向川安瘿蜂寄生白栎虫瘿和成瘿枝的代谢组比较

虫瘿是植物受致瘿昆虫产卵和取食等刺激而异常生长形成的不正常组织。营养假说认为虫瘿组织营养物质的含量高于寄主植物的成瘿部位,而次生代谢产物的含量低于寄主植物的成瘿部位。向川安瘿蜂(Andricus mukaigawae)属膜翅目(Hymenoptera)瘿蜂科(Cynipidae),在白栎(Quercus fabri)枝条上形成虫瘿。本文基于非靶向代谢组,使用高效液相色谱-质谱检测、鉴定和比较向川安瘿蜂幼虫期虫瘿与寄主植物成瘿枝的代谢物。研究结果表明,向川安瘿蜂虫瘿和成瘿枝的代谢物组成存在差异;虫瘿的脂肪含量均高于成瘿枝,虫瘿的4种单宁和4种黄酮物质的含量均低于成瘿枝,这支持营养假说;虫瘿的氨基酸含量均低于成瘿枝,部分酚类物质的含量高于成瘿枝,这不支持营养假说。     

栗瘿蜂虫瘿形成及发育与发生量关系研究

板栗瘿蜂是我国板栗主要害虫,虫瘿是该害虫危害产物.在自然状态下,虫瘿的形成和发育性状在个体间差异显著.本文对栗瘿蜂在直观上容易识别和观测的虫瘿的形成及其形态、生物学指标进行检测,并对其与虫室数和虫量的相互关系进行定量分析,结果表明,单瘿质量近似正态分布,变异系数为0.1712,峰度系数1.3853,个体质量最大和最小相差15.5倍,体积相差6.4倍.虫瘿质量(X₁)、体积(X₂)与瘿内虫室数和虫数(Y)呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为R₁²=0.813,R₂²=0.874,达到显著水平.不同板栗品种对栗瘿蜂的抗性为处暑红>蜜蜂球>二水早.天敌主要是中华长尾小蜂,虫瘿寄生率72.7%,幼虫(虫室)寄生率24.06%.     

栗瘿蜂虫瘿形成及发育与发生量关系研究

板栗瘿蜂是我国板栗主要害虫,虫瘿是该害虫危害产物．在自然状态下,虫瘿的形成和发育性状在个体间差异显著。本文对栗瘿蜂在直观上容易识别和观测的虫瘿的形成及其形态、生物学指标进行检测,并对其与虫室数和虫量的相互关系进行定量分析,结果表明,单瘿质量近似正态分布,变异系数为0.1712,峰度系数1．3853．个体质量最大和最小相差15．5倍,体积相差64倍。虫瘿质量(X1)、体积(X2)与瘿内虫室数和虫数(Y)呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为R1^2=0813,R2^2=0.874,达到显著水平。不同板栗品种对栗瘿蜂的抗性为处暑红>蜜蜂球>二水早。天敌主要是中华长尾小蜂,虫瘿寄生率72．7％,幼虫(虫室)寄生率24．06％。     

栗瘿蜂在贵州的发生及相关生物学习性

本文首次报道栗瘿蜂Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu在贵州铜仁的发生为害情况,详细记述栗瘿蜂的生物学特性,特别是栗瘿蜂在瘿内的生活习性。2009年4月-2010年8月调查,在铜仁市桐木坪乡卜口村栽种的366.67hm2板栗中,株被害率达100%,当年新梢被害率达41%。该虫1年发生1代,3月底至4月初虫瘿出现,5月中旬虫瘿达最大,化蛹高峰期为5月下旬;成虫羽化高峰期为6月中旬,出瘿高峰期为6月15-22日。成虫孤雌生殖,产卵栗芽内,以幼龄幼虫在栗芽内虫室越冬。大龄幼虫有极强的耐饥性和耐旱性。用粘虫胶对成虫进行防治,有较好的防效,也使天敌得到了有效保护。     

板栗芽内化学物质与抗栗瘿蜂的关系

测定了不同栗瘿蜂抗性的板栗芽内化学物质。结果表明:栗芽内含水量、总糖、还原糖、蛋白质、花色素甙、邻苯二酚分别与栗树虫瘿百分率有明显的负相关性;氨基酸、淀粉、类黄酮、没食子酸含量与栗树受害率间无明显相关性。     

向川安瘿蜂虫瘿和无虫瘿枝条组织结构的比较

向川安瘿蜂(Andricus mukaigawae)属膜翅目(Hymenoptera)瘿蜂科(Cynipidae),在白栎(Quercus fabri)枝条上形成虫瘿。本文通过向川安瘿蜂虫瘿和无虫瘿枝条的石蜡切片,使用番红-固绿染色,比较向川安瘿蜂虫瘿与无虫瘿枝条的组织结构差异。结果表明,向川安瘿蜂虫瘿由表皮层、保护层、营养层和虫室组成。其中,保护层分为两层,外层是薄壁组织,内层分布许多散生的维管束,石细胞成群分布;营养层由具较大细胞核的营养细胞组成。无虫瘿枝条由周皮、皮层、次生韧皮部、维管形成层、次生木质部和髓组成。另外,向川安瘿蜂虫瘿和无虫瘿枝条的木质化程度存在差异,虫瘿的保护层存在大量的维管束,木质化程度较高,而无虫瘿枝条的木质化部分主要集中在次生木质部。本文为进一步研究向川安瘿蜂虫瘿次生代谢产物的分布提供了组织学基础。     

油茶蓝翅天牛为害与寄主油茶内营养物质和次生物质含量的关系

[目的]揭示油茶蓝翅天牛Chreonoma atritarsis Pic.发生与寄主枝条营养物质及次生物质含量之间的相互关系,为蓝翅天牛在油茶林中的发生监测预警提供基础依据.[方法]采用五点法对蓝翅天牛在油茶幼龄林和壮龄林中的为害情况进行了调查;采用烘干称重法、蒽酮比色法、3,5-二硝基水杨酸法(DNS法)和考马斯亮蓝...     

受害马尾松针叶营养及次生物质含量与思茅松毛虫种群参数的相关分析

为了揭示受害马尾松Pinus massoniana针叶主要化学物质变化对思茅松毛虫Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura种群变动的影响, 本研究以受思茅松毛虫危害程度不同（轻度、 中度和重度）的马尾松针叶喂养思茅松毛虫幼虫, 测定思茅松毛虫饲养种群的特征参数和不同受害程度马尾松针叶营养物质与次生物质含量, 用综合相关系数分析法对试验结果进行分析。结果表明： （1）随植株受害程度加重, 针叶黄酮含量增加, 可溶性糖、 蛋白质、 多糖含量减少, 各龄幼虫平均历期延长、 死亡率升高。单宁和总酚含量的变化与各龄幼虫平均历期、 死亡率之间没有显著的相关性; （2）除6龄幼虫外, 其他各龄幼虫的平均历期、 死亡率均与松针营养物质和次生物质含量有直接的和综合的相关性; （3）随受害程度加重, 7龄幼虫体重、 幼虫平均取食量、 蛹重、 化蛹率、 雌性比、 每雌生殖力减小。单宁、 总酚含量的变化对7龄幼虫体重、 幼虫平均取食量、 蛹重、 幼虫平均死亡率、 化蛹率、 雌性比、 每雌生殖力都没有显著影响。总体上, 松针营养和次生物质含量对思茅松毛虫种群参数有重要影响, 其重要性依次为可溶性糖＞蛋白质＞多糖＞黄酮, 单宁和总酚的作用相对较小。     

飞机草入侵种群和原产地种群生长和数量型化学防御物质含量差异的比较研究

增强竞争能力的进化假说认为,在入侵地外来植物逃离了原产地天敌的控制,把原来用于防御的资源分配到生长、生殖等,从而提高竞争力。为探讨进化在恶性外来入侵植物飞机草（Chromolaena odorata）入侵中的作用,在同质种植园中的两个养分条件下比较研究了飞机草原产地和入侵地各8个种群叶片单宁含量,茎和叶片总酚、半纤维素和纤维素含量以及总生物量的差异。结果表明,在两个养分条件下,飞机草入侵种群和原产地种群总生物量差异均不显著,入侵种群茎和叶片半纤维素含量均低于原产地种群;在高养分条件下,飞机草入侵种群叶片纤维素含量低于原产地种群;在低养分条件下,入侵种群茎和叶片总酚含量高于原产地种群。由此,我们得出结论：在入侵地,飞机草未发生加快生长的进化,但数量型化学防御物质发生了遗传变化;降低的半纤维素和纤维素含量可能是对入侵地专性天敌缺乏做出进化响应的结果,提高的总酚含量有利于飞机草防御入侵地的广谱天敌。     

Fungal community associated with adults of the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus after emergence from galls: Taxonomy and functional ecology

The diversity of the fungal community associated with adults of Dryocosmus kuriphilus following emergence was examined using HTS analysis. Ascomycota dominated the fungal core-biome community. The functional guilds of the 90 taxa forming the core-biome were assessed, demonstrating three main groups: saprotrophs, plant pathogens and entomopathogens. Twenty-nine OTUs out of 90 were resolved to species level identifying 26 different fungal species. Among these species, many were cosmopolitan or previously recorded in Europe. Ten taxa were previously recorded on chestnut, including some recognized plant pathogens associated with foliage and green tissues such as Epicoccum nigrum, Gnomoniopsis castanea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Stromatoseptoria castaneicola, Ramularia endophylla. Beauveria bassiana; within the core microbiome, Fusarium larvarum represented the most abundant entomopathogenic species. Some of these species are known to impact directly or indirectly the vitality of the insects in the galls. The chestnut blight pathogen, Cryphonectria parasitica, was never found associated with D. kuriphilus. Based on the present study, an active role for D. kuriphilus as a vector of chestnut fungal endophyte/pathogens cannot be demonstrated but neither ruled out.     

3H-31, A Non-structural Protein of Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h,Inhibits the Host Larval Cathepsin and Chitinase Activities

Virologica Sinica - 3h-31 of Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV-3h) is a highly conserved gene of ascoviruses. As an early gene of HvAV-3h, 3h-31 codes for a non-structural protein (3H-31) of...     

Poor Nutritional Conditions During the Early Larval Stage Reduce Risk‐Taking Activities of Fire Salamander Larvae (Salamandra salamandra)

Environmental conditions experienced early in life have been shown to significantly affect growth trajectories at later stages in many vertebrate species. Amphibians typically have a biphasic life history, with an aquatic larval phase during early development and a subsequent terrestrial adult phase after completed metamorphosis. Thus, the early conditions have an especially strong impact on the future survival and fitness of amphibians. We studied whether early nutritional conditions affect the behavioural reaction of fire salamander larvae (Salamandra salamandra) before completion of metamorphosis. Fire salamander larvae reared under rich nutritional conditions were heavier and larger, displayed better body condition overall throughout the first three month of life and metamorphosed earlier compared with larvae raised under poor nutritional conditions. Specifically, we tested whether larvae reared under these different conditions differed with respect to their risk‐taking behaviour and activity. We found no differences in the activity of larvae with respect to their experienced early food conditions. However, larvae reared under poor nutritional conditions hid significantly more often in a risk‐taking test than larvae reared under rich food conditions. This increase in shelter‐seeking behaviour might be an adaptation to reduce the risk of larval drift or an adaptation to compensate for physiological deficits in part by appropriate behavioural reactions. Our results indicate that environmental conditions, such as food availability, may lead to different behavioural strategies.     

Comparison Between Growth Chamber and Field-Grown Zea mays Plants for Photosynthetic Carboxylase Activities and .Other Physiological Characteristics with Respect to Leaf Position

Baldy, P. 1986. Comparison between growth chamber and field-grownZea mays plants for photosynthetic carboxylase activities andother physiological characteristics with respect to leaf position.—J.exp. Bot. 37: 309–314. The lengths and fresh weights of leaves, and the amounts ofchlorophyll and protein per leaf, were higher in maize grownin a controlled environment than for field-grown maize harvestedat a similar stage of growth with the seventh leaf just emerging.However, the fresh weight and chlorophyll per unit leaf areawere not different and more protein was present per Unit leafarea in maize cultivated in the field, particularly in the 4thleaf. Except in the seventh leaf the youngest present, the PEP carboxylaseactivity was 2-fold higher in field-grown maize than in plantsfrom the controlled environment. The RuBP carboxylase activitywas not significantly affected by growth conditions. The maximumactivities of the carboxylases were found in the 5th leaf formaize grown in the controlled environment and the 4th leaf forfield maize; in these two leaves the ratios of the PEP: RuBPcarboxylasc activities were 3·0 and 4·4 respectively. The results are used to justify the choice of the fully expanded4th leaf of l9-d-old plants grown in a controlled environmentfor studies of the enzymes involved in the photosynthetic carbonmetabolism of this C₄ plant. Key words: Growth conditions, PEP carboxylase/RuBP carboxylase activity ratio, Zea mays leaf position     

几种水稻植株中血凝活性物质的分布与变化及其稻胚凝集素的比较

开花前的水稻旗叶提取液中不含有血凝活力,但开花后旗叶提取液中能测得血凝活力,并随着开花后天数增加而逐渐升高。雄蕊和成熟花药中无血凝活力,开花前和开花早期的子房提取液中有血凝活性,开花5d后子房或胚乳中测不到血凝活性,但胚中血凝活性随种子发育而明显增加。分别从“寒丰”和“双丰一号”水稻成熟胚中分离得到凝集素,用电泳、免疫学方法和血凝试验表明两者的分子特性和血凝性质完全相同。     

The Bacterial Flora of the Gut Contents and Environment of Larval Lampreys

Rogers, P. A., Glenn, A. R., Potter, I. C. 1980. The bacterial flora of the gut contents and environment of larval lampreys. (School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia.) — Acta zool. (Stockh.) 61(1): 23–27. The microbial flora of the contents of the intestine of larval lampreys, as well as of the water and substrate in the ammocoetes' habitat, have been cultured on Trypticase Soy Agar. The bacteria have been separated into taxonomic groups, using the scheme of Cowan and Steele (1974) and the API 20E system. The microbial flora of the gut contents of larval lampreys closely parallels that found in the environment in which the ammocoetes live. Bacillus, Aeromonas and Aeromonas-like organisms were by far the most abundant bacteria identified, followed by Pseudomonas and members of the Enterobacteriaceae. The only anaerobic components of the bacterial flora in the gut contents and the environment were Clostridium and a relatively uncommon and unidentified Gram-negative organism. Estimates of abundance of the microflora indicated that the concentration of bacteria was much greater in both the gut contents and the substrate than in the water overlying the animals' burrow.     

3种C3木本植物绿色组织C4酶活性、色素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的比较

对3种C₃木本植物丁香（Syringa meyeri）、杨树（Populus alba）、落叶松（Larix gmelinii）叶片和树枝绿色组织相关指标分析发现：3种植物叶片Chl.a+b含量均显著高于树枝,但是树枝较叶片Chl.a/b比值差异不明显（丁香、落叶松）（p>0.05）或显著高（杨树）(p<0.05)。单位叶绿素内各酶活性显示,丁香树枝PEPC、PEPCK、PPDK、NADP-ME、NADP-MDH酶活性分别是叶片的2.4、4.1、3.2、4.5和1.9倍;杨树树枝分别是叶片的2.1、15、6.3、6.3和2.8;落叶松树枝分别是叶片的6.8、6.3、4.3、4和5.5倍,而单位鲜重内各酶活性显示出的树枝与叶片的差异均小于单位叶绿素的相应结果。种间比较发现,杨树叶片和树枝5种酶活性均显著高于丁香和落叶松。树枝绿色组织内C₄酶活性普遍高于相应叶片的事实说明,木质化绿色组织内可能存在C₄酶相关的生化过程。丁香与落叶松树枝的电子传递速率、PSⅡ效率大于叶片,杨树叶片的相应值大于树枝,相关分析表明,这种高的C₄酶活性并没有显著影响叶绿素荧光参数（p>0.05）,显示出树枝绿色组织和C₃植物叶片内C₄酶对光合影响的复杂性。     

施氮对不同品种冬小麦植株硝态氮和硝酸还原酶活性的影响

以黄土高原南部半湿润区土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤进行盆栽试验,以NR 9405、9430、偃师9号、小偃6号、陕229号和西农2208冬小麦品种为供试材料,研究施氮对不同品种冬小麦植株硝态氮含量和硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)的影响.结果表明,施氮能明显增加叶片NRA.不施氮时除小偃6号和偃师9号外,其余品种NRA在全生育时期的动态变化均呈双峰曲线,2个高峰期分别在返青期和开花期,且开花期高峰值(36.17 NO2-μg.-g 1FW.h-1)明显比返青期峰值(15.407 NO2-μg.-g 1FW.h-1)大;施氮时不同品种叶片NRA在全生育期呈单峰曲线变化,最高峰在开花期,平均峰值为80.93 NO2-μg.-g 1FW.h-1),比同期不施氮处理增加1倍以上.施氮后地上部硝态氮含量在各时期均显著提高,在小麦生育前期(出苗到拔节)表现最为显著.氮肥对不同品种硝态氮含量的影响程度基本上与对NRA的影响程度相反,即施氮后硝态氮增加幅度小的品种,NRA却增加幅度大.