棉花细菌人工染色体的荧光原位杂交(BAC-FISH)技术

细菌人工染色体荧光原位杂交(BAC-FISH)技术是植物染色体识别、物理作图等分子细胞遗传学研究的重要工具,但对于某些物种尤其是多倍体植物,由于大量重复序列的存在等问题,使得该技术应用受到很大的限制.通过选择棉花分子遗传图中高重组区的微卫星位点(simple sequence repeats,SSR)标记的策略,筛选到不含或含有少量重复序列的细菌人工染色体(BAC)克隆,同时,在通用FISH技术程序基础上,通过改进发根、变性、洗脱条件等步骤,构建出适合于棉花的BAC-FISH技术,简化了操作流程的同时,获得稳定的杂交结果及较高的检出率;并通过将一随机获得的BAC进行染色体的物理定位,进一步引入双探针、双色及重复杂交技术,显示了该技术的成熟与良好的应用前景和价值.     

野生一粒小麦BAC文库的构建和鉴定

以细菌人工染色体pECBAC1为载体 ,构建了野生一粒小麦 (TriticumboeoticumBoiss)的基因组BAC文库。该文库共包含约 17万个克隆 ,平均插入片段长度为 10 4kb ,按野生一粒小麦基因组为 5 6 0 0Mb计算 ,文库覆盖了约 3倍的该物种基因组。用大麦叶绿体psbA基因和玉米线粒体atp6基因作混合探针 ,检测发现该文库中含细胞器基因组同源序列的克隆数小于 1%。该文库的建成 ,为小麦基因的克隆及基因组学研究提供了技术平台     

野生一粒小麦BAC文库的构建和鉴定

以细菌人工染色体pECBAC1为载体,构建了野生一粒小麦(Triticum boeoticum B oiss)的基因组BAC文库.该文库共包含约17万个克隆,平均插入片段长度为104 kb,按野生一粒小麦基因组为5 600 Mb计算,文库覆盖了约3倍的该物种基因组.用大麦叶绿体psb A基因和玉米线粒体atp6基因作混合探针,检测发现该文库中含细胞器基因组同源序列的克隆数小于1% .该文库的建成,为小麦基因的克隆及基因组学研究提供了技术平台.     

水稻45S rDNA和5S rDNA的染色体定位研究

45SrDNA和5SrDNA是水稻中与核糖体RNA合成有关的2个功能片段,有关这2个序列在水稻染色体上的位置,不同研究者的研究结果不尽相同,在获得水稻染色体清晰制片的基础上,通过FISH确定了45SrDNA序列位于水稻的第9号和第10号染色体的短臂末端,并且第9号染色体上的拷贝数多于第10号染色体,5SrDNA序列位于第11号染色体短臂靠近着丝点处。     

Chromosome aberration and lipid peroxidation in chromium-exposed workers

Chromosome aberration frequency and lipid peroxidation levels were analysed to investigate their efficacy as biological markers for monitoring the genotoxicity and oxidative damage in Korean chromium (Cr)-exposed workers. Fifty-one Cr-exposed workers and 31 age-matched controls in ten chrome-plating plants were sampled. The Cr level was measured in the workers' blood and urine, and in the ambient air at the workplaces. The conventional Giemsa staining method and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique were used for chromosome aberration analysis. Spectrum green whole chromosome paint specific for chromosome 4 was used in the FISH procedure. As for lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured in the blood plasma as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). The blood Cr concentration was statistically correlated with both the frequency of chromatid exchange and the total frequency of chromosome/chromatid breaks and exchanges, as detected by the Giemsa staining. Meanwhile, the frequency of translocation, as detected by the FISH technique, was significantly higher in the Cr-exposed workers than in the controls and it correlated with the blood Cr concentration. Although the concentration of MDA, the metabolite of lipid peroxidation, in the exposed workers was higher than that in the controls, no statistically significant correlation between the MDA level and the blood or urine Cr levels was observed. Accordingly, the genotoxicity and oxidative damage (plasma lipid peroxidation) in the Korean Cr-exposed workers were consequential at quite low exposure levels, plus chromosome rearrangement, especially translocation, was clearly evident as a biological response marker for Cr exposure based on a significant positive correlation between the translocations detected by FISH and the Cr in the blood.     

一种新的六倍体细胞类型水生薏苡的细胞遗传学鉴定

通过醋酸洋红压片和荧光原位杂交技术(包括基因组原位杂交技术),确定在我国广西西南部地区广泛分布着的水生薏苡(Coix aquatica Roxb.)属于一种新的六倍体细胞类型.这种水生薏苡与已报道的几种水生薏苡细胞类型的染色体数目均不相同,它的染色体数目是2n=30,在减数分裂前期Ⅰ和中期Ⅰ的细胞中形成10个二价体和10个单价体.基因组原位杂交结果表明,这种水生薏苡的20条染色体与四倍体的薏苡(C.lacryma-jobi,2n＝20)的基因组DNA是高度同源的.45S和5S rDNA分别杂交到这种水生薏苡的两条染色体上,其中各有一条染色体与薏苡中携带45S和5S rDNA杂交信号的染色体具有相同的形状和信号的分布状态.据此推测:四倍体的薏苡可能是这种新的水生薏苡细胞类型的一个亲本,它的另一个亲本可能是八倍体的水生薏苡(C.aquatica,2n＝40),因为这种八倍体的水生薏苡在核型、植株形态及生长环境等方面与新的六倍体细胞类型的水生薏苡相似.     

苜蓿种质间染色体多态性的荧光原位杂交检测

利用染色体荧光原位杂交技术(FISH),将3种重复序列5S rDNA、45S rDNA和C0t-1 DNA用不同荧光物进行标记,对我国10个不同地理来源的苜蓿种质(Medicago sativa L.;2n=4X=32)进行了染色体多态性检测。结果表明,利用以上重复序列可以较好地将苜蓿32条染色体区分为16对特征不同的染色体,10份不同种质材料FISH带纹特征表现高度相似,比较不同种质间同源染色体重复序列杂交特征,揭示出种质群体内和群体间多态性染色体的存在,其中不同的同源染色体多态性表现不尽一致,1号染色体(随体染色体)多态性最高,10份材料中检出7个多态型,3、4、15号染色体保守性较强,在不同种质间表现为单态,其他染色体多态性居中。对在地理分布上自西向东的10个材料进行染色体多态性比较,结果显示分布于西藏、新疆以及分布在辽宁的材料部分染色体多态型显著区别于其他材料。     

一种新的六倍体细胞类型水生薏苡的细胞遗传学鉴定

通过醋酸洋红压片和荧光原位杂交技术(包括基因组原位杂交技术), 确定在我国广西西南部地区广泛分布着的水生薏苡(Coix aquatica Roxb.)属于一种新的六倍体细胞类型。这种水生薏苡与已报道的几种水生薏苡细胞类型的染色体数目均不相同,它的染色体数目是2n = 30,在减数分裂前期Ⅰ和中期Ⅰ的细胞中形成10个二价体和10个单价体。基因组原位杂交结果表明,这种水生薏苡的20条染色体与四倍体的薏苡(C. lacryma-jobi, 2n = 20)的基因组DNA是高度同源的。45S 和5S rDNA分别杂交到这种水生薏苡的两条染色体上,其中各有一条染色体与薏苡中携带45S和5S rDNA杂交信号的染色体具有相同的形状和信号的分布状态。据此推测: 四倍体的薏苡可能是这种新的水生薏苡细胞类型的一个亲本,它的另一个亲本可能是八倍体的水生薏苡(C. aquatica, 2n = 40), 因为这种八倍体的水生薏苡在核型、植株形态及生长环境等方面与新的六倍体细胞类型的水生薏苡相似。     

不同地域乌拉尔甘草基因组的FISH分析与染色体识别

在核型分析与染色体识别基础上,分别以番茄45S和5S rDNA为探针,对3种不同地域的乌拉尔甘草进行FISH分析.结果表明:内蒙古鄂托克前旗的乌拉尔甘草核型公式为2n=2x=16=6m+10sm (2SAT),新疆阿勒泰地区的乌拉尔甘草核型公式为2n=2x=16=4m+12sm(2SAT),内蒙古喀喇沁旗乌拉尔甘草核型公式为2n=2x=16=4m+12sm(2SAT);其第8染色体均带有随体.3种乌拉尔甘草基因组内均有1对5S rDNA和1对45S rDNA杂交位点.核型分析显示,5S rDNA杂交位点均位于第2染色体的短臂部位,45S rDNA杂交位点均位于第8染色体的次缢痕和随体部位.45S与5S rDNA在3种乌拉尔甘草中期分裂相上的位点数和分布情况高度一致,表明来自3种不同地域的乌拉尔甘草在染色体结构水平上没有较大的分化.     

Analysis of Methanogenic Archaeal and Sulphate Reducing Bacterial Populations in Deep Sediments of the Black Sea

In this study, the distribution, morphology and relative abundance of Sulfate Reducing Bacterial (SRB) and Methanogenic Archaeal (MA) populations in the Black Sea sediments were investigated by using in situ hybridization with fluorescently labeled rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Results were discussed with respect to the characteristics of sampling points. MA and SRB showed a great diversity in all sediment samples. Higher abundance of MA (20–30%) and SRB (30–35%) populations were observed within the sediments from deeper parts of the Black Sea than the shallower parts (10–11% MA and 13–14% SRB). Desulfobotulus, Desulfosarcina and Desulfococcus groups were the most commonly detected SRB groups in the Black Sea sediments. Relative percentage of these SRB groups within sediments from deeper parts of the Black Sea was in a range of 17–21% whereas that of was in a range of 4–5% within the sediments from the shallower parts. Order Methanococcales were the dominant methanogenic group in all samples. Relative percentages of order Methanococcales were in a range of 8–12% and 4–5% within sediments from deeper parts and the coastal parts of the Black Sea, respectively.     

从小麦-簇毛麦易位系TAC文库中筛选Hv-S/TPK基因

本实验室已经通过基因芯片技术筛选到一个白粉菌诱导后上调表达的抗病相关基因Hv-S/TPK, 并获得了它的全长cDNA序列。利用Hv-S/TPK的特异引物筛选小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系基因组可转化人工染色体(Transformation-competent artificial chromsome, TAC)文库, 获得了阳性TAC单克隆, 并进一步获得了含有Hv-S/TPK cDNA序列的5160 bp(GenBank Accession No. EU153366)的亚克隆。对亚克隆的序列分析结果表明, Hv-S/TPK基因在起始密码子和终止密码子之间有3个内含子和4个外显子, 4个外显子序列与簇毛麦上已得到的Hv-S/TPK的cDNA序列100%同源。对起始密码子上游序列分析结果表明, 该基因的调控序列中, 含有W-Box、OCS-element等与抗病相关的元件。以TAC克隆为探针与小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系有丝分裂中期染色体进行荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH), 结果表明含有Hv-S/TPK基因的TAC克隆来自于簇毛麦。     

Chromosomal domains of chimpanzee are diverged from human as revealed by in situ hybridization using human genomic probe

Utilization of repetitive DNA probes to assess the taxonomic affinity between related species has become the most powerful tool in evolutionary biology today. Consequently, tremendous strides have recently been made towards establishing the phylogenetic relationship of humans with chimpanzee. We employed human genomic proe (P5080 B.5) to identify the degree of divergence of chimpanzee genome from humans. A small protion of structurally distinct genomic areas in chimpanzee could be identified by fluorescencein situ hybridization (FISH) technique when compared to human DNA. The genomic divergence is confined mainly to the chromosomal ends in chimpanzee and may be an important phylogenetic characteristic in human evolution.     

Macromolecular organization and genetic mapping of a rapidly evolving chromosome-specific tandem repeat family (B77) in cotton (Gossypium)

Isolation and characterization of the most prominent repetitive element families in the genome of tetraploid cotton (Gossypium barbadense L; [39]) revealed a small subset of families that showed very different properties in tetraploids than in their diploid progenitors, separated by 1-2 million years. One element, B77, was characterized in detail, and compared to the well-conserved 5S and 45S rRNA genes. The 572 bp B77 repeat was found to be concentrated in several discontinuous tandem arrays confined to a single 550 kb SalI fragment in tetraploid cotton. Genetic mapping based on the absence of the pentameric rung in the G. barbadense ladder showed that B77 maps to a D-subgenome chromosome. In situ hybridization supports the contention that the array is confined largely to a single chromosomal site in the D-subgenome. The B77 repeat has undergone a substantial increase in copy number since formation of tetraploid cotton from its diploid relatives. RFLPs observed among tetraploid cotton species suggest that amplification and/or rearrangement of the repeat may have continued after divergence of the five tetraploid cotton species. B77 contains many short direct repeats and shares significant DNA sequence homology with a Nicotiana alata retrotransposon Tna1-2 integrase motif. The recent amplification of B77 on linkage group D04 suggests that the D-subgenome of tetraploid cotton may be subject to different evolutionary constraints than the D-genome diploid chromosomes, which exhibit few genome-specific elements. Further, the abundance of B77 in G. gossypioides supports independent evidence that it may be the closest extant relative of the D-genome ancestor of cotton.     

Evaluation of fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect encapsulated Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 spores released from poly(methylmethacrylate)

Bacillus pumilus SAFR‐032 spores originally isolated from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory spacecraft assembly facility clean room are extremely resistant to UV radiation, H₂O₂, desiccation, chemical disinfection and starvation compared to spores of other Bacillus species. The resistance of B. pumilus SAFR‐032 spores to standard industrial clean room sterilization practices is not only a major concern for medical, pharmaceutical and food industries, but also a threat to the extraterrestrial environment during search for life via spacecraft. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential of Alexa‐FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization with Alexa Fluor® 488 labeled oligonucleotide) method as a molecular diagnostic tool for enumeration of multiple sterilant‐resistant B. pumilus SAFR‐032 spores artificially encapsulated in, and released via organic solvent from, a model polymeric material: poly(methylmethacrylate) (Lucite, Plexiglas). Plexiglas is used extensively in various aerospace applications and in medical, pharmaceutical and food industries. Alexa‐FISH signals were not detected from spores via standard methods for vegetative bacterial cells. Optimization of a spore permeabilization protocol capitalizing on the synergistic action of proteinase‐K, lysozyme, mutanolysin and Triton X‐100 facilitated efficient spore detection by Alexa‐FISH microscopy. Neither of the Alexa‐probes tested gave rise to considerable levels of Lucite‐ or solvent‐associated background autofluorescence, demonstrating the immense potential of Alexa‐FISH for rapid quantification of encapsulated B. pumilus SAFR‐032 spores released from poly(methylmethacrylate).     

用万能引物PCR法从YAC中分离制备荧光原位杂交探针的研究

报道了一种从微量且未知碱基顺序的YAC DNA中制备FISH探针的新方法——万能引物PCR(UP PCR),即把复性后的UP-Linker连接于PFGE分离后经Alu Ⅰ酶切的YAC DNA上,再用UP对其进行PCR扩增和标记。由于Alu Ⅰ的广谱性和UP与Linker长度不同等,使该法能根据PCR效率调节扩增产物的广泛性向特异性的转变,且产物能覆盖YAC嵌入DNA的全长。此法制备的人21号染色体FISH探针,特异性强,杂交信号明亮,21号染色体的检出率高。该法稳定简便。     

植物染色体原位杂交技术的发展与现状

本文主要介绍植物染色体原位杂交技术的发展历史,评述适用于不同研究目的的各种主要原位杂交技术的基本原理和方法,并介绍该技术在植物细胞遗传学领域的应用和发展。 Abstract：In this paper,we briefly introduce the development of in situ hybridization of plant chromosome. The fundamental principle and method of many main kinds of in situ hybridization have been reviewed for different research purposes,and their application and development on plant cytogenetics also been recommended.     

应用基因组原位杂交及RFLP标记鉴定小麦中的大麦染色体

用生物素（Biotin-6-dUTP)标记的大麦Betzes基因组DNA作探针,以普通小麦中国春总DNA作封阻进行基因组原位杂交（Genomeinsituhybridization,简称GISH）,从13株小麦-大麦杂交后代中鉴定出2个含有3条大麦Betzes2H染色体的材料（2n＝43）;2个2H单体异代换系（2n＝42）;7个2H二体异代换系（2n＝42）。用已定位在小麦第2部分同源群短臂上的探针psr131进行RFLP分析,结果表明大麦Betzes、代换系A5有1条区别于小麦中国春的特异带,A     

玉米B染色体特异RAPD分子标记的染色体定位

玉米B染色体特异RAPD分子标记的染色体定位     

Construction of a bacterial artificial chromosome library of Endoclita excrescens as a tool for comparative gene mapping in Lepidoptera

Karyotype evolution in one of the most diverse and species‐rich group of insects, moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera), has interesting features that remain to be resolved. Recent studies showed that fluorescence in situ hybridization using bacterial artificial chromosome clones (BAC‐FISH) is an efficient cytogenetic method for identification and gene mapping of lepidopteran chromosomes. Using comparative mapping by BAC‐FISH, extensive synteny of genes was revealed between chromosomes of different lepidopteran species based on Bombyx mori genomic information. However, this comparative mapping has been done only in representatives of advanced groups of Lepidoptera. Here we constructed a BAC library of Endoclita excrescens, which belongs to the primitive lepidopteran family Hepialidae. High molecular weight DNA for the library construction was prepared from the pupae by using a rapid nuclear isolation method known in plants. The BAC clones of E. excrescens contain 66.6 kb inserts on average. The successful application of BAC‐FISH showed that the BAC library of E. excrescens is a useful tool for comparative gene mapping on chromosomes of this species.     

K型小麦细胞质雄性不育保持系T911289中外源遗传物质的初步鉴定

利用荧光基因组原位杂交(GISH)、生化标记和DNA分子标记技术对普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)K型细胞质雄性不育保持系T911289的染色体组成进行了鉴定与分析.GISH鉴定和黑麦特异散布重复序列的检测结果表明, T911289的外源遗传物质来源于黑麦,黑麦1RS上的微卫星引物SCM9扩增结果和醇溶蛋白酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)分析、低分子量谷蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析均表明,T911289所含的黑麦遗传物质来源于1RS;A-PAGE和SDS-PAGE分析及小麦1BS上的微卫星引物的扩增结果则表明,T911289缺少1BS染色体臂或1BS末端片段.GISH鉴定结果还表明,T911289中有罗泊逊易位和小片段易位两种类型的杂交信号,说明T911289是一个异质群体,但其罗泊逊易位又不同于生产上大面积应用的1BL/1RS易位,它可能是一种新的复杂易位形式.虽然T911289的小片段易位未能打破优异农艺性状与劣质蛋白基因的连锁,但这种小片段易位的获得将有利于小麦和黑麦的遗传研究,这种种质材料在育种上的应用价值也应优于罗泊逊易位.