitrogen Mediates Flowering Time and Nitrogen Use Efficiency via Floral Regulators in Rice

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Mining of Candidate Maize Genes for Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Integrating Gene Expression and QTL Data

Breeding maize varieties for high nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) by marker-assisted selection using NUE quantitative trait locus (QTL) or by genetic transfer of NUE-associated genes is a viable approach for increasing grain yield in N-limited production areas. In this investigation, we evaluated a set of introgression line populations under N supply and N deficiency conditions. From 42 QTLs for grain yield and yield components, 23 were identified under N supply conditions and 33 from N limited conditions. Meta-analysis of published maize NUE QTLs revealed 37 “consensus” QTLs, of which, 18 was detected under low N conditions. In addition, 258 unique ESTs associated with low N stress response, N uptake, transport, and assimilation were aligned on the maize genome by in silico mapping. Integrating the EST map with the QTL map has resulted in the identification of candidate NUE-associated genes of the following functional categories: N uptake, transport, and assimilation; carbon (C) metabolism and assimilation; and cascades of stress response and signal transduction genes. Nine candidates that have been introgressed into Ye478 significantly altered grain yield/yield components. It is suggested that the dynamics of interactions between C and N metabolism are important for maize yield. A high NUE variety should have a highly efficient C assimilation per unit N and actively express CO₂ assimilation-related genes under N-limited conditions.     

一个新的水稻MADS—box基因的克隆及表达分析

根据ＭＡＤＳ－ｂｏｘ基因保守区结构,设计简并性引物,利用３＇ＲＡＣＥ从水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）中克隆了１个新的水稻ＭＡＤＳ－ｂｏｘ基因的ｃＤＮＡ片段,同时利用５＆ＲＡＣＥ获得了全长ｃＤｎＡ命名为ＦＤＲＭＡＤＳＳ。序列分析表明,该ｃＤＮＡ全长１４０６ｂｐ,开放阅读框共编码２３３个到,具有典型的植物ＭＡＤＳ－ｂｏｘ基因的结构。推测的氨基酸序列与拟南芥的ＭＡＤＳ－ｂｏｘ基因,ＡＧＬ１４同     

Why Nitrogen Use Efficiency Decreases Under High Nitrogen Supply in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

Hydroponic experiments were conducted in a greenhouse to examine the effects of different nitrogen (N) supply (low, 20 mg L⁻¹; intermediate, 40 mg L⁻¹; and high, 100 mg L⁻¹) on the growth, nitrogen use efficiency, and photosynthetic characteristics of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L., cv. “Shanyou 63” hybrid indica. China). Leaf gas exchange was conducted to identify the photosynthetic-limiting factors in plants with high N supply. The results showed that (1) shoot biomass, leaf area, and tiller numbers per plant under low N were lower than under intermediate and high N supplies. No significant differences were observed between plants supplied with intermediate and high N. (2) About a 35% increase in leaf N content in plants fed by high N resulted in about a 15% increase in carboxylation efficiency (CE) and photosynthetic rate. (3) The noncorresponding increases in photosynthetic rate in rice seedlings fed by high N relative to low N resulted from Rubisco activity and/or CE. (4) The decreased Rubisco activity was induced by a relatively insufficient CO₂ supply under high N supply. These results indicated that insufficient CO₂ supply under high N supply accounted for the decreased Rubisco activity and the noncorresponding increases in photosynthetic rate to leaf N content, and as a result, decreased (photosynthetic) nitrogen use efficiency.     

Resistance to Alternaria brassicicola in transgenic broccoli expressing a Trichoderma harzianum endochitinase gene

Transgenic broccoli plants expressing a Trichoderma harzianum endochitinase gene were obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed the presence of the gene in plants initially selected via resistance to kanamycin. Primary transformants (T₀) and selfed progeny (T₁) were examined for expression of the endochitinase gene using a fluorometric assay and for their resistance to the fungal pathogens Alternaria brassicicola and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. All transgenic plants with elevated endochitinase activity had the expected 42 kDa endochitinase band in western blot analysis, whereas no such band was detected in the non-transgenic control. Leaves of most mature T₀ plants had 14–37 times higher endochitinase activity than controls; mature T₁ plants had higher endochitinase activity (100–200 times that in controls), in part because of lower control values. T₀ plantlets in vitro or young plants in soil had higher absolute and relative endochitinase activity. When detached leaves of T₀ plants were inoculated with A. brassicicola, lesion size showed a significant negative correlation with endochitinase levels. After inoculation of two-month old T₀ plants with A. brassicicola, all 15 transgenic lines tested showed significantly less severe disease symptoms than controls. In contrast, lesion size on petioles of T₀ and T₁ plants inoculated with S. sclerotiorum was not statistically different from controls.     

Bioactive metabolites from Alternaria brassicicola ML-P08, an endophytic fungus residing in Malus halliana

A total of 48 strains were isolated from the normal tissues of Malus halliana and the EtOAc extracts of their cultures were subjected to primary antimicrobial screening against four test bacteria and three fungi. As a result, 22 strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least one test microbe. Among them, Alternaria brassicicola ML-P08 showing strong activity (MICs: 0.31–2.50 mg/ml) was selected for further investigation on its secondary metabolites. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the EtOAc extract of its liquid culture afforded seven compounds, which were identified as alternariol (1), alternariol 9-methyl ether (2), altechromone A (3), herbarin A (4), cerevisterol (5), 3β,5α-dihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (6) and 3β-hydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-5,8,22-trien-7-one (7), respectively, by spectral means (MS, IR, ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR). In vitro antimicrobial assay showed that compound 3 was substantially active against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Candida albicans with the MICs of 3.9, 3.9, 1.8, and 3.9 μg/ml, respectively. Compound 4 also showed pronounced antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum and C. albicans with MICs of both 15.6 μg/ml. In addition, compound 1 exhibited strong xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with the IC₅₀ of 15.5 μM, comparable to that of positive control, allopurinol (IC₅₀: 10.7 μM).