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1.
东北虎和东北豹主要捕食马鹿、梅花鹿、狍 及野猪等大中型有蹄类动物,而这些有蹄类的生存依赖森林灌草层的植食性食物资源,形成了东北亚温带森林生态系统完整的啃食食物链 (grazing food chain) 主体。本研究通过对建设中的东北虎豹国家公园东部地区有蹄类栖息地的灌草层植物进行本底调查,获得有蹄类动物的食物资源基线数据。2015年及2016年生长季,在东北虎豹国家公园东部,随机选择141个样地嵌套496条样线,1948个样方,对不同森林结构 (郁闭林及开阔生境,开阔生境包括林窗、林缘和河岸带) 的灌草层植物生物量、食物类别组成 (嫩枝叶、禾莎草、杂类草和蕨类) 及碳、氮含量进行调查分析。研究结果显示:灌草层生物量在开阔生境显著高于郁闭林下 (94.91 g/m2 vs. 30.15 g/m2),达到3.15倍。三种开阔生境下的灌草层食物资源类别组成差异显著,在林窗内以嫩枝叶优势,在林缘以杂类草占优势,在河岸带以蕨类占优势。灌草层中杂类草和嫩枝叶平均氮含量高,杂类草碳含量低、C/N低;四类植物热值均超17kJ/g,其中嫩枝叶最高。嫩枝叶、杂类草占优势的高生物量 (生物量大于40 g/m2) 斑块占郁闭林下的16 %、占开阔生境的50 %左右,可能是精食者 (browser) 的取食热点区域。建议在未来国家公园建设中,在合适的地段保留一定的开阔生境,为梅花鹿等食草动物补充高质量的灌草层食物资源斑块,促进有蹄类动物种群发展,并以此为基础恢复虎豹种群。 相似文献
2.
为探讨地形对林下灌草层植物生物量的影响,该研究采用嵌套设计法在东北虎豹国家公园调查了138个密林下样地共1 685个植物样方,通过嵌套方差分析与有序逻辑斯蒂回归模型对林下灌草层植物生物量受地形的影响进行了分析。结果表明:(1)不同坡位之间,谷底的灌草层植物生物量高于坡上,坡上高于坡下(P<0.01); 不同坡向之间,阴坡灌草层植物生物量低于阳坡及平地(P<0.01),后二者间无显著差异; 不同坡度之间,平坡灌草层植物生物量高于陡坡,陡坡高于缓坡(P<0.01)。(2)坡位与坡向的交互作用显著,坡下平地、坡上平地、坡上阳坡与谷底的所有坡位灌草层植物生物量最高,坡下阴坡、坡下阳坡及坡上阴坡之间无显著差异。(3)研究区现行状态下,有序逻辑斯蒂回归结果显示,灌草层植物生物量在不同海拔、坡位及坡向坡度组合下不同。坡位、坡向及坡度对林下灌草层植物生物量有显著影响,3个坡位等级间谷底最高而坡下最低,3个坡度等级间陡坡最高而缓坡最低,不同坡向比较,阴坡最低。(4)在不排除人为干扰、森林放牧的现实情况下,谷底、陡坡地带灌草层植物生物量概率最高。该研究结果可为准确估计东北虎豹国家公园林下灌草层植物对虎豹猎物种群的承载力提供重要参考,从而为濒危虎豹的保护和管理提供科学依据。 相似文献
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被动声学监测技术和声学指数通过对音频数据的时频域特征进行定量分析,可以反映声景的复杂度、多样性和健康程度等,已经成为评估生物多样性变化的重要手段。本研究从2020年6月至2021年6月在东北虎豹国家公园采集了52个点的声学数据,计算了春、夏、秋、冬4个季节和黎明、白天、黄昏、夜晚4个昼夜时间段的声音复杂度指数(acoustic complexity index,ACI)、声音多样性指数(acoustic diversity index,ADI)、声音均匀度指数(acoustic evenness index,AEI)、生物声学指数(bioacoustic index,BIO)、标准化声景差异指数(normalized difference soundscape index,NDSI)、声音熵指数(acoustic entropy index,H)和1–21k Hz共20个频段的功率谱密度(power spectral density,PSD)等声学指数,评价了声景构成和多样性的昼夜和季节性差异。结果表明,东北虎豹国家公园的声景随季节变化具有显著的昼夜节律差异,尤其是夜晚的声景和声学成分... 相似文献
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探讨人类活动对东北虎豹国家公园景观破碎化的影响,对于掌握东北虎豹保护与人类发展之间的矛盾,优化虎豹栖息环境具有重要意义。基于人类足迹理论构建适地化的人类足迹指标体系,结合景观格局分析、回归分析、GIS空间分析等方法,从全局和局部两个角度探讨了各人类足迹指标对东北虎豹国家公园及核心保护区、一般控制区(虎豹潜在栖息地)、一般控制区(人口聚集区)三大管控分区景观破碎化的影响范围及其空间分异特征。结果表明:(1)虎豹公园内较高、高度景观破碎化区域占公园全域面积的8.96%,且主要分布在一般控制区(人口聚集区)中,占比高达60.54%;(2)从公园全域来看,对景观破碎化的影响从高到低的人类足迹指标依次为土地利用状况,交通可达性、人口密度、工矿活动,夜间灯光强度与景观破碎化的相关性不显著;(3)从各管控分区来看,核心保护区、一般控制区(虎豹潜在栖息地)与公园全域具有相似的规律,而在一般控制区(人口聚集区)中,工矿活动的影响程度上升到第二位;(4)从区域上占主导的人类足迹指标来看,以土地利用状况影响为主的区域最为广泛;以交通可达性影响为主的区域分布在春化镇、大肚川镇、春阳镇周边地区;以人口密度影响为... 相似文献
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综述了过去20年国内外有关森林生态系统中草层植物的生态功能研究。森林生态系统中的草层植物是指活的草本类植物及在一定高度(通常40cm)以下的乔灌木幼苗的总和,它和枯落物以及林下土壤共同构成森林生态系统中的林下层亚生态系统。森林生态系统中的草层植物具有明显增加生物多样性,防止水土流失,改良土壤结构,保持和提高土壤肥力,促进林木生长,改善林地小气候,加速生态恢复等方面的功效。其功能是相当强大且多种多样的,我国南亚热带森林生态系统中的草层植物研究应在以下方面进一步加强:1)草层植物与枯落物各自的生态功能与生态效益;2)人工林下的草层植物发生与演替规律;3)林下幼苗的更新演替规律;4)草层植物在复合农林业生态系统中的生态功能及其机理;5)加强草层植物的良种的选育和应用研究等。 相似文献
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森林群落的动态受多方面因素的影响。林下的草本植物和木本植物幼苗幼树对于森林的更新及动态具有重要作用。为了解百山祖常绿阔叶林群落下层植物物种组成和分布的动态变化, 我们分析了2003-2013年间百山祖5 ha森林动态样地灌草层物种(包括DBH < 1 cm的木本植物和所有草本植物)在物种重要值、α多样性以及物种分布等方面的变化。结果表明: (1) 10年间, 群落灌草层植物个体数减少了28.7%, 其中草质藤本植物个体数下降比例最大(76.9%), 而乔木的幼苗和幼树下降比例最小(14.4%); (2)整个灌草层的物种数明显下降, 同时乔木的幼苗和幼树及直立灌木的均匀度均下降, 而草本植物均匀度有所上升; (3)除短尾柯(Lithocarpus brevicaudatus)、叶萼山矾(Symplocos phyllocalyx)、显脉野木瓜(Stauntonia conspicua)和福建悬钩子(Rubus fujianensis)等植物重要值逆势上扬外, 直立灌木物种重要值10年间的变化值与其在2003年时的重要值呈显著正相关, 而其余各类生活型植物都显示, 初始重要值越高的物种在10年后下降幅度越大; (4)物种分布与生境类型的相关性变化复杂, 除与山谷生境正相关的物种数量增加外, 研究期间与生境存在显著相关性的物种数都有所减少; (5) 10年来仅陡坡处物种多样性指数没有显著下降。总体来说, 百山祖常绿阔叶林灌草层群落仍未达到顶极状态, 2003-2013年间正缓慢向顶极群落演替。群落内部的种间和种内竞争应是当前群落动态的主导因素。 相似文献
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以厦门城市森林林下层植被为研究对象,重点研究台湾相思群落中林下灌草层植物多样性与土地利用类型、人为干扰程度之间的相关性;选用基于重要值的4种多样性指数,比较不同邻接用地类型城市森林群落多样性的差异;运用主成分分析、CCA排序以及多元回归等方法对城市森林灌草层植物多样性格局进行解释.结果表明:人为踩踏、垃圾堆积程度、人为挖掘、可到达容易程度等因子对厦门城市森林灌草层植物多样性分布格局有重要影响;厦门城市森林群落草本层β多样性沿着邻接商业用地、交通用地、工业用地、居住用地的方向逐渐增加,而灌木层β多样性沿着该环境梯度的方向却逐渐降低. 相似文献
8.
为研究密集型克隆植物对放牧扰动和生境资源变化的生物量分配和补偿生长响应特性,验证克隆植物的觅食模型和3个有关植物个体补偿反应的假说(①放牧优化假说,grazing optimization hypothesis,GOH;②反应连续谱假说,continuum of responses hypothesis,CRH;③增长率模型,growth rate model,GRM),在具有不同放牧利用格局和土壤养分水平的高寒矮嵩草草甸(Ⅰ.畜圈草地:重度放牧、资源丰富;Ⅱ.牧道草地:中度放牧、资源贫乏;Ⅲ.封育草地:不放牧、资源贫乏)中通过设置扣笼/无扣笼样方对其建群种矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)进行了研究.结果表明不论当年解除家畜放牧与否,春季采摘率越高(畜圈草地),分株生物量向生长的投入越少,向贮藏器官的投入越多.繁殖分配在中度采摘下最高(牧道草地),扣笼内外分株各部分的生物量分配无差异.矮嵩草分株在中度采摘×资源贫乏条件下产生了超补偿响应,在重度采摘×资源丰富条件下为等量补偿,重度采摘导致分株密度显著减少.生物量分配格局与觅食模型的预测不符.补偿生长响应特性证实了GOH和GRM的预测,但与CRH的预测不符.这说明在研究地区放牧扰动格局对克隆植物矮嵩草分株的生物量分配和补偿生长具有重要影响,适度放牧利用更利于引起超补偿,而重度利用可能会对该种群的长期保持产生不利影响. 相似文献
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农户保护意愿直接影响到其后续的保护行为,进而影响到保护工作成效。基于2022年7-8月对东北虎豹国家公园珲春片区周边社区农户的一对一访谈收集到的534份有效问卷, 运用结构方程模型, 讨论了农户保护意愿的影响因素。研究结果表明: (1)农户保护态度显著正向影响其保护意愿, 农户的价值评价、经验评价以及产生结果的评价越高, 保护意愿越高。(2)农户规范显著正向影响其保护意愿, 是3个影响因素中最重要的影响因素, 其中价值评价与产生结果评价等两个因素对农户参与保护的意愿影响程度较高, 而经验性评价的影响程度相对较低。(3)知觉行为控制显著正向影响其保护意愿。农户对其自身时间投入、经济投入、专业技能投入方面的感知难度越低, 则参与保护的意愿越强。(4)年龄对其保护意愿具有显著的正向影响。建议通过强化政策引导职能, 鼓励开展长效培训活动, 拓展农户保护参与渠道等方法来提升农户参与保护的意愿。 相似文献
10.
Dusu Wen Jinzhe Qi Zexu Long Jiayin Gu Yumiao Tian Nathan James Roberts Eryan Yang Weiyao Kong Yan Zhao Quan Sun Guangshun Jiang 《Conservation Science and Practice》2022,4(6):e12693
Protected areas are considered the cornerstone of endangered wildlife conservation. However, quantified conservation potentials and limitations of large carnivores in protected areas are lacking. In the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park (NTLNP) in China, our camera trap survey in 2019 found 26–27 adult Amur tigers and 49–59 adult Amur leopards occurring in the park. Based on spatial area, current prey populations, and environmental carrying capacity of prey, we estimated the supportable number of tigers to be 55, 90, and 101 individuals, respectively. For leopard, these values were 95, 356, and 572, respectively. Further simulations indicated that human land use change scenarios did not contribute much to increasing the potential prey-supportable populations of Amur tiger and leopard. Our results showed that the number of tigers and leopards in NTLNP is currently low and has a high recovery potential. However, even the highest supportable population is not enough to support the sustainable existence of an Amur tiger population. Therefore, we suggest that, in addition to further restoration and improvement of the prey population and habitat quality in NTLNP, managers should strengthen the connectivity between NTLNP and other habitat patches to form a well-connected network of protected areas. Promoting the spread of tigers and leopards outwards from this source population in NTLNP through ecological corridor construction would enlarge the area of habitat and is a crucial measure for realizing the sustainable survival of an Amur tiger population in Northeast China. 相似文献
11.
保护自然生态系统的完整性是我国建立国家公园的主要目标之一, 《国家公园设立规范》(GB/T 39737-2021)已将生态系统完整性作为国家公园的准入条件生态重要性的认定指标之一, 但目前对国家公园生态系统完整性的内涵还没有统一定义, 并缺乏具体的评价体系。本文在国内外相关研究的基础上, 结合我国国家公园体制试点成果及第一批国家公园设立实践, 提出了国家公园生态系统完整性的基本内涵及评价指标体系, 以期为今后设立国家公园时划定边界范围或评估国家公园管理成效提供理论依据。作者提出, 应从生态系统结构和过程完整性、功能完整性、空间格局完整性3个维度对我国国家公园生态系统完整性进行综合评价。以东北虎豹国家公园为例, 体制试点以来, 东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)和东北豹(P. pardus orientalis)等顶级食肉动物的食物链相对完整, 虎、豹野生种群从俄罗斯进入、定居、繁衍、扩散的路径清晰, 种群稳定增长、栖息地质量持续改善, 生物多样性日益丰富, 国家公园正式设立范围划定时充分考虑了生态系统完整性保护, 生态系统完整性评级为优秀, 为国家公园可持续发展奠定了良好基础。 相似文献
12.
人类活动及气候变化对东北虎豹国家公园生态环境产生深刻的影响,探究该地区生态环境质量的时空演变规律对园区可持续发展具有重要意义。在原有遥感生态指数基础上,选用增强型植被指数代替原绿度指标中的归一化植被指数,构建2001—2020年植被生长季遥感生态指数,探讨园区内核心保护区、虎豹潜在栖息地及主要人口聚集区三大管控区生态环境质量时空变化特征,并基于像元尺度分析其对气候因素的响应。结果表明:(1)近20年虎豹公园生态环境质量呈波动微弱下降趋势,2015年后生态环境质量逐步提升,2020年达到良好水平;(2)园区内各管控区生态环境质量具有明显的空间分异性,东部核心保护区中部及虎豹潜在栖息地中部以南地区生态环境质量较好,主要人口聚集区相对较差。(3)近20年虎豹公园生态环境质量稳定性较差。未来生态环境质量变化趋势为上升的面积占60.86%,表明未来生态环境趋势总体向好,但局部地区仍存在持续恶化态势。(4)虎豹公园生态环境质量主要受降水的影响,与降水呈显著正相关关系,与气温及日照的相关性较弱。 相似文献
13.
Peiying Wen;Feng Wu;Lei Bao;Tianming Wang;Jianping Ge;Hongfang Wang; 《Ecology and evolution》2024,14(2):e10878
Mineral licks are indispensable habitats to the life history of large mammal herbivores (LMH). Geophagy at licks may provide the necessary minerals for LMH, while LMH may be ecosystem engineers of licks by altering vegetation cover and soil physicochemical properties (SPCP). However, the precise relationship between the LMH and licks remains unclear. To clarify the geophagy function of licks for LMH and their influence on soil at licks, we recorded visitation patterns of sika deer around licks and compared SPCP and microbial communities with the surrounding matrix in a firebreak adjacent to the Sino-Russian border. Our study indirectly supports the “sodium supplementation” hypothesis. Proofs included (1) a significantly higher sodium, iron, and aluminum contents than the matrix, while lower carbon, nitrogen, and moisture contents; (2) significantly higher deer visitation during sodium-demand season (growing season), along with an avoidance of licks with high iron contents, which is toxic when overdose. The microbes at the licks differed from those at the matrix, mainly driven by low soil carbon and nitrogen and altered biogeochemical cycles. The microbial communities of licks are vulnerable because of their unstable state and susceptibility to SPCP changes. Structural equation modeling (SEM) clearly showed a much stronger indirect effect of deer on microbes at licks than at the matrix, especially for bacteria. Multiple deer behaviors at licks, such as grazing, trampling, and excretion, can indirectly shape and stabilize microbes by altering carbon and nitrogen input. Our study is the first to characterize soil microbial communities at mineral licks and demonstrate the processes by which LMH shapes those communities. More studies are required to establish a general relationship between the LMH and licks to promote the conservation of natural licks for wildlife. 相似文献
14.
To ascertain whether browsing or hydrologic conditions influence the physiological performance of Salix and whether Salix and graminoids (Carex) use and possibly compete for similar water resources, we quantified the in situ seasonal patterns of plant water and carbon relations over three growing seasons. Our studies were designed to address the physiological factors which may be responsible for poor woody plant regeneration in montane riparian habitats of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colo. As these systems act to insure the delivery of fresh water to downstream users, the maintenance of their integrity is critical. We quantified plant water potentials, instantaneous rates of carbon fixation, leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), leaf nitrogen content and water sources using stable isotopes of water (δ18O). The carbon and water relations of Salix were significantly affected by winter browsing by elk and in some cases by landscape position with regard to proximity to active streams. Winter browsing of Salix by elk significantly increased summer plant water potentials and integrative measures of gas exchange (Δ), though browsing did not consistently affect instantaneous rates of photosynthesis, leaf nitrogen or the sources of water used by Salix. No effect of experimental manipulations of surface water conditions on Salix physiology was observed, likely due to the mesic nature of our study period. Using a two-member linear mixing model, from δ18O values we calculated that Salix appears to rely on streams for approximately 80% of its water. In contrast, the graminoid Carex derives almost 50% of its water from rainfall, indicating divergent water source use by these two life forms. Based on these findings, winter browsing by elk improved Salix water balance possibly by altering the shoot to root ratio which in turn leads to higher water potentials and higher degrees of season-long gas exchange, while experimental damming had in general no effect on the physiological performance of Salix plants. In addition, as the water sources of Salix and Carex were significantly different, competition for water may not influence the growth, development, and regeneration of Salix. Thus, under the conditions of our study, herbivory had a positive effect on the physiological performance of Salix, but it is still unclear whether these changes in physiology transcend into improved Salix regeneration and survivorship. However, under drier environmental conditions such as lower snowpacks and lower stream flows, the browsing resistance of Salix and ecosystem regeneration may be greatly hindered because the reliance of Salix on stream water makes it vulnerable to changes in surface water and hydrological conditions. Received: 1 July 1998 / Accepted: 23 December 1998 相似文献
15.
《Basic and Applied Ecology》2014,15(5):373-378
In the conservation of forests and protected areas, a gap lies between scientific knowledge and the management decisions made. From our perspective as scientists studying a national park, who deal daily with both research and administration, we discuss the general reasons for this gap. We provide examples (saproxylic beetles and Norway spruce genetics) to demonstrate the dilemma of practitioners who aim at basing their decisions on evidence. From our experience, the approach of problem solving is crucial, yet in many cases, the bidirectional bridge between science and application is poorly established. We specifically urge governments to organize nation-wide species distribution data; scientists to support the conservation community with new functional approaches, also in combination with Red Lists to identify diversity hotspots and major threats; stakeholders to identify land-use alternatives for scientists to study; state research institutes to increase the proportion of scientists; scientists and governmental authorities to regularly summarize scientific results and conclusions for practitioners; and agencies should foster incentives for scientists to deal with conservation efforts. 相似文献