基于Barista软件的高分辨率遥感影像中建筑物3D信息的提取

城市建筑物空间信息的获取对城市规划、环境保护等社会各行业越来越重要,高分辨率商业卫星的出现为提取建筑物3D信息提供了可能性.本文基于Barista软件,利用QuickBird数据提取了建筑物的3D信息并进行了精度验证.结果表明：基于Barista软件从高分辨率卫星影像中提取建筑物3D信息,具有专业水平要求低、普适性强、操作简单、精度高等优点;当数字高程模型（DEM）和传感器定位模型精度较高、影像偏天底角较理想时,3D信息提取的水平定位精度和高度测量精度可达到1个像素水平.     

Climate,satellite imagery and the seasonal abundance of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in southern Africa: a new perspective

Abstract. Recent predictive models for the distribution of the African tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, based on the computer packages CLIMEX and BIOCLIM and data derived from meteorological satellites, and for the seasonal dynamics of the same tick using the computer simulation models ECFXPERT and T3HOST, all have their limitations. Statistical analysis of the relationships between the seasonal abundance of all three life stages of this tick and climatic and satellite-derived data from five sites in southern Africa, taken from the literature, supports a new perspective that it is the timing of the questing activity of the desiccation-vulnerable larvae that determines the pattern of the tick's seasonal dynamics. The timing of the activity of nymphs and adults is determined by temperature-dependent development rates plus the delaying phenomenon of photoperiod-sensitive diapause, the timing and duration of which have evolved to achieve maximum generation survival by ensuring the occurrence of eggs and larvae during periods of optimal climatic conditions. The most important environmental factor appears to be night-time minimum temperature, determining condensation and saturation deficit and thus the tick's ability to replenish moisture lost during the daytime and so to survive while questing for hosts. It is the larvae whose numbers are correlated most closely with these factors, consistent with earlier experimental results showing larvae to be most susceptible to desiccating conditions. There is a statistical linkage between larval tick numbers and satellite imagery, arising from the correlation between larval numbers and minimum temperature and saturation deficit conditions, and in turn the relationship between these climatic conditions and the subsequent vegetational changes monitored by the satellites. Moisture availability to larvae is likely to be the critical factor throughout the geographical range of R.appendiculatus, but the precise combination of climatic conditions that optimize moisture availability and questing tick survival can be expected to vary geographically. The relationships between ticks, temperatures and satellite data in parts of equatorial Africa have yet to be established. These correlative patterns highlight both the critical life stage and environmental factors when trying to understand temporal, and ultimately spatial, variations in tick abundance.     

Glacial refugia,haplotype distributions,and clonal richness of the Daphnia pulex complex in arctic Canada

As part of a large international Arctic biodiversity expedition (Tundra Northwest '99), we examined the distribution of members of the arctic Daphnia pulex complex (Cladocera, Anomopoda) from 121 tundra ponds, spread across 16 sites spanning a large portion of arctic Canada (i.e. from 62 degrees 22' N to 79 degrees 01' N; 66 degrees 45' W to 139 degrees 37' W). Using allozyme electrophoresis and mitochondrial (mt)DNA analyses, we examined the population genetic (clonal) structure of these populations. The following taxa were detected in this complex: Daphnia pulicaria, D. middendorffiana and D. tenebrosa. Clear geographical differences in mean clonal richness and diversity were observed, with most western sites exhibiting higher clonal richness and diversity, than sites in the eastern Canadian Arctic. For both the pulicaria group (i.e. D. pulicaria and D. middendorffiana) and D. tenebrosa, the highest mean regional clonal richness was detected from the southern section of Banks Island, an unglaciated site situated on the edge or directly in the eastern fringe of the Beringian glacial refuge. A significant negative correlation was found between geographical distance from the Beringian edge, and overall regional clonal richness (i.e. sites closer to the edge harboured greater clonal richness). These results clearly indicate that more recently deglaciated regions (i.e. eastern Canadian Arctic) harbour lower levels of clonal richness than western regions nearer Beringia. We discuss the role that glacial refugia have played in influencing both biotic and genetic diversity in arctic taxa.     

基于卫星跟踪的灰雁秋季活动特征与生境利用研究

营养和能量有效的积累对候鸟能否顺利完成迁徙具有重要意义。2015年8月至10月在内蒙古图牧吉湿地,利用卫星跟踪技术对灰雁的活动特征、生境利用等方面进行了研究,以期阐明灰雁在秋季如何有效积累能量以满足迁徙前的生理需求。我们采用增强型植被指数(EVI)分析了灰雁的生境特征,运用核密度分析法(KDE)计算了日间和夜间活动区面积,以及对不同月份的平均活动距离进行了分析。结果表明,8至10月间,灰雁活动位点的EVI值逐月递减,并且逐渐向南移动,趋向于水域集中,增加了对湖泊的利用,同时减少了对草地的利用;灰雁的活动区面积逐月递增,日间活动区面积大于夜间;灰雁在日间、夜间及平均活动距离均呈递增的趋势,每天凌晨及黄昏都出现较长时间的活动。由于8至10月间气温逐渐降低,从草地中可以获取的潜在食物资源减少,灰雁通过逐渐向水域较为丰富的区域移动,活动区面积逐渐增大,增加活动距离提高食物的获取量等确保获取足够的食物和能量满足迁徙的需求。     

The present conservation status of Juniperus forests in the South Ethiopian Endemic Bird Area

Field survey data and Landsat satellite imagery were used to evaluate the conservation status of two Juniperus forests (Mankubsa and Arero) in the south Ethiopian Endemic Bird Area. Forest cover and dense woodland decreased in both areas between 1986 and 2002, but rates of habitat change and human impact were greater at Mankubsa than at Arero. We suggest that at Mankubsa increased grazing pressure, agricultural expansion, commercial fuelwood and timber exploitation are threatening forest persistence, while most of the degradation at Arero is because of the grazing of domestic animals. Conservation efforts should focus on creating tree plantations and improving forest resource use efficiency at Mankubsa, while at Arero better results could be obtained by improving pasture quality in the habitats surrounding the forest.     

Anadromy and marine habitat use of Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from the central Canadian Arctic

Anadromy was documented in 16 lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, from Canada's central Arctic using capture data and otolith microchemistry. For the first time, estuarine/marine habitat use was described for five individuals using acoustic telemetry. Age-at-first-migration to sea was variable (10–39 years) among individuals and most S. namaycush undertook multiple anadromous migrations within their lifetime. Telemetry data suggested that S. namaycush do not travel far into marine habitats and prefer surface waters (<2 m). These results further our collective understanding of the marine ecology of Arctic S. namaycush.     

北京东灵山优势种群树木死亡对空间格局与生境的影响

森林群落动态及其与环境因子关系研究一直是生态学的重要研究内容之一,树木死亡是森林群落动态的重要环节,环境因子是树木死亡的重要影响因素,因此,开展对树木死亡及其与环境相关性研究对分析森林群落动态至关重要。以东灵山暖温带落叶阔叶次生林20 hm~2动态监测样地为研究对象,对样地优势种群树木死亡前后(死亡前:活立木;死亡后,枯立木、倒木)种群数量特征、空间分布及生境相关性的变化关系进行研究,运用点格局、物种-生境相关性分析等方法对数据进行分析。结果:(1)树木死亡前,多度排序为辽东栎黑桦山杨华北落叶松;树木死亡后,多度排序为山杨黑桦辽东栎华北落叶松;树木死亡前后,随取样尺度增大,分布模式均由聚集向随机过渡。(2)种群与生境关联性分析表明:山杨、黑桦、华北落叶松活立木随机分布,辽东栎聚集于缓坡;山杨、辽东栎枯立木缓坡分布较多,黑桦随机,华北落叶松集中于山脊;山杨、黑桦倒木陡坡较多,辽东栎集中于山脊。(3)不同种群死亡前后的空间格局有明显的尺度依赖性,同时与物种自身生物学特性、密度制约、生境过滤的过程相关。     

Dual role of the caspase enzymes in satellite cells from aged and young subjects

Satellite cell (SC) proliferation and differentiation have critical roles in skeletal muscle recovery after injury and adaptation in response to hypertrophic stimuli. Normal ageing hinders SC proliferation and differentiation, and is associated with increased expression of a number of pro-apoptotic factors in skeletal muscle. In light of previous studies that have demonstrated age-related altered expression of genes involved in SC antioxidant and repair activity, this investigation was aimed at evaluating the incidence of apoptotic features in human SCs. Primary cells were obtained from vastus lateralis of nine young (27.3±2.0 years old) and nine old (71.1±1.8 years old) subjects, and cultured in complete medium for analyses at 4, 24, 48, and 72 h. Apoptosis was assessed using AnnexinV/propidium iodide staining, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling technique, RT-PCR, DNA microarrays, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence analysis. There was an increased rate of apoptotic cells in aged subjects at all of the experimental time points, with no direct correlation between AnnexinV-positive cells and caspase-8 activity. On the other hand, CASP2, CASP6, CASP7, and CASP9 and a number of cell death genes were upregulated in the aged SCs. Altogether, our data show age-related enhanced susceptibility of human SCs to apoptosis, which might be responsible for their reduced response to muscle damage.     

基于社会-生态耦合视角的城市边缘区生境服务评估与分区

城市边缘区是城市和乡村交接的社会-生态脆弱区,科学评估其生境服务,对于生物多样性保护与地区可持续发展具有重要意义。在生境服务评估中将社会和生态视角进行整合,有利于制订具有接受度和包容性的保护与管理策略。以上海市青浦区为例,基于社会-生态耦合视角构建“生境质量-生境感知”的生境服务评估框架,综合InVEST模型和SolVES模型开展评估,采用耦合协调度模型分析生境质量和生境感知的耦合协调关系,利用地理探测器探究协调空间分异的影响因素,并进行生境服务分区。结果表明：(1)研究区生境质量整体处于较低水平,空间分布呈“西高东低”格局;生境感知空间分布则多临近水系呈“条带状”格局。(2)生境质量与生境感知的耦合协调程度为轻度失调,且失调单元较多。(3)社会经济因素为耦合协调空间分异的主要影响因素,且多与景观格局因素共同作用。(4)基于生境质量和生境感知的匹配与耦合协调关系,可将研究区划分为4大类、12小类生境服务区,以进行针对性保护与管理。研究结果可为促进人与自然和谐共生的生境综合保护提供参考依据。     

Mapping tsetse habitat suitability in the common fly belt of Southern Africa using multivariate analysis of climate and remotely sensed vegetation data

Abstract The distribution of Glossina morsitans centralis, Glossina morsitans morsitans and Glossina pallidipes are described in part of southern Africa, using a range of multivariate techniques applied to climate and remotely sensed vegetation data. Linear discriminant analysis is limited in its predictive power by the assumption of common co-variances in the classes within multivariate environment space. Maximum likelihood classification is one of a variety of alternative methods that do not have this constraint, and produce a better prediction, particularly when a priori probabilities of presence and absence are taken into account. The best predictions are obtained when the habitat is subdivided, prior to classification, on the basis of a bimodality detected on the third component axis of a principal component analysis. The results of the predictions were good, particularly for G.m.centralis and G.m.morsitans , which gave overall correct predictions of 92.8% and 85.1 %, with a Kappa index of agreement between the predion and the training data of 0.7305 and 0.641 respectively. For G.pallidipes , 91.7% of predictions were correct but the value of Kappa was only 0.549. Very clear differences are demonstrated between the habitats of the two subspecies Gmxentralis and G.m.morsitans.     

基于1980—2018年土地利用变化的福建省生境质量时空演变

分析土地利用变化引起生境质量的时空演变特征可以为区域生态文明建设提供科学依据。本研究以生态文明先行示范区福建省为例,以1980—2018年土地利用变化数据为基础,利用InVEST模型对福建省生境质量进行评估,通过地理探测器分析影响因素,结合土地利用变化规律分析福建省生境质量时空演化特征。结果表明: 研究期间,福建省主要土地利用变化类型是耕地转为林地和建设用地,林地转为耕地、草地和建设用地,草地转为林地,分别占总土地利用变化面积的8.4%、14.5%、7.6%、17.1%、6.4%和31.7%。1980—2018年,福建省总体生境质量处于较高级别(0.6～0.8),局部区域呈现生境退化和生境质量降低的趋势。影响福建省生境质量空间分异的第一主导因素是土地利用类型的变化,社会经济因素对沿海县市生境质量的影响显著高于对全域及内陆县市生境质量的影响。沿海地区建设用地快速侵占周边的林草地,使得生境加速退化,且这个过程具有不可逆性;内陆地区中心城区的生境退化会经历相似的过程,只是在速度和规模上可能低于沿海地区。从长远来看,可通过控制城市规模、发展城市生态绿化及构建生态安全格局,以减缓生境退化的速度。     

The Use of Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing, and Suitability Modeling to Identify Conifer Restoration Sites with High Biological Potential for Anadromous Fish at the Cedar River Municipal Watershed in Western Washington, U.S.A.

We developed a methodology integrating several forms of remotely sensed data into a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) model that identifies suitable sites for riparian conifer restoration at the Cedar River Municipal Watershed in western Washington, U.S.A. The model integrates vegetative and geomorphic variables with information on the habitat preferences of anadromous fishes to identify riparian stands where conifer restoration would have the greatest biological benefit for salmon recovery. The high-resolution raster datasets used in our analysis were capable of characterizing the biophysical attributes of riparian areas at finer spatial scales than was previously possible. This model is intended to serve as a screening tool to identify candidate sites for riparian area restoration. The assessment approach described in this study can be applied not only to model salmonid habitat at the watershed scale but also to assess landscape patterns relevant to a wide range of restoration goals. This methodological framework offers several advantages over other approaches to restoration site selection and planning. First, the fine-scale spatial resolution of the GIS datasets (pixels ≤5 m) used in the model provides a more accurate representation of the habitat conditions than has been possible with coarser-scale data (pixels ≥5 m). Therefore, the accuracy of site identification is greatly improved. Second, the quantitative nature of the model exercises greater objectivity than some other landscape-scale planning approaches. This regional planning tool could be replicated in other watersheds with comparable datasets and could be applied to identify habitat restoration sites for other species or guilds of species by simply altering the model criteria to match the habitat needs of the target organisms.     

具晶泡绿藻(Vacuoliviride crystalliferum)——分离自特殊生境的真眼点藻纲中国新纪录属种

从南京产白乳胶样品中分离和培养得到1株藻种,编号为FACHB-2245,对其进行形态观察和SSU基因序列分析。结果显示,该藻株为单细胞,球状至椭球状,细胞壁平滑。细胞具有1个大液泡、1个红色球体和1个透明晶状结构以及许多折光颗粒。叶绿体周生,1至多个,具膨大的蛋白核。结合形态和分子系统发育分析,确定这株藻种为真眼点藻纲的具晶泡绿藻(Vacuoliviride crystalliferum Nakayama,Nakamura,Yokoyama,Shiratori,InouyeIshida)。该属种在我国是首次报道,生活于白乳胶这一特殊生境。基于SSU序列的系统发育研究表明,具晶泡绿藻藻株与真眼点藻纲中的角绿藻属(Goniochloris Geitler)、粗盘藻属(Trachydiscus Ettl)和假十字趾藻属(Pseudostaurastrum Chodat)的亲缘关系密切,位于这些类群的基部。